Английский язык для начинающих: Учебно-методический комплекс

Министерство образования Республики Беларусь
Учреждение образования
«Полоцкий государственный университет»
О.Ю. КЛОС
С.Л. ШИКОВА
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
(для начинающих)
Учебно-методический комплекс
для студентов неязыковых специальностей
Новополоцк
ПГУ
2013
1
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.262я73
К50
Рекомендовано к изданию
учебно-методической комиссией спортивно-педагогического факультета в
качестве учебно-методического комплекса
(протокол № 3 от 20.11.2012)
РЕЦЕНЗЕНТЫ:
учитель англ. яз. высш. кат. УО «ПГГ № 1 им. Ф. Скорины»
Н.И. Завистовская;
магистр пед. наук, ст. преп. каф. англ. языка УО «ПГУ»
Л.В. Жизневская
Клос О.Ю., Шикова, С.Л.
Английский язык (для начинающих): учеб.-метод. комплекс для студентов неязыковых специальностей / О.Ю. Клос, С.Л. Шикова. – Новополоцк: ПГУ, 2013. – 200 с.
ISBN 978-985-531-389-3.
Построен по блочно-модульному принципу: весь материал разбит на модули,
которые, в свою очередь, состоят из учебных блоков. Все элементы учебнометодического комплекса объединены тематически и рассчитаны на два семестра.
Способствует развитию навыков чтения и перевода литературы по специальности на английском языке, овладению навыками общения и монологического высказывания в ситуациях, обусловленных профессиональной деятельностью.
Предназначен для студентов неязыкового профиля с низким уровнем владения
английским языком дневной формы обучения.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.262я73
ISBN 978-985-531-389-3.
© Клос О.Ю., Шикова С.Л., 2013
© УО «ПГУ», 2013
2
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Английский язык является самым распространённым языком в мире.
Неудивительно, что именно он признан lingua franca XX и XXI столетий.
Недавние исследования подтверждают, что примерно для 375 миллионов
человек английский язык является первым, родным языком, а ещё около
375 миллионов используют его в качестве второго языка. Подсчитано, что
около 750 миллионов человек пользуются английским языком как иностранным. Именно этому языку отдано предпочтение на основных авиалиниях мира и в международной торговле. Более 80% мировой информации,
сохраняемой в электронном виде – на английском языке, а ⅔ учёных мира
читают по-английски. Не менее 36% Интернет-пользователей постоянно
общаются по-английски, а в более чем 75 странах мира английский язык
является государственным языком, или имеет особый официальный статус.
Во всех развитых странах мира выпускники университетов владеют
одним или двумя иностранными языками. Инженеры, технические специалисты, руководство предприятий постоянно совершенствуют свой профессиональный уровень, в том числе, благодаря знакомству с мировыми достижениями в своей области, участию в научно-практических конференциях, что невозможно без владения языками других стран.
Владение иностранным языком в современном мире – это вопрос
вашего престижа в профессии, способности быстро реагировать на новинки вашей профессиональной области и умело применять их в своей деятельности. Более того, даже как обыкновенный турист, путешествующий
за пределами Беларуси, вы почувствуете свободу и отсутствие скованности, если вы не впустую потратите время на занятиях по английскому языку в университете.
Желаем вам настойчивости, терпения и удачи на занятиях и экзаменах.
Авторы
3
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Курс «Английский язык для студентов всех специальностей неязыкового профиля (для начинающих)» предназначен для студентов всех негуманитарных факультетов, имеющих изначально при поступлении в вуз
низкий уровень владения иностранным языком, либо желающих начать
изучение второго иностранного языка. Он рассчитан на 128 часов практических занятий в течение двух семестров на первом курсе вуза, согласно
рабочей программе.
Целью данного пособия является формирование иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции будущего инженера или специалиста, для чего
студенты должны овладеть навыками чтения и понимания прочитанного
на английском языке материала, а также уметь высказываться и поддерживать беседу по любой из тем, обозначенных рамками курса.
Учебно-методический комплекс состоит из трёх модулей, организованных по тематическому принципу. Дополнительно предоставлена возможность совершенствовать навыки чтения и перевода текстов технической направленности. Тематика и характер учебного материала обусловлены будущей профессией студентов и обеспечивают формирование у них
профессионального словаря, тренировку фонетических и грамматических
навыков, а также навыков чтения и говорения в рамках профессиональной
тематики.
4
ПРЕДМЕТНО-ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ КУРСА
1. Знакомство.
2. Семья.
3. Распорядок дня.
4. Новополоцк.
5. Полоцкий государственный университет.
6. Беларусь.
7. Великобритания.
8. Моя будущая профессия (о профессии инженера).
9. Современная организация производства.
10. Из истории строительных материалов.
11. Автомобиль и его основные элементы.
12. Станки.
13. Как появилась химия.
ФОРМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ
Программа предусматривает текущий контроль в форме письменных
и устных тестов по всем видам речевой деятельности, семестровый зачёт в
зимнюю сессию и курсовой экзамен в письменной и устной форме в летнюю сессию.
Содержание зачёта
Зачёт носит характер накопительного, что предусматривает посещение 75-100% практических занятий и усвоение 95-100% программного материала.
Содержание экзамена
Экзамен включает письменную и устную формы тестирования, по
результатам которого выставляется общая оценка.
Письменное тестирование:
1. Перевод текста со словарём.
2. Лексико-грамматический тест.
Устный экзамен:
1. Монологическое высказывание по одной из заданных в программе
тем.
2. Чтение и пересказ текста, тематика которого является профессионально-ориентированной.
5
НОРМЫ ОЦЕНКИ
1. Оценка перевода
Уровни
I. Низкий (рецептивный)
Баллы
0
1
2
II. Удовлетворительный (рецептивнорепродуктивный)
3
4
III. Средний (репродуктивнопродуктивный)
5
6
IV. Достаточный
(продуктивный)
7
8
V. Высокий (продуктивный, творческий)
9
10
Чтение
Отсутствие перевода или отказ от него.
Перевод текста на уровне отдельных словосочетаний
и предложений при проявлении усилий и мотивации.
Неполный перевод текста (менее 90%). Допускаются
грубые искажения в передаче содержания. Отсутствует правильная передача характерных особенностей стиля переводимого текста.
Неполный перевод (90%). Допускаются грубые
смысловые и терминологические искажения. Нарушается правильность передачи характерных особенностей стиля переводимого текста.
Полный перевод. Допускаются грубые терминологические искажения. Нарушается правильность передачи характерных особенностей стиля переводимого
текста.
Полный перевод. Допускаются незначительные искажения смысла и терминологии. Не нарушается
правильность передачи стиля переводимого текста.
Полный перевод. Отсутствуют смысловые искажения. Допускаются незначительные терминологические искажения. Нарушается правильность передачи
характерных особенностей стиля переводимого текста.
Полный перевод. Соблюдается точность передачи
содержания. Отсутствуют терминологические искажения. Допускаются незначительные нарушения характерных особенностей стиля переводимого текста.
Полный перевод. Отсутствуют смысловые и терминологические искажения. В основном соблюдается
правильная передача характерных особенностей стиля переводимого текста.
Полный перевод. Отсутствие смысловых и терминологических искажений. Правильная передача характерных особенностей стиля переводимого текста.
Полный перевод. Отсутствие смысловых и терминологических искажений. Творческий подход к передаче характерных особенностей стиля переводимого
текста.
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2. Оценка понимания при чтении. Показатели оценки чтения
Уровни
Баллы
0
I. Низкий (рецептивный)
1
2
II. Удовлетворительный (рецептивнорепродуктивный)
3
III. Средний (репродуктивнопродуктивный)
5
IV. Достаточный
(продуктивный)
7
4
6
8
V. Высокий (продуктивный, творческий)
9
10
Чтение
Отсутствие ответа или отказ от ответа.
Понимание менее 30% основных фактов и смысловых
связей между ними.
Понимание 30% основных фактов и смысловых связей
между ними.
Понимание менее 50% основных фактов и смысловых
связей между ними.
Понимание 50% основных фактов текста и смысловых
связей между ними.
Понимание большинства основных фактов текста, смысловых связей между ними и отдельных деталей текста.
Понимание всех основных фактов текста, смысловых связей между ними и 50% деталей текста.
Понимание всех основных фактов текста, смысловых связей между ними и 70% деталей текста.
Понимание всех основных фактов текста, смысловых связей между ними и 80% деталей текста.
Понимание всех основных фактов текста, смысловых связей между ними и 90% деталей текста.
100-процентное понимание основных фактов текста,
смысловых связей между ними и деталей текста.
3. Оценка письменных тестов
Шкала перевода в десятибалльную систему в соответствии с Приложением к постановлению Министерства образования Республики Беларусь
от 01.04.2004г. № 22:
100% - 95% правильных ответов
94,8% - 90% правильных ответов
89,6% – 83% правильных ответов
82,6% - 75% правильных ответов
74,6% - 65% правильных ответов
64,7% - 50% правильных ответов
49,7% - 35% правильных ответов
34,7% - 20% правильных ответов
19,7% - 10% правильных ответов
9,7% - 1,8% правильных ответов
1,4% - 0% правильных ответов
10 баллов
9 баллов
8 баллов
7 баллов
6 баллов
5 баллов
4 баллов
3 баллов
2 баллов
1 баллов
0 баллов
7
Наименьшая положительная оценка – 4 балла – выставляется при
правильном выполнении не менее 2/3 заданий. Отсутствие работы или отказ от выполнения соответствуют оценке 0 баллов.
8
МОДУЛЬ I
Вводный фонетический курс
Цели:
Вы должны знать:
Вы должны уметь:
- звуки английского языка
- правильно произносить англий- транскрипцию звуков
ские звуки
- правила чтения букв и буквосоче- - читать транскрипцию
таний
- читать слова и предложения
- алфавит
УЭ-1
ПРОИЗНОШЕНИЕ
PRONUNCIATION
Английский язык знаменит тем, что произношение и написание слов
зачастую не совпадают. Одна и та же буква в разных положениях может
обозначать разные звуки и, наоборот. Количество звуков намного превышает количество букв: 26 букв и 44 звука (20 гласных и 24 согласных). Поэтому, если мы хотим правильно произносить и читать слова поанглийски, без использования фонетической транскрипции нам не обойтись. Транскрипция – международная система условных графических обозначений звуков. Для удобства знаки транскрипции берутся в квадратные
скобки [ ].
Знак ['] обозначает ударение и ставится перед ударным слогом.
Например: goodbye [gυd'baı].
Знак [:] после гласного звука указывает на его долготу.
Например: tea [ti:].
Многосложные слова могут иметь два ударения: основное и второстепенное.
Например: good-looking [ֽgυd'lυkıη].
Очень важно, чтобы знакомство с английскими звуками и постановка
(коррекция) произношения происходили при непосредственном участии
преподавателя. Ваша задача – внимательно слушать и многократно повторять звуки за преподавателем. Мы намеренно не приводим эквиваленты
звуков в русском языке, так как они не идентичны и артикуляция английских звуков требует специального обучения.
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Гласные
Vowels
[i:] as in see [si:]
[ɔ:] as in morning ['mɔ:nıη]
[ı] as in his [hız]
[υ] as in football ['fυtbɔ:l]
[e] as in ten [ten]
[u:] as in you [ju:]
[æ] as in stamp [stæmp]
[Λ] as in sun [sΛn]
[a:] as in father ['fa: ðə]
[3:] as in learn [l3:n]
[ɔ] as in hot [hɔt]
[ə] as in letter ['letə]
В некоторых учебниках и словарях можно встретить звук [i] as in twenty
['twenti].
Дифтонги
Diphthongs
Дифтонг – две гласные вместе. Произносится слитно, с ударением на
первом элементе.
[eı] as in name [neım]
[ɔı] as in boy [bɔı]
[əυ] as in no [nəυ]
[ıə] as in hear [hıə]
[aı] as in my [maı]
[eə] as in where [weə]
[aυ] as in how [haυ]
[υə] as in tour [tυə]
Нужно помнить, что в английском языке соблюдение правила долготы и
краткости гласных звуков – это обязательное условие для грамотной речи.
Разные по значению слова могут отличаться только долготой гласной.
Например: ship [ı] or sheep [i:].
Кроме того, нельзя смягчать согласные звуки перед гласными звуками.
Фонетические упражнения
Phonetic exercises
1. Read the words with the sound [ı].
ıt
ız
ıf
sık
bıg
dıg
gıv
lıv
sın
nıt
fıt
sıt
2. Read the words with the sound [i:].
mi:
mi:t
bi:m
10
bi:
si:
mi:l
mi:n
si:m
ni:l
3. Read and compare the words with the sounds [ı] and [i:].
nık – ni:s
nıt – ni:t
lıt – li:k
lıd – li:d
lıv – li:v
kıd – ki:n
pın – pi:l
bıt – bi:t
sıt – si:t
ız – i:z
4. Read and compare the words with the sounds [e] and [eı].
ef
es
eg
es
bed
bes
ges
mes
eı
eım
eıt
deıt
men – meın
pen – peın
sel – seıl
led – leık
5. Read and compare the words with the sounds [æ] and [e].
æd
æm
gæp
kæt
sæd
sæm
bæd
bæk
mæn
fæn
tæn
bæg
– men
- fen
- ten
- beg
6. Read the words with the sound [a:].
a:
a:k
a:m
pa:t
pa:st
ka:
ka:m
da:k
fa:st
ba:
7. Read the words with the sound [Λ].
k Λm
kΛp
kΛt
bΛt
mΛd
lΛv
11
sænd
pæn
lænd
mæt
- send
- pen
- lend
- met
dΛn
bΛn
s Λm
lΛk
8. Read and compare the words with the sounds [a:], [Λ] and [aı].
la:k
da:k
ka:t
fa:m
ha:m
–
–
–
–
–
lΛk
dΛk
kΛt
fΛn
hΛt
–
–
–
–
–
laık
daıl
kaıt
faın
haıt
9. Read the words with the sound [ɔ].
ɔn
ɔd
ɔf
10.
13.
sɔft
lɔst
rɔk
lɔ
dɔ
tɔ
bɔ:n
lɔ:d
kɔ:k
dɔ:z
hɔ:s
tɔ:t
Read and compare the words with the sounds [ɔı], [ɔ:] and [ɔ].
bɔ:
fɔ:l
kɔ:l
12.
dɔg
dɔt
dɔk
Read the words with the sound [ɔ:].
ɔ:
ɔ:l
mɔ:
11.
gɔn
gɔd
gɔt
–
–
–
bɔks
fɔks
kɔd
–
–
–
bɔız
fɔıl
kɔıl
Read and compare the words with the sounds [υ] and [u:].
kυk
lυk
fυl
gυd
pu:l
ru:d
wu:l
su:n
tυk
rυm
mu:n
fu:d
kυd
bυ∫
pυl
–
–
fu:d
bu:t
–
pu:l
Read and compare the words with single vowels and diphthongs.
12
tυə
∫u:
–
–
u:l
–
tu:
14.
wəυk
stəυn
pυə
la:d
– laυd
spɔ:t
–
spəυk
k3:l
k3:v
h3:d
h3:t
n3:v
m3:s
l3:n
p3:l
–
–
–
b3:d
l3:nd
h3:d
wel
tel
nest
– w3:l
– t3:m
– n3:s
Read and compare the words with the diphthongs [ıə] and [eə].
hıə
tıə
dıə
17.
–
–
Read and compare the words with the sounds [3:] and [e].
bed
lend
hed
16.
wɔ:k
stɔ:m
Read the words with the sound [3:].
g3:l
g3:d
15.
∫υə
a:t
– aυt
fa:m – faυnd
–
–
–
heə
teə
deə
pıə
bıə
fıə
– peə
– beə
– feə
Read the words with the sound [ə].
ə`mes
ə`pen
ə`set
tə:`sit
tə:`seı
tə:`tel
`bıgə
`i:gə
`letə
Согласные
Consonants
[p] as in pen [pen]
[b] as in big [big]
[t] as in tea [ti:]
[d] as in do [du:]
[k] as in cat [kæt]
[g] as in go [gəυ]
[f] as in four [fɔ:]
[v] as in very ['veri]
[s] as in son [sΛn]
13
[z] as in zoo [zu:]
[l] as in live [lıv]
[m]as in my [maı]
[n] as in near [nıə]
[h] as in happy ['hæpi]
[r] as in red [red]
[j] as in yes [jes]
[w] as in want [wɔnt]
[θ] as in thanks [θæŋks]
[ð] as in the [ðə]
[∫] as in she [∫i:]
[ʒ] as in television ['telıvı ʒn]
[t∫] as in child [t∫aıld]
[dʒ] as in German ['dʒ3:mən]
[ŋ] as in English ['ıŋglı∫]
Нужно помнить:
1. Все согласные в английском языке твердые;
2. Смычные взрывные согласные [p], [t], [k] в позиции перед гласной произносятся с придыханием (аспирацией);
3. Специфические, наиболее сложные для произношения звуки: [w], [θ],
[ð], [ŋ], [h];
4. Звонкие согласные в конце слова не оглушаются;
5. Глухие согласные перед звонкими не озванчиваются.
Фонетические упражнения
Phonetic exercises
1. Read the words with different sounds. Compare voiced and voiceless
consonants.
[p] – [d]
[k] – [g]
[t] – [d]
pi:
– bi:
pık – bıg
tru: – dru:
paı
– baı
set
– sed
sɔk – fɔg
kæp – kæb
kru: – gru:
bıld – bılt
[f] –
feım –
[v]
veın
[s] – [z]
pi:s – pli:z
14
–
–
seıf
li:f
seıv
li:v
dɔks – dɔgz
ni:s – ni:z
2. Read the words with the sounds [∫] and [ʒ].
∫i:
∫i:p
∫ıft
∫elf
kæ∫
dæ∫
læ∫
mı∫n
'pleʒə
'leʒə
'meʒə
vıʒn
3. Read the words with the sounds [t∫] and [dʒ].
–
–
–
t∫ın
t∫ıl
mæt∫
dʒın
dʒıl
bædʒ
t∫æt – dʒet
fet∫ – edʒ
t∫est – dʒest
4. Read the words with the sound [h]. Don’t make it hard or use your voice.
hi:
hi:t
hi:p
hım
hız
hıt
hen
hed
hel
heı
heıl
heıt
haı
haıd
haıt
hæv
hæz
hæt
5. Read the words with the sounds [θ] and [ð].
ði:
ði:z
ðeı
ðıs
ðæt
ðen
θi:m
θın
θi:f
gæðə
feðə
leðə
mıθ
ti:θ
deθ
6. Read and compare the words.
ten
di:
det
–
–
–
ðen
ði:
ðæt
fεə – ðεə
fæn – ðæn
væn – ðen
sın –
sık –
si:m –
7. Read the words with the sound [r].
reı
ri:l
'merı
'hΛrı
15
θın
θık
θi:m
ti:z –
tens –
mıs –
ti:θ
tenθ
mıθ
raı
reın
raız
raız
rı:d
rıt∫
rısk
rΛn
'verı
'kærı
'dεərı
'nıərə
'mırə
'θıərı
'klıərə
'dıərə
8. Read the words with the sound [r] after [p, t, k].
træm
træk
tri:z
trık
kraı
kraım
kri:m
kraıst
preı
praız
praıd
pri:st
9. Read the words with the sound [w]. Compare [w] and [v]. Pay attention
to the combinations [tw] and [kw].
waı
wεə
weı
weıt
10.
waın
waız
waıl
waıp
'jeləυ
jes
jΛŋ
ju:θ
waın
weıl
wet
west
'stju:dnt
tju:n
'tju:lıp
nju:z
Read the words with the sound [ŋ].
pæŋ
bæŋ
sıŋ
rıŋ
12.
wi:l
wi:k
wın
'wıntə
wɔ:m
wɔ:l
wɔt
wɔnt
Read the words with the sound [j].
jet
ju:
ja:d
jɔt
11.
went
wel
west
wet
sɔŋ
lɔŋ
ræŋk
sæŋk
θıŋk
drıŋk
'æŋgə
'fıŋgə
'sıŋıŋ
'ri:dıŋ
'wɔ:kıŋ
'sıtıŋ
Compare [ŋ] and [n].
ræn
–
ræŋ
wın
–
wıŋ
16
–
–
–
–
vaın
veıl
vet
vest
twelv
tweın
twaıs
twıst
kwık
kwi:n
'kwɔ:tə
kwaıt
bæn
hen
13.
–
–
θıŋ
sıŋ
læb
l Λv
l Λk
lɔŋ
lυk
lu:s
ləυd
ləυn
laık
Learn the English Alphabet.
Буква
Аа
ВЬ
Сс
Dd
Ее
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
LI
Mm
–
–
Read the words with the sound [l].
li:d
lıp
leg
14.
θın
sın
bæŋ
hæŋ
Название
Буква
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
[bi:]
[si:]
[di:]
[i:]
[ef]
[d3i:]
∫]
[el]
[em]
Название
[en]
[əυ]
[pi:]
[kju:]
[a:]
[es]
[ti:]
[ju:]
[vi:]
['d۸blju:]
[eks]
[zed]
Can you spell your name and surname?
УЭ-2
ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ
READING RULES
Для того чтобы научиться хорошо читать по-английски, важно уметь
распознавать положение, в котором встречается буква в слове и правильно
произносить соответствующий ей звук. Мы предлагаем изучить правила
чтения гласных и согласных букв и регулярно тренироваться в чтении.
17
Правила чтения гласных
Чтение гласных зависит от следующих факторов:
1. От типа слога, в котором она стоит;
2. От того, является ли она ударной или безударной;
3. От ее положения среди других букв.
Существует четыре типа ударного слога, в каждом из которых одна и
та же гласная читается по-разному.
I тип – открытый, оканчивается на гласную.
Например: sea [si:], he [hi:].
II тип – закрытый, заканчивается на согласную.
Например: pen [pen], cat [kæt].
III тип – слог, где за ударной гласной следует буква “r”.
Например: sport [spɔ:t], car [ka:].
IV тип – слог, где за ударной гласной с буквой “r”следует еще одна
гласная.
Например: parents ['peərənts], fire ['fa ə].
Таблица чтения ударных и безударных гласных
I
II
III
(открытый) (закрытый) (гласная+ r)
Гласная
тип слога
тип слога тип слога
Aa
Ee
Ii/Yy
Uu
Oo
[e ]
make
[i:]
we
[æ]
cat
[e]
bed
[a:]
car
[ə]
her
[a ]
time
type
[ju:]
tube
[ı]
sit
system
[Λ ]
cup
[3:]
girl
[ou]
note
[ɔ]
not
IV
(гласная
+r+e) тип
слога
[εə]
share
[ıə]
here
Безударный
слог
[3:]
burn
[aıə]
fire
tyrant
[juə]
cure
[ə]
ago
[ə] [ı]
absent, darkness
[ı]
music
city
[ə] [ju:]
success, unite
[ɔ:]
short
[ɔ:]
more
[ə] [əυ]
confer, metro
1. Read the words with different vowels.
18
1) A.
[e ]
date
name
game
[æ]
can
man
bag
[a:]
dark
man
bag
[εə]
compare
care
share
[ə]
about
ago
Russia
2) E.
[i:]
we
she
be
[e]
ten
get
bed
3) I/Y.
[a ]
hi
my
fine
ə]
[3:]
her
verb
term
here
sphere
serial
girl
bird
first
begin
sister
present
ə]
[3:]
ill
it
kid
ə]
tired
fire
tyre
sorry
family
music
[3:]
[juə]
during
pure
cure
[ə]
century
success
product
[ɔ:]
[ɔ:]
[əυ]
photo
piano
hotel
4) U.
[ju:]
student
pupil
use
[Λ ]
but
sun
uncle
turn
burn
curve
5) O.
[əυ]
hello
home
rose
[ɔ]
dog
job
hot
or
short
port
more
before
store
2. Read the words with different vowels.
Art, fun, ticket, tomato, sport, sir, milk, serve, bad, nose, rare, public, sofa,
type, he, zero, bad, clock, time, prepare, try, lord, shop, wire.
Правила чтения буквосочетаний гласных (гласных с согласными)
Буква
Буквосочетания
Звук
19
Примеры
Aa
a + ir
ay, ai
[εə]
[e ]
a+n
a+f
a + s+
согласная
a + th
a+l
a + ll
a + lk
w + ar
Ee
[a:]
[ɔ:]
w(h) + a
[wɔ]
aw
a + nge
au (gh)
ee, ea
[ɔ:]
[ei]
[ɔ:]
[i:]
ea + d, th, lth
[e]
но:
Ii
air, hair, chair, pair, fair
play, pay, say, day, today,
aim, rain, paint, main, nail
plant, branch, can't
after, craft
grass, class, fast, task
ea + r + согл.
ear, eer
[i:]
[ə:]
[ ə]
ew
ei
[ju:]
[i:]
er (в суффиксе)
ey (под ударением)
но:
ey (в неударном
слоге)
ie (перед
согласной)
[ə]
[e ]
[ ]
[i:]
20
path, rather, father
half, palm
all, ball, tall, call, small
chalk, talk, walk
war, warm, award, warn,
reward
was, what, want, wash,
watch
law, saw, draw, strawberry
change, strange, 'exchange
author, autumn, daughter
see, meet, tree, green, street,
feel, sea, meat, tea, team,
peace
head, dead, bread, death,
health
read, lead, reader, leader
earn, earth, early, learn
hear, near, ear, clear, dear,
fear
new, knew, newspaper, few
ceiling, receive, deceive,
seize
worker, driver, painter
they, grey, obey
key [ki:]
money, hockey, trolley
field, piece, niece, brief,
chief
ie (в конце слова)
igh
[a ]
[a ]
i + nd
[a ]
[ ]
[a ]
[u:]
ous
[ə]
lie, tie, die
night, fight, high, sigh, sight,
flight
kind, find, mind, blind
wind, window
mild, child, (но: children)
moon, soon, too, spoon,
cool, fool
look, book, took, cook
house, round, out, about
should, could
bought, thought, fought,
brought
coat, boat, soap, road, toast
town, brown, down, power,
powder
window, slow, row, snow,
grow
now, how
boy, toy, noise, voice, soil
choice, coin, boil
old, cold, sold, hold, told,
bold
four, court, course, your,
fourth
our, hour, shower, flower,
tower, power
some, come, among, money
son, won, wonderful, front
glove, love, lovely
mother, brother, other
prove, move, movement,
improvement
famous, dangerous, various
or
ue
после r, l
[ə]
[ju:]
[u:]
doctor, tractor, conductor
due, sue, hue
true, blue
но:
Oo
I + ld
oo + n, l
oo + k
ou
но:
ough + t
oa
ow (в середине
слова)
ow (в конце слова)
[əυ]
[au]
но:
[au]
[ɔ ]
oy
oi
o + ld
[əυ]
[əυ]
our
[ɔ:]
our, ower
[auə]
o+m
+n
+v
+th
[Λ ]
но:
Uu
[u]
[au]
[u]
[ɔ:]
[u]
21
Yy
ure – в открытом
слоге после –s
но:
u – в закрытом
слоге после f, p, b
в открытом слоге
после r, j
перед гласной в
начале слова
в безударном положении на конце
слова
[υə]
sure, surely
[υ]
[υ]
sugar
full, push, bush, bull
[u:]
rule, June, jubilee, rumour
[j]
yes, yet, year, yesterday
[ ]
city, money, holiday, lady,
lazy, fifty, seventy
Не следует испытывать отчаяние при виде подобных таблиц. Мы
приводим их для того, чтобы Вы могли внимательно изучить звукобуквенные соответствия и использовать их для тренировки чтения. Настоящая
уверенность придет к Вам со временем.
Pronunciation exercises
1. Read the words. Compare their pronunciation and spelling.
ear – air
beer – bear
here – hear
girl – goal
burn – bone
turn – tone
took – tour
put
– poor
shook – sure
2. Match the words and the vowel symbols.
eg. 1-f
1. Meet
2. Let
3. Bit
4. Law
5. Back
6. Cut
7. Third
8. Mood
9. Clock
a. [a:]
b. [æ]
c. [e]
d. [ə]
e. [ı]
f. [i:]
g. [b]
h. [3:]
i. [ɔ:]
22
were – war
– was
work – warm – want
worst – water – watch
10. Good
11. Arch
12. About
g. [u:]
k. [υ]
l. [Λ]
3. Match the words and the vowel symbols.
eg. 1-c
1. May
2. Buy
3. Poor
4. No
5. Toy
6. Dare
7. Mouse
8. Dear
a. [əυ]
b. [aı]
c. [eı]
d. [ıə]
e. [aυ]
f. [υə]
g. [eə]
h. [ɔı]
4. Write out the pairs with the same vowel sound.
eg. Car – farm
1. Blue – you
2. One – phone
3. Arm – are
4. Five – eye
5. Red – head
6. Book – door
7. Eight – they
8. Watch – bad
9. Chair – their
10. Box – dog
11.Your – our
12. Where – here
5. Find the word which doesn’t contain the same sound.
eg. root, school, good, cool – good.
1. Life, mine, live, ride, pie
2. Read, big, street, jeans, meat
3. Phone, bowl, house, boat, home
23
4. Hair, wear, here, air, pear
5. Bar, charm, war, rather, far
6. Box, yellow, phone, post, home
Правила чтения согласных
Буква и
буквосочетание
Bb
bt
Сс
Звук
[b]
[t]
[s]
[k]
[∫]
cc
[ks]
[k]
ch
tch
ch
[t∫]
[k]
[∫]
ck
Dd
[k]
[d]
[-]
dg
Ff
ften
[ʤ ]
[f]
[fn]
Примечание
Примеры
bus, but, about, better, butter, by,
book, bed, bag, bad
в конце слова
debt, doubt
перед e, i, y
face, city, cinema, cycle, since, ice,
space, centre
в остальных слу- cap, cat, cut, cry, copy, capital,
чаях
come, close, clock
перед безударной ocean, social, special, musician, anгласной
cient, racial
перед e, i, y
accept, success, accent, accident
в остальных слу- occur, according, accomplish, accuчаях
mulate, occupy, occasion
chess, rich, cheese, chop, much,
match, kitchen, watch, catch
в словах гречеschool, architect, chemistry, characского происхож- ter, archeology, technical
дения
в словах франmachine, machinery, machinist
цузского происхождения
black, sick, back, pack, neck, check
date, made, end, decide, old
перед согласныgrandmother, handsome, handkerми
chief
bridge, knowledge, judge, sledge
five, if, finish, face, family
often, soften
24
Gg
gh
[ʤ ]
перед e, i, y
[g]
в остальных случаях
[-]
[f]
gn
[n]
Hh
[h]
Kk
kn
Ll
alm, alf,
alk
Mm
mb
mn
Nn
[-]
[k]
[n]
[l]
[-]
[m]
[m]
weight, eight, bought,
brought, fought, daughter
laugh, enough, cough
после au, ou в
словах:
в начале и в конце слова
foreign, sign
he, his, here, have, home, hundred,
husband
hour, honour, honest, exhibition
kill, keep, king, kitchen, kiss
know, knee, knife, knock
lake, late, light, listen, leg
talk, calm, half, chalk
в начале слова
miss, meal, seem, team
climb, bomb, comb
autumn, column
never, number, nobody, next, notice
sing, song, interesting, thing
drink, bank, ink, tank, thank
pen, pencil, pupil, publish, top
phone, physics, philosophy, philologist, symphony, phase
в конце слова
[n]
ng
nk
Pp
ph
[ŋ]
[ŋk]
[p]
[f]
Qu
[kw]
[k]
Rr
page, change, gymnasium, stage
но: [g] - get, give, begin
go, green, grey, grow
в конце слова
в словах греческого происхождения
queen, question, quick, quite, queue
unique, technique
в словах французского происхождения
[r]
red, ready, rain, sorry, mirror, trip
25
Ss
[s]
[z]
ss
[s]
[∫]
ssion
[∫(ə)n]
sion
[ʒn]
sure
sh
sc
sten
stle
tion
[ʒə]
[∫]
[s]
[sn]
[sl]
[t]
[θ]
[ð]
[∫(ə)n]
ture
[t∫ə]
Vv
Ww
wh
[v]
[w]
[w]
wh+o
wr
Xx
[h]
[r]
[ks]
Tt
th
[gz]
в начале слова
но: [∫]
после глухих согласных
после звонких
согласных и
гласных
see, sea, son, sun, stand, stop
sugar, sure
maps, cats, books, hats, caps
pens, bags, days, girls, boys
these, cheese, please, nose, rose
class, pass, success, kiss, miss
Russian
перед безударным слогом
session, discussion, comission,
opression
decision, conclusion, revision, invasion, confusion, television
pleasure, treasure, leisure, measure
she, ship, fish, shop, short
science, scientist, scene, scenery
listen, fasten
whistle, wrestling
в конце слова
перед е, i, у
ten, twenty, table, sit, teeth
thing, thank, three, tooth
this, those, with, without, weather
demonstration, revolution, dictation,
translation, attention
picture, future, lecture, culture, nature, feature, furniture
live, leave, voice, move, vase
win, want, water, wind, twins
when, where, why, what, which,
white, whisper, while
who, whom, whose, whole
wrong, write, writer, wrestling
box, fox, six, taxi, text, excuse, exercise
в конце слова и
перед согласными
перед ударной
гласной
examination,
act
26
example, exist, ex-
Zz
[z]
lazy, zone, zero, zoo, zoology
Pronunciation exercises
1. Read the words with the letter h. Decide which of them contain the
sound [h].
hotel
who
honest
which
hour
why
hospital
when
home
happy
half
honour
2. Read the words with the letter c. Write out the words with the sound [k].
cat
city
face
cube
ocean
cut
centre
cake
space
special
since
clock
come
cinema
occur
3. Put the words into 2 columns according to the pronunciation of the letters th.
Clothes, month, they, other, health, three, leather, north, father, thank, tooth,
weather, with.
θ
ð
Can you add more words?
4. Read the words with the letter s. What sounds can you hear?
Miss, safe, easy, ship, measure, mechanic, profession, cheese, sun, session, listen, sugar, sea, please, days, television, sure, books, science.
5. Read the words and decide which of them contain the sound [w].
warm
two
how
own
view
world
heavy
when
borrow
watch
violence
question
27
write
white
who
6. Read the words with the letter g and decide which of them contain the
sound [g].
gentle
guest
ago
girl
begin
page
give
change
gate
green
sign
guide
grace
go
enough
7. Read the words below and decide which of them contain the sound [ŋ].
winter
sink
English
pond
drink
thanks
window
uncle
young
children
modern
win
thing
expensive
thin
darling
8. Read the words below and decide which of them contain the sound [∫].
chef
special
catch
short
children
ship
sure
mechanic
shoes
measure
profession
certain
she
ocean
teacher
action
9. Read the following tongue-twisters as quickly as possible.
1. A big black bug bit the big black hear, but the big black bear bit the big black
bug back!
2. Four furious friends fought for the phone.
3. I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream!
4. I can think of six thin things and of six thick things too.
5. Which witch wished wicked wish?
6. Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.
7. Are our oars oak?
Don’t worry if you can’t remember all these rules now. You should practise as much as possible. Good luck!
28
УЭ – 3
PROGRESS TEST
1. Match the words with their transcriptions. There are more transcriptions than words.
1. Happy
a. [gıl]
i. ['hæpi]
2. English
j. ['feðə]
b. ['mɔ:nıŋ]
3. Photo
c. ['fa: ðə]
k.['pɔ:tə]
4. Sugar
d. ['hΛrı]
l. [g3:l]
5. Morning
e. [' ıŋglı∫]
6. Girl
f. ['fəυtəυ]
7. Question
g. ['∫ugə]
8. Father
h. ['kwest∫ən]
2. Odd word out. Write the words with a different sound.
eg. [∫] short – ocean – sugar – school. School is odd one out.
[i:] ski – leave – sit – sea – key
[æ] cat – bag –hand – dark – bad
[ɔ] hot – doctor – wrong – stop – sport
[Λ] money –mother – home – some – nothing
[a:] glass – talk – father – can’t – park
[e] video – pencil – tennis – men – bed
[ı] think – field – this – Italy – big
[ɔ:] forty – more – short – born – actor
[u:] June – curly – fruit – true – flu
[eı] name – orange – train – plane – they
[aı] five – like – live – fine – nice
[θ] think – without – hair – hour
[h] house – happen – hair – hour
[t∫] chin – chain – machine – achieve
[s] famous – glass – sound – television
[k] cup – clear – occasion - muscle
[ð] that – health – these – mother
3. Write the letter you don’t pronounce in the following words.
29
eg. Knee – k
1. Salmon
2. Walk
3. Know
4. Sign
5. Honour
6. Half
7. Psychology
8. Castle
9. Talk
10.Lamb
4. Transcribe the following words.
Day, task, law, she, bread, night, book, rule, city, sky, cat, cheese, hour, this,
three, zoo.
30
МОДУЛЬ II
Основной курс
Социальное общение
Цели:
Вы должны знать:
Вы должны уметь:
1. Грамматика:
 читать, переводить и обсуждать
 структура английского предложетексты по темам, используя знания;
ние активной лексики и изученной грамматики;
 глагол to be в Present Simple;
 личные и притяжательные место-  владеть монологической речью
по изученным темам «Моя виимения;
зитная карточка» (о себе, своей
 единственное и множественное
семье, буднях и выходных днях),
число существительных;
«Полоцкий
государственный
 артикли;
университет и город, в котором я
 притяжательный падеж существиучусь (Новополоцк)», «Беларусь
тельных;
и Великобритания»;
 указательные местоимения (this –
 вести диалоги в рамках изученноthese, that - those);
го материала;
 повелительные предложения;
 владеть основными правилами
 Present Simple (Indefinite);
речевого этикета
 предлоги места и времени;
 оборот there is / there are;
 неопределенные
местоимения
(some, any);
 модальный глагол can / could;
 глагол to be в Past Simple;
 относительные местоимения (who,
that, which);
 количественные и порядковые
числительные;
 Past Simple (Indefinite);
 степени сравнения прилагательных
 Present Continuous;
 конструкция to be going to
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 Future Simple
2. Лексика
 активный словарь по темам «Моя
визитная карточка» (о себе, своей
семье, буднях и выходных днях),
«Полоцкий государственный университет и город, в котором я
учусь (Новополоцк)», «Беларусь и
Великобритания»;
 разговорный минимум (способы
приветствия и прощания, привлечение внимания, сообщение времени, указание дороги, дни недели, месяцы, поры года).
3. Словообразование:
 суффиксы существительных -er-,
-or-, -ess суффиксы прилагательных –al-.
УЭ-1
GETTING TO KNOW YOU
1. Study the words.
actor
actress
Belarus
boyfriend
brother
capital
country
doctor
driver
engineer
family
['æktə]
['æktrıs]
['belərus]
['bɔıfrend]
['brΛðə]
['kæpıtl]
['kΛntrı]
['dɔktə]
['draıvə]
[ֽenʤı'nıə]
['fæməlı]
актер
актриса
Беларусь
друг
брат
столица
страна
врач
водитель
инженер
семья
32
отец
подруга
Великобритания
работа
mother
name
painter
Russia
sister
Spain
student
surname
teacher
the USA
['fa:ðə]
['g3:lfrend]
[greıt'brıtn]
[ʤɔb]
['mΛðə]
[neım]
['peıntə]
['rΛ∫ə]
['sıstə]
[speın]
['stju:dənt]
['s3:neım]
['ti:t∫ə]
[ðə ֽ ju:es'eı]
be
be from
be married
be single
live
[bi:]
[bi: frɔm]
[bi: 'mærid]
[bi: sıngl]
[lıv]
быть
быть родом
быть замужем, женатым
быть холостым, не замужем
жить
bad
cold
famous
good
happy
hot
[bæd]
[kəυld]
['feıməs]
[gυd]
['hæpı]
[hɔt]
плохой
холодный
известный
хороший
счастливый
горячий, жаркий
at home
at work
[ət 'həυm]
[ət 'w3:k]
дома
на работе
goodbye
hello
hi
thank you
[gυd'baı]
[hə'ləυ]
[haı]
['θæŋk ju:]
до свидания
привет, здравствуйте
привет
спасибо
father
girlfriend
Great Britain
job
мать
имя
художник
Россия
сестра
Испания
студент
фамилия
учитель
США
33
how
how old
this
what
where
who
[haυ]
[haυ 'əυld]
[ðıs]
[wɔt]
[weə]
[hu:]
как
сколько (лет)
этот
что
где
кто
2. Read the dialogue.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
Hello. My name’s Robert. What’s your name?
Maria.
Where are you from, Maria?
I’m from Belarus. Where are you from?
I’m from Great Britain.
3. Practise the dialogue with your group-mate.
Introduce yourself and ask your group-mate the questions:
What’s your name?
Where are you from?
Структура предложений
Чтобы правильно выражать свои мысли по-английски, нужно в
первую очередь запомнить, что английский язык – это не русский. Нельзя
просто перевести слова и составить предложение. Нельзя задать вопрос,
произнося повествовательное предложение с вопросительной интонацией.
Нельзя запомнить, например, один вспомогательный глагол «do» или «be»
и задавать все вопросы, применяя только его.
Во-первых, следует различать повествовательные и вопросительные
предложения. Повествовательные могут быть утвердительными и отрицательными. Вопросы могут быть общими (требуют ответа «Да», «Нет») и
специальными («Когда?», «Почему?»), альтернативными («… или … »),
разделительными («…, не так ли?»), к подлежащему («Кто, что…?»).
Во-вторых, простое утвердительное предложение, как правило,
начинается с подлежащего. В английском предложении оно обязательно.
Дальше следует сказуемое. Оно может быть очень длинным (составным), а
может состоять из одного слова.
34
Eg. You should have met me at the station.
My mother is a doctor.
I love you.
Далее могут следовать дополнение и обстоятельство. Как правило,
если в русском предложении нет глагола, например, между подлежащим и
прилагательным («Она умная»), подлежащим и существительным («Мой
друг - студент»), подлежащим и причастием («Я удивлен»), то в этом случае в английском предложении ставится глагол-связка «to be».
She is clever.
My friend is a doctor.
I am surprised.
4. Study the pronouns.
he – он
she – она
it – оно
I–я
we – мы
you – ты, вы
they – они
his – его
her – её
its – его
my – мой
our – наш
your – твой, ваш
their – их
5. Study the forms of the verb “to be” in the Present Simple (Indefinite)
Tense.
Утвердительная форма (Positive)
I
am
He
She
is
from Spain
It
We
You
are
They
I’m = I am
He’s = He is
She’s = She is
It’s = It is
We’re = We are
You’re = You are
They’re = They are
Отрицательная форма (Negative)
I
am
He
is
from Spain
She
I am not = I’m not
He is not = He isn’t
She is not = She isn’t
35
It
We
You
They
are
It is not = It isn’t
We are not = We aren’t
You are not = You aren’t
They are not = They aren’t
Общие вопросы и краткие ответы (Questions and short answers)
Questions
Short answers
Am I
here?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Are you
married?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Is he
Russian?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
Is she
on holiday?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
Is it
Friday?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
Are we
friends?
Yes, we are.
No, we aren’t.
Are they
in New York?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
Специальные вопросы (Special questions)
What
‘s
your job?
are
your names?
Where
‘s
Alain from?
are
your friends?
How old
‘s
Richard?
are
you?
Who
‘s
your teacher?
are
they?
6. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb to be.
Example: My name is Olga.
1. Where __ you from?
2. I __ from the USA.
3. They ___ doctors.
4. This ___ my teacher.
5. Her name ___ Maria.
6. ___ it hot today?
7. We ___ students.
8. My brother ___ single.
9. ___ they married?
10. Her surname __ Petrova.
36
7. Rewrite the sentences using short forms.
Example: She is on business. She’s on business.
1. He is a student.
2. I am Svetlana.
3. You are on holiday.
4. I am not married.
5. We are not from Madrid.
6. She is not at school.
7. They are from the USA.
8. Correct the sentences.
Example: Minsk is in Russia.
Minsk isn’t in Russia. It’s in Belarus.
1. You are from Spain.
2. We are in a Russian class.
3. Snow is hot.
4. You are at home.
5. Three and four is ten.
6. Your teacher is single.
7. You are forty years old.
9. Put the questions into the correct order.
Example: you/ a student/ are? Are you a student?
1. you/ are/ twenty?
2. from/ is/ Belarus/ your teacher?
3. what/ your/ e-mail address/ ‘s?
4. old/ how/ is/ your mother?
5. where/ from/ Jennifer Lopez/ ‘s?
6. you/ single/ are?
10.
Give short answers to the questions.
Example: Are you a student? Yes, I am.
1. Is your mother at work?
37
2. Is your father a doctor?
3. Is it cold today?
4. Is Belarus in Europe?
5. Are you married?
6. Are you single?
7. Are you from the USA?
11.
Read about Carlos.
My name’s Carlos Sanchez. I’m a student. I’m 20. I live in a flat in Madrid in
Spain. I’m not married.
Answer the questions about Carlos.
1. What is his name?
2. What is his surname?
3. How old is he?
4. Where is he from?
5. Is he married?
12. Write about you.
13. Pay attention to the way we speak about our age.
I’m 18. or I’m 18 years old.
She is 30. or She is 30 years old.
14. Study the numbers.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
38
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
thirty
forty
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
50
60
70
80
90
100
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one hundred
Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образуются прибавлением 20
суффикса –teen к основе. Числительные, обозначающие десятки, прибавляют к основе суффикс –ty.
15. Write the numbers. Read them aloud.
One
___1____
Ten
________
One hundred ________
3
________
13
________
30
________
5
_five____
15
________
50
________
7
________
17
________
78
________
19
________
90
________
99
________
Two
________
Twelve
________
Twenty
________
fourteen
________
forty-five
________
fifty-four
________
sixteen
________
twenty-six
________
sixty-one
________
eighteen
________
eighty-seven ________
ninety-eight
________
40
________
65
________
82
________
16. Say the number and the number before.
13 54 24 11 48 87 30 6 99 72 35 69 17
17. Answer the questions:
39
1. How old are you?
2. How old are your parents?
3. How old is your sister/brother?
4. How old is your girlfriend/boyfriend?
18. Study the way we read telephone numbers:
51 43 19 – five one four three one nine
43 55 70 – four three double five seven “oh”
We don’t say “zero”, we say “oh”.
What’s your phone number? Ask and answer this question with your groupmates.
19. We often have to fill in forms. Study the entry form.
VISITOR’S ENTRY FORM FOR VISITORS
FROM NON-EU COUNTRIES
1. Surname____
2. First name____
3. Date of birth____
4. Address____
5. Nationality____
6. Occupation____
7. Phone number____
8. Purpose of visit____
9. Date of arrival____
10. Date of proposed departure____
Make sure you understand the words:
Arrival – прибытие, приезд
Departure – отправление, отъезд
Chef – шеф-повар
Complete the form by writing the correct letter next to the correct number.
Example: 1- b
a. 5/7/1985
f. 14 August 2010
b. Smith
g. 125 East 60th Street, New York, USA
c. 4 August 2010 h. Cookery programme on BBC TV
40
d. TV Chef
e. Sophie
i. American
k. 212 6695 7304
Imagine that you are planning to visit the UK. Fill in the gaps with information about you.
20. Study the rule.
Существительное (The Noun).
Имена существительные составляют основу языка. Как и в русском
языке, английские существительные делятся на имена собственные (Maria,
London), и имена нарицательные (sister, name). Нарицательные существительные подразделяются на исчисляемые (man, cat) и неисчисляемые (tea,
time).
Вы уже заметили, что в предложении существительные часто имеют
слова-определители (артикли, местоимения, прилагательные, а также другие существительные).
Carlos is my friend.
She is a beautiful girl.
The town park is big.
Исчисляемые существительные, как правило, имеют форму единственного и множественного числа. Множественное число существительных обычно образуется при помощи прибавления окончания –s(-es) к форме единственного числа: book – books, house – houses.
Чтение окончания
-s
[s] после глухих согласных
cats
[z] после звонких согласных и гласных
friends, cameras
-es
buses, wishes, classes
[ız] после шипящих и свистящих
1. Существительные, оканчивающиеся на согласную + -у, меняют –у на –і
и принимают окончание –es.
Family – families
Country – countries
2. Существительные, оканчивающиеся на согласную + -у, образуют множественное число по общему правилу при помощи окончания –s.
Day – days
Key – keys
3. Существительные, оканчивающиеся на –f или –fe, как правило, меняют
–f на –v и принимают окончание –es.
41
Life – lives
Wife – wives
Half – halves
4. Некоторые существительные образуют множественное число путем изменения корневой гласной и другими способами. Запомните!
man
- men
tooth
- teeth
woman
- women
child
- children
child
- children
person
- people
foot
- feet
Все случаи нестандартного образования множественного числа существительных отражены в словарях. Будьте особенно внимательны к словам, заимствованным из других языков.
21. Write the plural forms of the nouns.
class
family
tooth
university
fox
party
key
child
knife
story
kiss
boy
22. Read the plural nouns.
Pens, beds, lips, hands, dresses, matches, cities, boys, ties, maps, toys,
lives, tables, boxes, knives, stories, windows, heroes, days, hats.
23. Write the singular forms of the plural nouns.
Boxes, eyes, games, knives, lives, teeth, wolves, feet, children, pianos, wives,
women, ladies, babies, photos.
24. Put in is or are.
Example: Is the shop open?
Are the shops open?
1. My hands ____ cold.
2. My nose ____ cold.
3. My feet ____ small.
42
4. Where ____ my camera?
5. Where ___ the children?
6. Your jeans ___ dirty.
7. Who ___ those men?
8. Who ___ the woman in red?
9. Who ___ those people?
10. Your teeth ___ white.
25. Study the rule.
Артикль (The Article)
Артикль – служебное слово, которое в предложении относится к существительному и определяет его.
В английском языке имеется два артикля неопределенный – a, an и
определенный – the.
Неопределенный артикль происходит от числительного one (один) и
имеет два варианта –a, an.
A употребляется перед существительными, начинающимися с согласного звука: a man. Будьте внимательны, гласные буквы “u” и “y” иногда произносятся со звуком “j”, поэтому такие слова как “yacht”,
“university” требуют артикля “a”.
An употребляется перед словами, начинающимися с гласной или
немого “h”, т.е. когда “h” не считается: an apple, an hour.
Определенный артикль the произносится:
[ðə] перед существительными, начинающимися с согласной буквы:
the boy и перед существительными, начинающимися с гласных букв u, y,
когда они произносятся с призвуком “j”: the year.
[ðı] перед существительными, начинающимися с гласной буквы или с
согласной, когда она не произносится: the apple, the hour.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе и обычно обозначает, что имеется в
виду любой предмет из класса однородных предметов. “Give me a pen,
please.” «Дай мне, пожалуйста, ручку». Речи идет о любой ручке, а не о какой-то конкретной.
Определенный артикль употребляется с существительными как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. Он указывает на то, что предметы или явления выделяются из ряда подобных ему предметов или явлений.
43
Из предшествующего контекста или из ситуации ясно, о каком предмете
идет речь. “Open the window, please”. «Открой, пожалуйста, окно». Речь
идет о конкретном окне в комнате, в которой находится говорящий.
26. Write a or an.
1. ___ book
2. ___ old book
3. ___ window
4. ___ airport
5. ___ university
6. ___ restaurant
7. ___ Indian restaurant
8. ___ question
9. ___ important question
10. ___ hour
27. We use a/an for jobs. Write a or an where necessary.
1. My mother is ___engineer.
2. Are you ___ student?
3. My sister is ___dentist.
4. Her boyfriend is ___ doctor.
5. Sandra Bullock is ___ American actress.
6. Picasso was ___famous painter.
7. His parents are ___ teachers.
8. My brother is ___ good driver.
28. Answer the questions about your family.
1. What is your mother?
2. What is your father?
3. What is your brother/sister?
4. What are you?
29. Pay attention that we often use –er, –or to form jobs. –ess is often used
for women.
Example: to act – actor, actress
to teach – teacher
to paint - painter
44
30. Use the verbs to form the nouns. Translate them.
to work
to operate
to drive
to play
to build
to farm
to sing
to write
31. Make up your own sentences with the nouns from ex. 29.
Example: Dina Rubina is my favourite writer.
Victoria Azarenka is a talented tennis player.
32. Study the rule.
Когда мы впервые упоминаем о каком-либо предмете или явлении, используется неопределенный артикль а, an. Определенный артикль the употребляется, когда собеседнику ясно, о каком предмете идет речь.
Артикль the также употребляется:
1. Когда речь идет об уникальных объектах: the sun, the moon, the world.
2. С названиями морей, рек, океанов, каналов, музеев, театров, гостиниц,
газет: the Atlantic Ocean, the Black Sea, the (River) Thames, the British Museum, the Ritz, The Times.
3. C названиями стран, если есть слова «republic/states/kingdom» или они
даны во множественном числе: the Republic of Belarus, the United Kingdom,
the USA, the Netherlands.
Артикль отсутствует:
1. С именами собственными: Anna, Jack Smith.
2. С названиями континентов, городов, стран, улиц, аэропортов, университетов, журналов: Africa, London, France, Coronation Street, Munich Airport,
Oxford University, Cosmopolitan.
Но: the Hague (город Гаага).
3. В ряде сочетаний: at home, at/to work, in/to bed, at/to school, by
bus/car/plane/train, on foot.
(В действительности существует гораздо больше сочетаний с артиклями и
без, которые вы выучите со временем).
33. Use a/an or the where necessary.
45
1. This is ___book. ___book is interesting.
2. We have ___ cat and ____ dog. ___ cat is old, but ___ dog is just a puppy.
3. Where is ___ park? It’s close to ___Dvina River.
4. David is ___ doctor in ___ hospital.
5. ___ teachers are very good here.
6. ___ sun is hot today. ___ sky is absolutely clear.
7. ___ Oslo is ___ capital of Norway.
8. ___ Belarus is ___ beautiful country in ___ Europe.
9. Where are ___ children? At ___ school.
10. She is from ___ Great Britain. He is from ___ USA.
11. ___ dentist is at ___ work.
12. Open ___ door, please!
13. ___ Hague is situated in ___ Netherlands.
14. I study at ___ Polotsk State University.
15. Make yourself at ___ home!
16. I go to___ work by ____ bus.
17. ___ Times is his favourite newspaper.
18. I am always ____ bed by midnight.
34. Practice in communication
1. Read and memorize how we say hello and goodbye in English.
How do you do? (formal)
Good morning/afternoon/evening!
Hi! (informal)
Hello!
How are you?
How are things?
How are you feeling?
Fine, thanks. And you?
Very well. Thank you.
I’m OK, thanks.
So-so.
Not bad.
Not too good, I’m afraid.
Goodbye.
46
I must be going.
By-bye.
See you later/soon/this evening/tomorrow.
Have a nice day.
Take care. (to a friend or relative)
2. Read the conversations. Practise them with other students.
a. - Hello, Jane. How are you today?
- Hello, Steve. I’m fine, thanks. And you?
- I’m OK, thanks.
b. - Professor Brown, this is Dr Ross.
- How do you do?
- How do you do?
c. - Good morning, Mr. Jones! Nice to see you again.
- Good morning, Mr. Parker! How are you?
- Very well. Thank you. And you?
d. - I must be going. Goodbye, Anna!
- Goodbye, Mark! See you tomorrow.
3. Respond to the following.
1) Hello, Alex! How are things?
2) Good afternoon, Mr. Brown? How are you?
3) Good morning! I’m your new manager. My name’s Mary Green.
4) How’s your family?
5) How are your parents?
6) Goodbye, Olga!
4. Write the conversations in the correct order.
1) Goodbye, Bianca. Have a nice day.
Yes, at seven in the cinema.
Thanks, Marcus. See you this evening!
Goodbye, Marcus.
A
B
A
47
B
2) Not bad, thanks. And you?
Very well/ How are the children?
Hi, Flora! It’s me, Leo. How are you?
They’re fine.
Hello, 270899.
A
B
A
B
5. Practise the conversations with other students. Practise again, using your
names.
УЭ-2
FAMILY
1. Study the words.
aunt
cousin
[a:nt]
['kΛzn]
daughter
granddaughter
grandfather
grandmother
grandson
husband
nephew
niece
relative
son
uncle
wife
['dɔ:tə]
['grændɔ:tə]
['grænfa:ðə]
['grænmΛðə]
['grænsΛn]
['hΛzbənd]
['nevju:]
[ni:s]
['relətıv]
[sΛn]
[Λŋkl]
[waıf]
тетя
двоюродный
брат/сестра
дочь
внучка
дедушка
бабушка
внук
муж
племянник
племянница
родственник
сын
дядя
жена
answer
['a:nsə]
отвечать
48
ask
be retired
close
give
have
open
read
speak
take
tell
look
translate
write
[a:sk]
[bi: rı'taıəd]
[kləυz]
[gıv]
[hæv]
['əυpən]
[ri:d]
[spi:k]
[teık]
[tel]
[lυk]
[trænz'leıt]
[raıt]
спрашивать
быть на пенсии
закрывать
давать
иметь
открывать
читать
говорить
брать
говорить
смотреть
переводить
писать
big
boring
cheap
clean
difficult
dirty
easy
exciting
expensive
favourite
small
[bıg]
['bɔ:rıŋ]
[t∫i:p]
[kli:n]
['dıfıkəlt]
['d3:tı]
['ı:zı]
[ık'saıtıŋ]
[ık'spensıve]
['feıvərıt]
[smɔ:l]
большой
скучный
дешевый
чистый
сложный
грязный
простой
увлекательный
дорогой
любимый
маленький
that
these
those
whose
[ðæt]
[ði:s]
[ðəυz]
[hu:z]
тот
эти
те
чей
2. Read about Oleg Polyakov and his family.
My name’s Oleg Polyakov. I’m 52. I’m a doctor. I have a family. My
wife’s name is Arina. She’s 45. She’s a teacher. My daughter’s name is Maria.
She’s 23. She is married. Her husband’s name is Pavel. They are architects. My
son’s name is Alexander. He’s 18 and he’s student.
49
3. Look at ’s in the text. You know that “My name’s Oleg”= “My name is
Oleg”. But “My son’s name” is different. In this case ‘s means possession.
Find other examples of possessive ’s in the text.
4. Study the rule.
Притяжательный падеж существительных
Possessive Case
Притяжательный падеж обозначает принадлежность предмета комулибо. Существительное в притяжательном падеже является определением
следующего за ним существительного и отвечает на вопросы: чей? чья?
чье? чьи?
В форме притяжательного падежа употребляются, как правило, одушевленные существительные. Притяжательный падеж существительных в
единственном числе образуется путем прибавления окончания ‘s, которое
произносится как:
[s] – после глухих согласных; Nick’s desk. Стол Ника
[z] – после звонких согласных и гласных; Sid’s pen. Ручка Сида. Emma’s
pencil. Карандаш Эммы.
[ız] – после щелевых согласных. My niece’s name. Имя моей племянницы.
Когда два и более лица обладают одним предметом, окончание притяжательного падежа –‘s употребляется только с последним существительным: Sid and Nick’s sister (сестра Сида и Ника).
Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе,
имеющих окончание –s образуется путем прибавления апострофа (‘), The
boy’s room. Комната мальчиков. Существительные, которые образуют
множественное число не по общему правилу (без окончания-s), в притяжательном падеже принимают окончание –‘s: The men’s hats. Шляпы мужчин.
Идея принадлежности для неодушевленных предметов выражается, как
правило, существительным с предлогом of:
The roof of the building. Крыша здания.
Неодушевленные существительные, обозначающие время, расстояние,
стоимость, названия звезд и планет, стран и городов, движущиеся механизмы или детали машин, также могут употребляться в форме притяжательного падежа.
today’s newspaper
сегодняшние газеты
50
a mile’s distance
the sun’s rays
расстояние в милю
солнечные лучи
5. Ask and answer questions about Oleg’s family.
Example:
Who’s Arina?
Who’s Alexander?
She’s Oleg’s wife.
He’s Oleg’s son.
6. Write the names of people in your family. Ask and answer questions
with a group mate.
Example:
Who’s Galina?
She’s my mother.
7. Read about Liz and Philip’s family and finish the sentences. Use –‘s.
Liz and Philip are married. They have two children, Charles and Ann. Ann is
married to Ted. Ann and Ted have a son, Robert.
Example: Philip is Liza’s husband.
1) Liz is ____ wife.
2) Charles is ____ brother.
3) Charles is ____ uncle.
4) Ann is ____ wife.
5) Liz is ____ grandmother.
6) Ann is ____ sister.
7) Ted is ____ husband.
8) Ted is ____father.
9) Robert is ____ nephew.
8. Try the puzzle with the family words.
1
2
3
5
6
R
E
L
4 A
T
I
51
7
O
N
S
8
9
1) Your mother and father are your…
2) Your brother’s daughter is your…
3) Your mother’s brother is your…
4) Your mother’s sister is your…
5) Your mother’s father is your…
6) Your aunt’s son is your…
7) Your father’s mother is your…
8) Your sons and daughters are your …
9) Your parents’ parents are your…
9. Draw your family tree. Write about your family. Bring a photo of your
family in class and describe it.
10.
Translate into Russian.
My brother’s name, these students’ names, his parents’ names, our teacher’s
bag, his friends’ books, my children’s room, my relatives’ flat, a day’s work, today’s newspaper.
11.
Translate into English.
Книга моего друга, комната моих родителей, карандаши детей, машина его
отца, фамилия моей тети, дом моего дедушки, игрушки его племянницы,
квартира моего двоюродного брата.
12.
Answer the questions using –‘s. Use the information in brackets.
Example: Whose bag is this? (her friend). This is her friend’s bag.
1. Whose sister is this? (Tom)
2. Whose books are these? (our teacher)
3. Whose daughter is this? (my sister)
4. Whose car is this? (my uncle)
5. Whose photos are these? (Alice)
52
13. We use this and these to talk about people and things that are near to
us. We use that and those to talk about people and things that aren’t near to
us.
this girl
these girls
that boy
those boys
14.
(singular) эта девочка
(plural) эти девочки
(singular) тот мальчик
(plural) те мальчики
Put in this or these.
1. _____ children
2. _____ flat
3. _____ people
4. _____ man
5. _____ place
6. _____ pencils
7. _____ room
8. _____ students
Put in that or those.
1. _____ house
2. _____ pictures
3. _____ women
4. _____ bag
5. _____ dogs
6. _____ text
7. _____ hotel
8. _____ cameras
15.
Choose the correct pronoun.
1) (This/these) hotel is very expensive.
2) Excuse me, is (this/these) your bag?
3) (That/those) texts are easy.
4) (This/these) men are my cousins.
5) Is (this/these) your picture?
6) (That/those) shoes are cheap.
7) (This/these) rule is not difficult.
8) What is (this/these)?
9) Whose relatives are (that/those)?
10) (Those/that) streets are clean and nice.
16.
Talk about things in your classroom. Use this/that/these/those.
Examples:
53
-
This is my favourite pen.
These chairs are nice.
That bag is big.
Those windows are dirty.
17.
Match the adjectives with their opposites.
difficult
clean
expensive
hot
young
big
exciting
18.
dirty
cheap
boring
small
cold
old
easy
Make up sentences with the adjectives from ex. 17.
Example:
19.
My life is exciting.
This exercise is easy.
My father’s car is expensive.
Study the adjectives we use to describe people.
Appearance (внешность)
Character (характер)
good –looking/pretty/attractive – привлекательный
well-groomed – ухоженный
nice – милый, приятный
tall – высокий
short – низкий, короткий
medium (height) – средний (рост)
slender/slim – стройный
well-built – хорошо сложенный
stout – полный
blond/fair (hair) – светлый
dark – темный
red – рыжий
grey – серый, седой
sociable/friendly/easy-going – общительный
calm – спокойный
generous – щедрый
hard-working – трудолюбивый
shy/modest – скромный
cheerful – веселый
kind – добрый
witty – остроумный
optimistic/ pessimistic –
ambitious – честолюбивый
moody – раздражительный
lazy – ленивый
arrogant – высокомерный
54
blue – голубой
green – зеленый
hazel – карий
long - длинный
20.
strict – строгий
serious - серьезный
Read and translate the sentences with these adjectives.
1) My father is a tall and well-built man.
2) Mu sister is slender and pretty.
3) My sister’s hair is long and thick.
4) His mother is a well-groomed woman of 44.
5) My eyes are blue and my hair is dark.
6) By character my grandmother is calm and generous.
7) Hard-working people are often ambitious.
8) Her boyfriend is friendly and witty.
9) My uncle is a stout man of medium height.
10) My niece is an attractive girl with hazel eyes and fair hair.
21.
Make up sentences with these words.
1) Cheerful/ children/ are/ easy-going/ and/ her.
2) Mother/ medium height/ a/ good-looking/ of/ my/ is/ woman.
3) Generous/ are/ parents/ but/ our/ strict.
4) Kind/ usually/ sociable/ and/ people/ are/ optimistic.
5) Shy/by character/ cousin/ is/ very/ calm/ my/ and.
6) Pretty/ is/ arrogant/ daughter/ lazy/ but/ her.
22. Describe your relative’s character and appearance. Use the adjectives
from ex. 19.
23.
Answer the questions.
1) What is your character?
2) What colour is your hair?
3) What colour are your eyes?
4) Are you short or tall?
5) Is your father well-built?
6) Is your mother of medium height?
55
7) Are your parents hard-working people?
8) Are you an optimistic person?
24.
Read and translate the text about Andrey’s family.
My family
My name is Andrey. My surname is Volkov. I am 18 and I am a student of
Polotsk State University. I am tall and slender. I’ve got short dark hair and green
eyes. By character I am a sociable and optimistic person. I am not married. I live
with my parents.
Our family is not large. My father’s name is Alexander Ivanovich. He is 50.
He is an engineer. My father is a tall and well-built man with hazel eyes and
short fair hair. By character he is calm, serious and hard-working. My mother’s
name is Anna Petrovna. She is 47. She is a school teacher. My mother is a goodlooking woman of medium height. She’s got long dark hair and a charming
smile. My mother is very kind, friendly, generous and clever. I haven’t got a
brother, but I’ve got a wonderful sister. Her name is Olga. She is 25. She is a
slim lady with blond hair and beautiful blue eyes. Olga is married to Anton. He
is an ambitious man with a great sense of humour. They are both doctors.
They’ve got a daughter. My niece’s name is Alina. She is 2 years old. She is
very nice and funny. I also have grandparents. They are retired and live in the
country. We are a happy family.
25.
Look at the sentences from the text.
I’ve got short dark hair and green eyes.
She’s got a charming smile.
They’ve got a daughter.
I haven’t got a brother, but I’ve got a wonderful sister.
Do you understand them?
Can you fill in the gaps?
Example: I’ve got three cousins.
He’s/She’s ___ hazel eyes.
We’ve/They’ve ___ a son and a daughter.
I haven’t ____ any children.
He/She hasn’t ____ a car.
We/They haven’t ____ a dog.
56
26.
Study the rule.
Have got часто используется в разговорном английском языке c лексическим значением глагола have:
I’ve got a new car.
They have got two children.
Но будьте внимательны!
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы have и have got образуются поразному.
Study the forms of have got.
Positive form
Negative form
Question form
Short answers
27.
I / you / we / they’ve got (=
have got)
he / she / it’s got (= has got)
I / you / we / they haven’t
got (= have not got)
he / she / it hasn’t got (= has
not got)
Have I / you / we / they got
Has he / she / it got
Yes, I / you / we / they have.
Yes, he / she / it has.
a new telephone number.
a television.
a cassette player.
a mobile phone.
an English-Portuguese dictionary?
a CD player?
No, I / you / we / they haven’t
No, he / she / it hasn’t.
Complete the gaps with the correct form of have got.
1. I think her parents are rich – they _____ four cars.
2. Sorry, I _____ a pen with me.
3. We _____ a dog. His name’s Alfie.
4. Annie’s from a very big family. She _____ six brothers.
5. ____ you ____ a computer?
6. ____ she ____ a big house?
7. He ______ a bike, but he _____ a car.
8. How many brothers and sisters ____ you ____?
9. Who _______ blue eyes?
10. Sorry, I _____ a mobile. It’s at home.
57
28. Work with your group-mate. Ask and answer questions about you
and your family members. Use have got in the correct form.
Example:
Have you got a girlfriend/boyfriend?
Has your brother got his own family?
Who has got dark hair in your family?
29. Write a story about you and your family. Get ready to present it in
class.
30.
Study the rule.
Повелительные предложения
Imperatives
Для того, чтобы побудить собеседника к действию используются повелительные предложения. Такие предложения вам хорошо знакомы – это
задания к упражнениям в нашем учебнике.
Example: Read the words.
Прочтите слова.
Complete the sentences. Дополните предложения.
Study the rule.
Выучите правило.
Утвердительная форма повелительного предложения образуется при
помощи инфинитива без частицы to (инфинитив – неопределенная форма
глагола).
Come here.
Подойдите сюда.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do, с отрицательной частицей not (сокращенно don’t) и инфинитива
без частицы to.
Don’t open the door. Не открывайте дверь.
Для выражения просьбы в конце или начале предложения употребляется «please» (пожалуйста).
Follow me, please.
Следуйте, пожалуйста, за мной.
Please don’t do that. Пожалуйста, не делай этого.
31.
Translate the sentences.
1) Answer the questions, please.
58
2) Excuse me.
3) Don’t open the window.
4) Listen to me.
5) Speak English, please.
6) Read the text.
7) Close the door, please.
8) Tell me your name, please.
32.
Make the sentences negative.
1) Open your books.
2) Write him a letter.
3) Give her your phone number.
4) Finish lesson 2 at home.
5) Ask him about his girlfriend.
6) Answer the call, please.
7) Take my pen.
8) Translate these words.
33.
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Дай мне, пожалуйста, ручку.
Откройте, пожалуйста, окно.
Слушай меня.
Расскажи мне о своей семье.
Не бери мой телефон.
Не говорите по-русски.
Не смотрите на нее, пожалуйста.
Выбери правильный ответ.
34. Practice in communication
Time
1.
Read and study.
-
What time is it?
It’s nine o’clock.
59
-
Thank you.
Русскому вопросу «Который час?» в английском языке соответствуют вопросы: What time is it? и What is the time? (What’s the time?)
Для ответа используется конструкция: It is… (It’s…). It’s five o’clock.
Если минутная стрелка находится в первой половине циферблата, употребляется предлог past, в левой половине – предлог to (go).
It’s five past five.
Пять минут шестого.
It’s twenty to seven. Без двадцати семь.
Также употребляются слова half (половина) и quarter (четверть).
It’s half past nine.
Половина десятого.
It’s (a) quarter to eleven. Без четверти одиннадцать.
Предлог about используется, когда мы сообщаем не совсем точное время.
It’s about three o’clock.
Примерно три часа.
Можно сообщить время и следующим образом:
7.25. It’s seven twenty-five. Семь двадцать пять.
2.40. It’s two forty.
Два сорок.
Если необходимо, можно уточнить, в какой половине дня сообщается время. Используйте “in the morning”, “in the evening”, “at night”.
Также используются аббревиатуры “a.m.” (до полудня) and “p.m.” (после
полудня).
See you at seven o’clock in the morning. Увидимся в семь утра.
The doors will be opened at 10 a.m. Двери будут открыты в десять утра.
Никогда не используйте “a.m.” и “p.m.” вместе с “o'clock”.
Для указания времени действия, как правило, используется предлог at.
Meet me at seven o’clock. Встречай меня в семь часов.
Call me at half past nine.
Позвони мне в половине десятого.
2. Read the times:
8:30; 17:45; 10:15; 9:00; 19:50; 11:55; 22:38; 13:45; 00:00; 03:20.
3. Read the conversations. Practise them with other students.
1) - Excuse me. Can you tell me the time, please?
- Yes, of course, It’s (about) six o’clock.
- Thanks.
2) - Excuse me. Can you tell me the time, please?
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- I’m sorry, I don’t know.
- Never mind.
Make more conversations.
УЭ – 3
DAILY ROUTINES
1.
Study the words.
accountant
day off
bank
bar
birthday
businessman
café
canteen
cereal
city
class
computer
food
hotel
institute
language
lecture
magazine
newspaper
nurse
office
restaurant
salad
scientist
seminar
soup
бухгалтер
выходной
банк
бар
день рождения
бизнесмен
кафе
столовая
каша
город (большой)
занятие
компьютер
еда
отель, гостиница
институт
язык
лекция
журнал
газета
медсестра
офис
ресторан
салат
ученый
семинар
суп
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steak
toast
town
university
weekday
weekend
working day
стейк, отбивная
тост
город (небольшой)
университет
будний день
уикенд, выходной
рабочий день
be late
celebrate
chat
clean teeth
cook
cost
fly
get up
go for walks
go home
go jogging
go on holiday
go shopping
go skiing
go swimming
go to bed
have a shower
have breakfast (lunch, dinner, supper)
help
leave home
listen to music
play the guitar
put on make-up
relax
smoke
stay home
wash one’s hair
watch television
work
опаздывать
праздновать, отмечать
беседовать, болтать
чистить зубы
готовить, стряпать
стоить
лететь
вставать
гулять
идти домой
бегать, совершать пробежку
уезжать в отпуск
делать покупки
ездить на лыжах
плавать
идти спать
принимать душ
завтракать, обедать, ужинать
помогать
уходить из дома
слушать музыку
играть на гитаре
краситься
отдыхать
курить
оставаться дома
мыть голову
смотреть телевизор
работать
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at first sight
clever
early
far
free
in time
late
non-stop
ordinary
sick
similar
tired
2.
с первого взгляда
умный
ранний, рано
далеко
свободный
во время
поздний, поздно
без перерыва
обычный
больной
похожий
уставший
Read about Ali and Bob.
1) Alison Hauser
Ali is a scientist. She comes from Cambridge in England but now she lives in
Switzerland. She works three days a week at the Institute of Molecular Biology
in Geneva. She speaks three languages: English, French and German. She’s married and has a daughter. She likes skiing in winter and going for walks in summer.
2) Bob Nelson
Bob is a doctor. He’s English but now he lives in Australia in the small town of
Alice Springs. He isn’t an ordinary doctor, he’s a flying doctor. Every day, from
8 a.m. to 10 a.m. he speaks to people on his radio, then he flies to help them. He
works 16 hours a day non-stop but he loves his job. He isn’t married. He has no
free time.
3.
Find all the verbs in the texts. Write them out.
Example:
is, comes, lives, works…
What is the last letter of these verbs?
Practise saying the verbs. Read the texts aloud.
4. Complete the sentences about Ali and Bob.
Example: She’s a scientist. He’s a doctor.
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1) Alison comes from England. Bob ____ ____ England, too.
2) She lives in a big city, but he ____ in a ____ town.
3) She ____ three days ____ week. He ____ 16 hours a day ____.
4) He ____ to sick people on his radio. She ____ three languages.
5) She loves her job and he ____ ____ ____, too.
6) She ____ ____ daughter. He ____ married.
7) She ____ skiing and going ____ walks in her free time. He never ____ free
time.
5. Read the information about Anna.
Job
Country
Town
Place of work
Languages
Family
Free time
an accountant
Belarus
Novopolotsk
in a bank
Russian, English
married, a son
listening to music, swimming
Use the verbs from the previous exercises to write about Anna.
Ask and answer questions about Anna.
Example: Where does Anna come from? Belarus.
6. Read the questions and answers about Alison.
1) Where does Alison come from?
2) What does she do?
3) Does she speak French?
4) Does she speak Spanish?
Cambridge, in England.
She’s a scientist.
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t
7. Now complete the questions and answers about Bob.
1) Where ____ Alison ____ from?
2) What ____ he ____?
3) ____ he fly to help people?
4) ____ he ____ French and German?
England
He’s a doctor.
Yes, he ____.
No, he ____.
8. Write about your relative.
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My mother is a nurse. She lives…
9. Ask your group-mate about his/her relative. Answer his/her questions
about your relative.
10.
Read Anna’s story.
I am an accountant. I come from Belarus and I live in Novopolotsk. I work five
days a week in a bank. I speak Russian and English. I’m married and I have a
son. I like listening to music and swimming in my free time.
Is this story different from your story about Anna?
Write out the verbs from this text.
Am, come, live…
Can you work out the rule?
11. All verbs in the previous exercises are in the Present Simple.
Study the rule:
Present Simple (Indefinite)
(Настоящее простое время)
Present Simple употребляется для выражения обычного, постоянно
происходящего или повторяющегося действия, для констатации фактов.
He works in an office.
I have a daughter.
С этим временем часто употребляются наречия времени: always всегда, usually – обычно, often – часто, sometimes – иногда, seldom – редко,
never – никогда, а также словосочетания типа every day – каждый день,
every morning – каждое утро, on Sunday – по воскресеньям и т.
We often go out in the evening.
She never eats meat.
He plays football on Friday mornings.
Образование Present Simple
Утвердительная форма (Positive)
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I
You
We
They
He
She
It
start
at 8.
starts
Отрицательная форма (Negative)
I
You
do not (don’t)
We
They
start at 8.
He
She
does not (doesn’t)
It
Общий вопрос (General Question)
Do
Does
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Short answers
Yes, I/you/they do.
Yes, he/she/it does.
No, I/you/they don’t.
No, he/she/it doesn’t.
start at 8?
Специальный вопрос (Special Question)
I
You
do
We
When
They
start?
He
does
She
It
Обратите внимание на правописание глаголов в 3-м лице единственного
числа в утвердительной форме.
66
1) Большинство глаголов принимают окончание –s.
Read – reads
Live – lives
2) Глаголы, которые заканчиваются на –s, -sh, -x, -o, принимают окончание
–es.
Go – goes
Do – does
Finish – finishes
3) Если глагол оканчивается на согласную + -y, то y меняется на i и прибавляется окончание –es.
Study - studies
Но если перед y стоит гласная, то к глаголу прибавляется только окончание –s
Play - plays
4) Have имеет свою форму.
Have - has
12.
Write the verbs in the third person singular (he/she/it).
1. love – loves
2. have
3. go
4. watch
5. fix
13.
6. get
7. listen
8. leave
9. stay
10. fly
Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple.
1) She’s very clever. She (speak) four languages.
2) Steve (smoke) ten cigarettes a day.
3) We usually (have) dinner at 6 o’clock.
4) Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
5) In Britain the banks (open) at 9.30 in the morning.
6) Food is expensive. It (cost) a lot of money.
7) Shoes are expensive. They (cost) a lot of money.
8) Peter (wash) his hair twice a week.
14.
Make the sentences negative.
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Example:
I have a shower every morning. I don’t have a shower every morning.
1) She goes to work by bus.
2) My children usually go to bed at 9 o’clock.
3) My mother starts work at 8 o’clock every day.
4) We watch television in the evenings.
5) My husband likes his job.
6) I get up early on weekdays.
15.
Write the opposite (positive or negative).
Example: I understand. I don’t understand.
He doesn’t smoke. He smokes.
1) They know the answer.
2) She loves him.
3) I have breakfast at 9 o’clock.
4) I don’t like playing football.
5) She doesn’t speak French.
6) I live with my parents.
7) If often snows in winter.
8) We are tired and want to go to bed.
16. Write positive or negative short answers.
Example: Do you smoke? No, I don’t.
Does your sister work in a hotel? No, she doesn’t.
1) Do you have a computer?
2) Do you play the guitar?
3) Does you father speak German?
4) Are you a student?
5) Does you mother like cooking?
6) Do you read a lot?
7) Do you have lunch in a café?
8) Does your friend stay home on Saturday evenings?
17. Match the questions and answers.
1) What time do you get up?
a) By car.
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2) What do you do on Sundays?
3) Were does she live?
4) Why does he like his job?
5) When do you go skiing?
6) Who does she live with?
7) How old are you?
8) How does he go to work?
b) With her parents.
c) At 7 o’clock.
d) I relax.
e) Because it’s interesting.
f) Nineteen.
g) In Minsk.
h) In winter.
18. Write questions to the following sentences.
Example: I go to bed at 11 o’clock. What time do you go to bed?
1) She goes to work by bus. How …?
2) He has lunch at home. Where …?
3) We go to the cinema every Friday. How often …?
4) She lives in Vitebsk. Where …?
5) I speak English and German. How many …?
6) He is a businessman. What …?
7) I play tennis with my friend? Who … with?
19. Pay attention.
Когда мы задаем вопрос к подлежащему, вспомогательный глагол do/does не используется.
Who lives in Polotsk? Compare: Who do you live with?
Translate into English:
1) Кто играет в футбол по субботам?
2) Кто знает ответ?
3) Кто говорит по-английски?
4) У кого есть сестра?
5) Кто любит слушать музыку?
20. Make sure you know.
a) The Days of the week.
Sunday – воскресенье
Monday – понедельник
Tuesday – вторник
Wednesday – среда
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Thursday - четверг
Friday – пятница
Saturday – суббота
b) The Months of the Year.
January – январь
February – февраль
March – март
April – апрель
May – май
June – июнь
July – июль
August – август
September – сентябрь
October – октябрь
November – ноябрь
December – декабрь
c) The Seasons of the Year.
Winter – зима
Spring – весна
Summer – лето
Autumn – осень
21. Study the rule.
Вы уже знаете, как образуется количественные числительные (cardinal
numbers). Порядковые числительные (ordinal numbers) образуются путем
прибавления суффикса –th. Исключение составляют числительные:
Первый – 1st – first [f3:st]
Второй – 2nd – second ['sekənd]
Третий – 3rd – third [θ3:d]
Как правило, порядковые числительные употребляются с определенным артиклем the.
Обратите внимание на правописание и произношение порядковых
числительных.
4 four – 4th fourth [fɔ: θ]
5 five – 5th fifth [fıf θ]
70
6 six – 6th sixth [sıksθ]
7 seven – 7th seventh ['sevənθ]
8 eight – 8th eighth [eıtθ]
9 nine – 9th ninth [naınθ]
10 ten – 10th tenth [tenθ]
11 eleven – 11th eleventh [ı'levnθ]
12 twelve – 12th twelfth [twelfθ]
13 thirteen – 13th thirteenth [θ3:'ti:n θ]
20 twenty – 20th twentieth ['twntıəθ]
21 twenty-one – 21st twenty-first [ֽtwntı'f3:st]
40 forty – 40th fortieth ['fɔ:tıəθ]
100 one hundred – 100th one hundredth [wΛn'hΛndrədθ]
22. Read the following ordinal numbers.
3rd, 5th, 9th, 14th, 17th, 22nd, 35th, 41st, 56th, 73rd, 99th.
23. Read and translate the following sentences.
1) January is the first month of the year.
2) Today is my mother’s 40th birthday.
3) The 9th of May is Victory Day.
4) The 4th Thursday in November is Thanksgiving Day in the USA.
5) Me cousin’s birthday is on the 18th of June.
6) Her daughter in very young. It is her 2nd winter.
24. Answer the questions.
1) When do you celebrate you birthday?
2) When do we celebrate Independence Day?
3) What holiday is on the 8th of March?
4) When is your friend’s birthday?
5) When is Valentine’s Day?
6) Do you believe in love at first sight?
7) When is Christmas Day?
8) What’s the date today?
25. Pay attention!
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Годы в английском языке обозначаются не порядковыми, а количественными числительными. Числительное, как правило, разбивается на две части – сначала читается число сотен, затем – число десятков и единиц.
Например: 1999 – nineteen ninety-nine
1820 – eighteen twenty
1900 – nineteen hundred
1905 – nineteen oh five
2001 – two thousand and one
We write: 3.4.1999 or 3 April 1999.
We say: The third of April, nineteen ninety-nine
or April the third, nineteen ninety-nine.
26. Practise saying these dates.
10.12.76; 4.10.56; 31.5.2000; 17.7.2003; 1.11.2011
27. Translate the following dates into English.
9 мая 1945 года, 1 июля 1980 года, 27 февраля 1898 года, 20 октября 2010
года, 2 января 1907 года, 15 августа 2001 года.
28. Study the prepositions of time and how we use them.
at
on
in
at 3 o’clock
at noon
at dawn
at night
at midnight
at Christmas
at the weekend
on Monday
on the first of July
on Sunday morning
on weekdays
on holiday
in 2008
in the twentieth century
в 3 часа (время)
в полдень
на рассвете
ночью
в полночь
на Рождество (праздники)
в выходной
в понедельник (дни недели)
первого июля (даты)
в воскресенье утром
в будние дни
в отпуске
в 2008 (года)
в двадцатом веке (века)
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в мае (месяцы)
весной (времена года)
утром (отрезки дня)
in May
in Spring
in the morning
29. Complete the sentences with in, on, at.
1) My birthday is ____ December.
2) I go out with my friends ____ weekends.
3) The train leaves Polotsk ____ 6.20 p.m.
4) My mother gets up early ____ weekdays.
5) I often go skiing ____ winter.
6) She never stays home ____ Friday evenings.
7) Every summer we go ____ holiday to Spain.
8) He works eight hours a day, so he always relaxes ____ the evening.
9) My classes begin ____ 8.30 ____ the morning.
10) I go to bed ____ about midnight.
30. Pay attention!
We don’t use prepositions with every day/ morning/ Friday. Answer the
questions about you. Use the following phrases to help you.
Every morning/ evening
Every day
Every (Friday)
Once a week
Three or four times a year
Never
Example: How often do you go swimming? About once a week.
1) How often do you eat in restaurants?
2) How often do you have a shower?
3) How often do you go shopping?
4) How often do you read a newspaper?
5) How often do you go to the cinema?
Pay attention! We use go + -ing for sporting activities (go swimming, go
jogging, go skiing, go fishing) and also go shopping.
In winter we go skiing every weekend.
My sister goes jogging every morning.
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We also use like/love + -ing.
I like cooking.
He loves listening to music.
31. Translate into English.
1) Летом я часто хожу на рыбалку.
2) Мой папа любит почитать газету после ужина.
3) Мы с подругой ходим за покупками по субботам.
4) Я люблю танцевать и часто хожу с друзьями в клуб.
5) Я не люблю рано вставать в будние дни и долго сплю в выходные.
6) Анна – спортивная девушка. Зимой она катается на лыжах и коньках, а
летом плавает.
7) Каждое воскресенье Антон гуляет с сыном в парке.
32. Read the text about Maria’s daily routine.
My daily routine
My name is Maria. I am a student at the university. I study 5 days a week.
Saturday and Sunday are my days off.
My weekdays are very similar. I usually get up at 7 o’clock. I don’t like getting up so early. I always put on some music. It helps me wake up. Then I have a
shower and clean my teeth. I have breakfast at half past seven. As a rule my
mother makes breakfast for me. Some cereal, coffee and toast is my ideal breakfast. After breakfast I get dressed and put on some make-up. At about 8 o’clock
I leave home. I live not far from the university so I usually walk. My classes
begin at 8.30 a.m. I don’t like being late and always come in time. As a rule we
have 3 or 4 periods of lectures and seminars a day. At noon I go to the university
canteen and have lunch there. My classes finish at about 4 o’clock and I go
home.
I like having dinner at home. I usually have some soup, salad and steak for
dinner. After dinner I always relax. I like listening to music, watching television,
surfing the Internet. At about 6 o’clock in the evening I start doing my homework. It takes me 2 or 3 hours every day. At about 8 o’clock I have supper with
my family. I do the washing-up after supper and I am free. I often go for walks
with my friends. Sometimes we meet in cafés or bars and chat. At about eleven
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at night I come home. Before going to bed I often read a book or a magazine.
This is the end of my ordinary working day.
On Saturdays I usually do my homework and help my mother about the
house. On Sundays I like meeting my friends. Our weekends depend on the season. In spring and summer we often go for picnics, sunbathe and swim in the
open air. In winter and autumn we like going to the cinema, meeting in bars and
clubs, dancing and chatting.
33. Find English equivalents in the text.
Помогает мне проснуться, не люблю так рано вставать, одеваюсь и крашусь, не люблю опаздывать, мою посуду, 4 пары лекций и семинаров, помогаю маме по дому, купаемся и загораем на природе, зависит от времени
года, включаю музыку, мой обычный рабочий день, перед сном, в полдень.
34. Answer the questions about Maria’s weekdays and weekends.
1) What is Maria?
2) How many days a week does she study?
3) Does she go to the university on Saturdays?
4) Are her weekdays similar?
5) What time does she usually get up?
6) What helps her wake up?
7) Does she have a shower in the morning?
8) Who cooks breakfast for her?
9) When do her classes begin?
10) How many periods a day does she usually have?
11) Where does she have lunch?
12) Does she go home after her classes?
13) What does she have for dinner?
14) How does she relax after dinner?
15) How long does it take her to do her homework?
16) Does she stay home in the evenings?
17) Does she go to bed late?
18) What does she do at the weekends?
19) What do her weekends depend on?
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35. Write a similar story about your working days and weekends. Use the
questions from the previous exercise to help you. Get ready to speak about
it in class.
УЭ – 4
NOVOPOLOTSK
1.
Study the words.
airport
bench
book shop
building
bus stop
cathedral
chemist(‘s)
cinema
college
enterprise
establishment
flower-bed
fountain
fridge
hospital
industry
kindergarten
kitchen
living room
micro-district
monument
museum
newsagent
polyclinic
population
post office
poster
аэропорт
скамья
книжный магазин
здание
остановка
собор
аптека
кинотеатр
колледж
предприятие
учреждение
клумба
фонтан
холодильник
больница
промышленность
детский сад
кухня
гостиная
микрорайон
памятник
музей
зд. киоск союзпечати
поликлиника
население
почта
постер, плакат
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public toilet
registry office
resident
screen
shelf
shopping centre
sight
sofa
sports centre
square
supermarket
swimming pool
theatre
town hall
venue
vocational school
wardrobe
yard
общественный туалет
ЗАГС
житель
экран
полка
торговый центр
достопримечательность
диван
спортивный центр
площадь
супермаркет
бассейн
театр
здание городской администрации
место встречи, сбора
училище
шкаф
двор
be at the disposal of sb
go straight ahead
there to be
wear
быть в распоряжении кого-либо
идти прямо
быть, иметься
носить
ancient
central
comfortable
cosy
crowded
educational
foreign
historical
industrial
local
multi-storey
native
noisy
древний
центральный
удобный
уютный
переполненный, многолюдный
образовательный
иностранный
исторический
промышленный
местный
многоэтажный
родной
шумный
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quiet
several
young
2.
тихий
несколько
молодой
Read Anna’s description of her room.
This is my room. It’s not large but cosy. There’s a comfortable sofa, a desk and
a wardrobe in it. There’s a computer on the desk but there isn’t a television.
There are a lot of books on the shelves. There are some photos on the walls but
there aren’t any posters.
Complete the sentences about Anna’s room.
There ____ a desk in the room.
There ____ a television on the desk.
There ____ any posters on the walls.
There ____ a lot of books on the shelves.
Can you translate these sentences?
3.
Study the rule.
Оборот there is/there are
В английском языке широко употребляются предложения, начинающиеся с
оборота there is/there are со значением есть, имеется, находится, существует. Этот оборот употребляется, когда хотят сообщить о наличии или
отсутствии какого-либо предмета или лица в определенном месте. Глагол
to be согласуется с подлежащим, которое следует непосредственно за ним.
There is a sofa in the room.
There are some pictures on the wall.
Перевод предложений начинается с обстоятельства места (т.е. с конца
предложения).
There is a beautiful park in our town.
В нашем городе есть красивый парк.
После оборота there is исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе употребляются с неопределенным артиклем a/an, а неисчисляемые существительные – с местоимением some.
There is a pen on the desk.
There is some paper on the desk.
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Some/any означают неопределенное количество чего-то, кого-то. После
оборота there are исчисляемые существительные во множественном числе
употребляются без артикля или с местоимением some в утвердительных
предложения и местоимением any в вопросительных и отрицательных
предложениях.
There are big women and small men.
There are some chairs in the room.
Are there any chairs in the room?
There aren’t any chairs in the room.
Подлежащее в данном обороте часто употребляется с неопределенными
местоимениями much (c неисчисляемыми существительными), many (исчисляемые существительные), a lot of (с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми
существительными) или другими словами со значением количества.
There isn’t much money in my bag.
There aren’t many students in the group.
There are a lot of books on the shelves.
There is a lot of show in the yard.
There are eleven players in a football team.
Образование оборота there is/there are
Positive
is a sofa.
are two books.
There
Negative
There
isn’t (is not) a chair.
aren’t (are not) any flowers.
Yes/No questions (General)
Is
a table?
there
Short answers
Yes, there is.
No, there isn’t.
Yes, there are.
No, there aren’t.
Are
any photos?
4.
Read and translate the sentences.
1)
There is a café in this street.
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Is there a cinema near you house?
There is a big kitchen in our flat.
There aren’t any photos on the wall.
Excuse me! Is there a hotel near here?
There aren’t any theatres in our town.
Next to my house there is a nice park.
5. Dunford is a small town. Look at the information in the box and write
sentences with There is/isn’t/are/aren’t.
sports centre
yes
swimming pool
no
hospital
yes
cinemas
yes (two)
university
no
big hotels
no
cathedral
yes
Example:
1) There is a sports centre in Dunford.
2) There isn’t a swimming pool in Dunford.
Ask and answer questions about Dunford.
Example:
Are there any cinemas in Dunford? Yes, there are.
6. Write sentences with There are. Choose the right number: 7, 9, 11, 26,
30, 50.
Example:
Days/a week. There are seven days in a week.
1) States/USA
2) Players/a football team.
3) Planets/the solar system
4) Letters/the English alphabet.
5) Days/September.
7.
Complete the sentences with some or any.
1)
There are ____ cups on the table.
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
There aren’t ____ shops in this part of the town?
Are there ____ trees add flowers in the garden.
There aren’t ____ Chinese restaurants in our town.
There are ____ beautiful statues in this park.
There is ____ ice in the fridge.
Is there ____ milk in the fridge?
8.
Study the prepositions of place and how we use them.
on
in
under
at
above
below
between
behind
near
next to
opposite
in front of
in the middle
of
on the wall
on the shelf
on the floor
on the left
on the right
in London
in the Republic of Belarus
in the north/south/east/west
in the street
under the table
under the roof
at the window
at home
at work
at school
above the shelf
above the head
above the knee
below the clouds
below the knee
between the trees
behind the door
behind the house
near the river
next to the bank
opposite the house
in front of the shop
in the middle of the room
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на стене
на полке
на полу
слева
справа
в Лондоне
в Республике Беларусь
на севере/юге/востоке/западе
на улице
под столом
под крышей
у окна
дома
на работе
в школе
над полкой
над головой
выше колена
под облаками
ниже колена
между (двумя) деревьями
за дверью
за домом
недалеко от реки
рядом с банком
напротив дома
перед магазином
в середине комнаты
9.
Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the prepositions.
1) Her house is near the hospital.
2) Children are at school in the morning.
3) There is a rug under the table.
4) The bus stop is in front of the school.
5) There is a post office next to the supermarket.
6) The cinema is on the right, opposite the bank.
7) The pictures are above the shelves.
8) In Britain, people drive on the left.
9) There is a photo on the desk, in front of the telephone.
10) There are some people in the office.
11) There is a beautiful garden behind the house.
12) The carpet is in the middle of the living room.
10.
Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
1) My cousin lives ____ Molodyozhnaya Street.
2) The pictures ____ the wall look very nice.
3) There is a fridge ____ the table and the window.
4) My friends live ____ the south of Spain.
5) There is a beautiful park ____ the centre of the city.
6) There are some cups ____ the kitchen table.
7) Are there any mistakes ____ my test?
8) My teacher never wears a skirt ____ the knee.
9) Open the door! There’ a surprise ____ it.
10) He is married. There’s a golden ring ____ his finger.
11. Answer the questions about your town.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Is there a university in your town?
Are there any theatres in the town?
Are there any fountains in the centre of the town?
Is there a local museum near the park?
Is there a beautiful park in front of the registry office?
Are there any modern supermarkets in Molodyozhnaya Street?
Is there an airport in your town?
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8)
Is there a hotel opposite the central square?
12.
Read the text.
Novopolotsk
I study at Polotsk State University and live in Novopolotsk. It is my native
town. Novopolotsk is a young town situated in the north of Belarus. It stands on
the bank of the Dvina River. Its population is about 100 000 people.
Novopolotsk is famous for its industry. There are four large industrial enterprises here: the Chemical Works “Polymir”, the Refinery Plant “Naftan”, the
Protein Vitamin Works and the Measuring Devices Plant. Novopolotsk is a student town. There is Polotsk State University, the Oil-Training College, some vocational schools in our town. Every year a lot of young people from Belarus and
foreign countries come to Novopolotsk and study here.
Novopolotsk has several micro-districts. Some of them are new and have
multi-storey buildings and modern shopping centers. Others are rather old and
have five-storey buildings. But they are green and quiet. There are four policlinics, two swimming pools, several sports centers and a hospital at disposal of our
residents. In the centre of the town there is a central square – the Square of
Builders. It looks modern with its beautiful fountains, comfortable benches,
wonderful flower-beds and a large screen. It is the venue of different meetings,
festivals, concerts and demonstrations.
There is a town hall here too. Opposite the square there is a beautiful park.
Our residents and guests like going for walks and having a rest there.
As our town is young there aren’t many monuments and historical sights
here. But there are some interesting statues in its streets and parks. I like Novopolotsk and I am happy to live and study here.
13.
Find the English equivalents in the text.
Расположенный на севере Беларуси, известен своей промышленностью, несколько училищ, нефтеперерабатывающий завод, политехнический техникум, несколько микрорайонов, многоэтажные здания, современные торговые центры, имеют в своем распоряжении, место проведения,
исторические достопримечательности, удобные скамейки, прекрасные
клумбы, поскольку наш город молод.
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14. Are these sentences true? Correct if they have any mistakes.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Novopolotsk is an ancient town.
Novopolotsk is famous for its cultural life.
There aren’t any nine-storey buildings in the town.
Old micro-districts are crowded and noisy.
There aren’t any modern fountains in the centre of the town.
People often relax in the central park.
15.
Pay attention!
We often use –al to form adjectives from nouns.
Example: centre – central
education – educational
Use the nouns to form the adjectives. Translate them.
Culture –
Nature –
Industry –
Practice –
Globe –
Politics –
Physics –
Society –
16.
Answer the questions.
1) Where is Novopolotsk situated?
2) Is Novopolotsk your native town?
3) Novopolotsk is a young town, isn’t it?
4) What is its population?
5) What is it famous for?
6) What are the main enterprises of our town?
7) Are there any educational establishments in the town?
8) What buildings are there in Novopolotsk?
9) How many polyclinics are there in the town?
10) Is the central square modern and beautiful?
11) Who likes going for walks in the central park?
12) Do you like Novopolotsk? Why?
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Get ready to speak about Novopolotsk. Add your own ideas about the town.
17. Supplementary Reading
Read about two cities. What do they have in common?
New Orleans
New Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana, USA. It stands on the banks of
the Mississippi River and is a busy port and tourist centre. Its population of
about 550,000 is very cosmopolitan, with immigrants from many countries. Every year people from all over the world visit New Orleans to see its famous Madri
Gras carnival. New Orleans is the home of jazz. Jazz is a mixture of blues, dance
songs, and hymns. Louis Armstrong and Jelly Roll Morton came from the city.
Liverpool
Liverpool is Britain’s second biggest port, after London. It stands on the
banks of the River Mersey in north-west England. It is an important passenger
port for travel to Ireland and many Irish immigrants live there. It has a population of nearly 500,000. Liverpool’s most famous musicians are the Beatles. In
the 1960s this British rock group was popular all over the world. They had 30
top ten hits. Many tourists visit Liverpool to see the homes of the Beatles.
18.
Practice in communication
Giving Directions
1.
Make sure you understand what these words mean:
a bookshop
a cinema
a bank
a public toilet
a music shop
a supermarket
a park
a bus stop
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a chemist(‘s)
a swimming pool
a post office
a newsagent
a pub
Where can you buy these things?
Some aspirin, a CD, a newspaper, a book, some bread, an envelope
2.
Read the conversations.
1) A. Excuse me! Is there a chemist near hear?
B. Yes. It’s over there.
A. Thanks.
2) A. Excuse me! Is there a newsagent near hear?
B. Yes. It’s in Church Street. Take the first street on the right. It’s next to the
music shop.
A. Oh yes. Thanks.
3) A. Is there a post office near here?
B. Go straight ahead, and it’s on the left, next to the pub.
A. Thanks a lot.
3.
Find the English equivalents in the conversations.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Здесь поблизости есть аптека?
Он рядом с музыкальным магазином.
Идите прямо.
Извините!
Она – вон там.
Она – слева.
Недалеко отсюда есть почта?
Большое спасибо.
4.
Practice the conversations with a group-mate.
5.
Complete the conversations.
1)
A. _______ me! Is _____ a bus stop ____ here?
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B. Yes. It’s over _____.
A. Thanks.
2) A. Excuse me! Is there a bank near ____?
B. Yes. Go straight ahead, it’s ____ ____ right, next ____ the supermarket.
A. ______.
3) A. _______ ___! Is there a hotel ____ ____?
B. Yes. It’s ____ High Street. ____ the first street ____ the left. It’s ____ the
cinema.
A. Is it far?
B. No. Just 5 ____.
A. Thanks a lot.
6.
Talk about where you are. Ask and answer the questions. Use the
places from ex. 18. 1.
УЭ – 5
UNIVERSITY
1.
Study the words.
competition
condition
department
examination (exam)
exhibition space
facility
faculty
gala complex
graduate
hostel
lecture theatre
post-graduate
post-graduate courses
refectory
speciality
соревнование
условие
отделение
экзамен
выставочный зал
легкость pl возможности, удобства,
оборудование
факультет
актовый зал
окончивший высшее учебное заведение
общежитие
лекционная аудитория
аспирант
аспирантура
столовая
специальность
87
staff
tradition
tutorial
персонал, штат
традиция
консультация
attend
borrow
can/could
cooperate
dance
develop
do research
enter
follow
get knowledge
get a scientific degree
grow
organize
study
take part in sth
teach
train
use
посещать
брать взаймы
мочь
сотрудничать
танцевать
развивать
проводить исследование
поступать
следовать
получать знания
получать ученую степень
расти
организовывать
изучать
принимать участие
учить, преподавать
готовить, тренировать
использовать
dangerous
Day-Time
excellent
Extra-Mural
impossible
international
multi-media
popular
possible
preparatory
rewarding
safe
scientific
social
опасный
дневной
отличный
заочный
невозможный
международный
мультимедийный
популярный
возможный
подготовительный
стоящий
безопасный
научный
социальный, общественный
88
up to date
modern
well-paid
современный
dynamically
fast
slowly
successfully
well
динамично
быстро
медленно
удачно, успешно
хорошо
2.
хорошо оплачиваемый
Read Sergey’s and Anna’s stories.
Sergey:
There are a lot of things I can do. I can drive a car. I can speak French. I often go
to France with my family. I can play football and I can swim. Very well I can
play the guitar.
Anna:
There are a lot of things I can’t do. I can’t drive a car. I can’t speak French. I
can’t play football but I can swim. I can’t play the guitar but I can dance very
well.
Answer the questions about Anna and Sergey.
Example: 1. Can Sergey drive a car? Yes, he can.
2. Can Anna play football? No, she can’t.
3. Can Anna speak French?
4. Can Sergey swim?
5. Can Anna dance?
6. Can Sergey play the guitar?
7. Can Anna drive a car?
Can you do all these things?
3.
Study the rule.
Модальный глагол can
В английском языке имеется группа глаголов, лексическое значение которых не обозначает действия, а выражает отношение к действию, то есть
89
возможность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия. Такие
глаголы называются модальными.
Эту группу глаголов объединяют следующие признаки:
а) у них нет форм инфинитива и причастия;
б) они не изменяются по лицам и числам, т.е. имеют единую форму для
всех лиц единственного и множественного числа;
в) инфинитив смыслового глагола следует за ним без частицы to;
г) вопросительную и отрицательную формы они образуют без вспомогательного глагола do.
Study the forms of the modal verb can.
Positive
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
Negative
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
can
swim
can’t
swim
(cannot)
Yes/No questions
you
Can he/she
swim?
they
No, I/he/he/they can’t.
Yes, I/he/he/they can.
Модальный глагол can употребляется для выражения:
1) Возможности, умения, способности совершить действие.
I can translate this text.
Я не могу перевести этот текст.
My daughter can read.
Моя дочка умеет читать.
2) Разрешения выполнить действие.
You can use my dictionary.
Можешь взять мой словарь.
Can I come in?
Можно войти?
3) Просьбы.
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Откройте дверь, пожалуйста.
Can you open the door, please?
4. Make the sentences negative.
1) I can play the piano.
2) She can cook very well.
3) We can speak Italian.
4) John can run very fast.
5) My grandmother can use a computer.
6) Her daughter can walk. She is only 1 year old.
7) He can do this work.
8) I can answer your question.
5. Complete the sentences. Use can or can’t.
1) I ____ speak foreign languages. French and Spanish.
2) Sorry, but we ____ come to your party tonight.
3) I like this hotel room. You ____ see the mountains from the window.
4) Sasha ____ read. She is too young.
5) Speak up, please! I ____ hear you.
6) She is very musical. She ____ play the piano and sing.
6. Ask the questions about you and your family.
1) Can you ski?
2) Can you play any musical instrument?
3) Can you play chess?
4) Can you mother drive a car?
5) Can you father cook?
6) Can you play tennis?
7) Can you sister/brother speak any foreign language?
8) Can you grandmother/father use a computer?
9) Can you fall in love at first sight?
7. Ask your group-mate some questions.
Tell the class about him/her.
Example: Olga can paint, but she can’t sing.
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8. Compare the sentences.
I can swim.
I could swim when I was six.
She can’t speak Spanish.
She couldn’t speak Spanish last year.
Can you drive a car?
Could you drive a car when you were nineteen?
What is the difference?
What sentences are in the present?
What sentences are in the past?
What is the past form of can?
What is the past form of to be?
9. Study the Past Simple of to be.
Positive
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
Negative
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
was
in Paris yesterday.
in England last year.
were
wasn’t
weren’t
in Paris yesterday.
in England last year.
Special questions
was
Where
were
Yes, No questions
he
Was
she
I?
He/She/It?
we?
you?
they?
at work?
at home?
No, he wasn’t.
Yes, she was.
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you
Yes, I was.
they
No, they weren’t.
When we speak about the past we often use the following expressions: yesterday (вчера), the yesterday evening (вчера вечером), day before yesterday
(позавчера), last Sunday (в прошлое воскресенье), last year (в прошлом
году), last month (в прошлом месяце), … years ago (… лет назад), in 1999 (в
1999 году).
Where
10.
Answer the questions.
1) Where were you at seven o'clock this morning?
2) Where were you at nine o’clock yesterday evening?
3) Where were you last Sunday?
4) Where was your mother at this time yesterday?
5) Where was your father last Saturday evening?
6) Where were you this time last year?
7) Where were you an hour ago?
11. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb to be. Some
sentences are present and some are past.
Example: Last year she was 22, so she is 23 now.
1) Today the weather ___ nice, but yesterday it ___ cold.
2) I ___ hungry. Can I have something to eat?
3) Don’t buy those shoes. They ___ too expensive.
4) Why ___ you so angry yesterday?
5) This time last year we ___ in Paris.
6) Where ___ the children? I don’t know. They ___ in the garden ten minutes
ago.
7) Could you read when you ___ three?
8) Could you walk when you ___ one year old?
9) Could you mother play the piano when she ___ 10?
12. 1) Write five things you could do when you were three.
Example: I could run.
2) Write five things you can do now that you couldn’t do when you were
three.
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Example:
I couldn’t swim when I was three, but I can now.
3) Write two things you couldn’t do when you were three and you still
can’t do!
Example: I couldn’t ski when I was three and I still can’t.
13.
Correct the mistakes (if there are any).
1) She were at home yesterday evening.
2) He can play the guitar when he was seven.
3) Where was they at half past eleven last night?
4) How old was he when he can ride a bike?
5) I am sorry I am late!
6) She can’t read when she was six.
7) My parents were at work at this time yesterday.
14.
Read some information about our university.
Polotsk State University offers its students good facilities for study. There
are modern computer rooms, multi-media lecture theatres, scientific laboratories, an up-to-date Internet centre, a large library with an electronic catalogue.
It also has good social facilities. There are several refectories, six comfortable hostels, an exhibition space and a gala complex.
15.
Match the words with their translations.
multi-media lecture theatre
facilities for study
electronic catalogue
refectory
exhibition space
computer room
gala complex
scientific laboratory
library
up-to-date/modern
hostel
компьютерный класс
научная лаборатория
электронный каталог
библиотека
условия для учебы
выставочный зал
актовый зал
общежитие
современный
мультимедийная лекционная аудитория
столовая
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16. Use the modal verb “can” to say what our students can do at our University.
 use the Internet centre
 borrow books from the library
 attend exhibitions
 live in comfortable hostels
 have dinner/lunch in the refectory
 go to concerts at the Gala complex
 work in modern computer rooms
 do research in up-to-date scientific laboratories
17. Do you think students could do all these things 20 years ago? Ask and
answer you group mate.
Example: I don’t think students could use the Internet centre.
I think students could borrow books from the library.
18.
Study the names of the faculties at PSU.
Civil-Engineering Faculty
Chemical-Engineering Faculty
Radio-Engineering Faculty
Machine-Buildings Faculty
Financial-Economic Faculty
the Faculty of Geodesy
the Faculty of Information Technologies
the Faculty of Law
the Faculty of History and Philology
the Faculty of Sports and Pedagogy
Can you translate them? It is not difficult because many words are international.
19.
Discuss with your group-mate:
1) What do you know about PSU?
2) What do you want to learn about PSU?
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20.
Read the text. Try to answer your questions.
Polotsk State University
I am a first-year student of Polotsk State University. Polotsk State University is a dynamically developing higher educational establishment in Belarus. It
is a classical university that follows European traditions in culture and education.
PSU was founded in 1993 on the basis of Novopolotsk Polytechnic Institute.
It has three departments: Extra-Mural (for students who study by correspondence), Preparatory (for people who want to enter the University) and DayTime. Students who want to continue their education and get a scientific degree
can study at the Post-Graduate courses of our university. The university cooperates with different educational establishments and organizations from Germany,
Sweden, Italy, Spain, the UK, Greece, Russia, and Ukraine.
Over 10 thousand students and post-graduates get knowledge at PSU. Highly
professional staff including 16 Doctors and over 150 Masters train our students.
There are ten faculties at the university: Civil-Engineering Faculty, ChemicalEngineering Faculty, Radio-Engineering Faculty, Machine-Building Faculty,
Financial-Economic Faculty, the Faculty of Geodesy, the Faculty of Information
Technologies, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of History and Philology and the
Faculty of Sports and Pedagogy. Every faculty offers a number of specialities.
Our students attend lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes. They
take examinations twice a year: in winter and in summer. Those students who
pass their exams successfully continue their education. At the end of studies students write their final scientific work (paper) and get a diploma. The graduates
of our university become good specialists in their field and can easily find a job
in Belarus and abroad.
There are good facilities for study at PSU: multi-media lecture theatres, computer rooms, scientific laboratories, the Internet Centre and the library with an
electronic catalogue. Every year students can take part in international conferences that our university organizes.
The social conditions of our students’ life are also excellent. There are
several refectories, hostels an exhibition space and gala complex. Our students
can attend sports clubs and take part in various competitions.
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Talented students can become members of our students’ theatre “Art”. It’s
very popular with our students and the residents of Novopolotsk. I like my university. It is interesting and rewarding to study here. I hope to become a highly
educated professional with a great future.
21. Look through the text again and find international words and translate them.
22.
Match the words and translate the word combinations.
dynamically
lecture
Post-Graduate
Day-Time
educational
Internet
exhibition
sports
Polytechnic
Machine-Building
establishment
department
centre
space
developing
theatre
courses
institute
faculty
club
23. Pay attention to the verbs in the text. Many of them have prepositions.
Find them in the text.
Translate into English.
Продолжать образование; поступать в университет; учиться заочно; сотрудничать с иностранными университетами; получать знания в университете; готовить студентов; посещать лекции и семинары; получить диплом;
найти работу; стать хорошим специалистом; принимать участие в соревнованиях; сдавать экзамены.
Make up your own sentences with these word combinations.
24. Are the following sentences about PSU true or false? Correct the mistakes.
1) PSU was founded in 1970 on the basis of Novopolotsk Polytechnic Institute.
2) There are twelve faculties at PSU.
3) The University has Post-Graduate courses.
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4) Students have exams once a year.
5) PSU offers its students good facilities for study and rest.
6) There aren’t any sports clubs here.
7) It is quite difficult to study at PSU.
25. Pay attention. We often use It’s + adjective + Infinitive with to. It’s
nice/easy/difficult/impossible/safe/stupid/dangerous/good/wonderful to do
sth.
Example: It’s not easy to study here.
We can also use “was” in such sentences.
Example: It was impossible to understand him.
26.
Complete the sentences. Use It’s + (box 1) + to + (box 2)
Box 1
Box 2
difficult
see you again
easy
meet people
dangerous
go out alone
It’s
impossible
sleep
nice
wear
stupid
save
Example: It’s easy to understand him because he speaks very slowly.
1) _____________, Jill. How are you?
2) _____________ at night. There is always a lot of noise.
3) A lot of cities are not safe. _________ at night.
4) If you don’t have a well-paid job, _________ money.
5) _____________ warm clothes in hot weather.
6) People are friendly in this town. _________.
27.
Answer the questions about you.
1) Was it easy to enter PSU?
2) Is it difficult to study here?
3) Is it possible to get ready for all seminars?
4) Is it interesting to be a student?
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28. The text about PSU contains some sentences with “who” and “that”.
Find them and try to translate. “Who” and “that” are relative pronouns.
They join two parts of the sentence.
1) The people are very friendly. They work in the office.
they  who
The people who work in the office are very friendly.
2) PSU is a classical university. It follows European traditions in culture and
education.
it  that or which
PSU is a classical university that follows European traditions in culture and education.
3) We use “who” for people and “that” for things (and sometimes for people).
We can also use “which” for things only.
29.
Match the parts of the sentences. Use “who”.
Example: A student is a person who studies at a university.
1 A musician is a person
a is ill in hospital
2 A dentist is a person
b teaches at a university
3 A pupil is a person
c looks after you teeth
4 A patient is a person
d plays a musical instrument
5 A professor is a person
e goes to school
30.
Put in who |that| which.
1) What’s the name of the man ____ lives next door?
2) What’s the name of the river ____ goes through the town?
3) Where is the picture ____ was on the wall?
4) She always asks me questions ____ are difficult to answer.
5) I have a friend ____ is very good at cooking.
6) A coffee-maker is a machine ____ makes coffee.
7) I don’t like people ____ never stop talking.
8) Where is the money ____ was on the table?
9) She often wears clothes ____ are too small for her.
31. Answer the questions about your university and get ready to speak
about it in class.
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1) Where do you study?
2) What faculty do you study at?
3) What departments are there at the university?
4) How many students get knowledge at PSU?
5) Who teaches students and post graduates at PSU?
6) What are the faculties of our university?
7) Do you attend lectures and seminars every day?
8) How often do you have exams?
9) Do foreign students study at PSU?
10) What educational facilities are there at the university?
11) Do our students have good social conditions?
12) Is the students’ theatre popular with students?
13) Is it interesting to study at PSU? Why?
32.Practice in communication
Classroom language
1. Read the conversations and choose the best reply.
1. Student:
Excuse me, how do you say this word?
Teacher: 1) I understand.
2) Erm… it’s “uncle”.
2. Student: Can you say that again, please?
Teacher:
1) Yes, it’s “uncle”.
2) No, thank you.
3. Student: How do you spell “cousin”?
Teacher:
1) She’s fine, thank you.
2) C-O-U-S-I-N.
4. Student: Can you write it on the board, please?
Teacher: 1) Yes, sure.
2) I don’t understand.
5. Student: What’s the English for “calcio”?
Teacher:
1) I don’t know.
2) It’s “football”.
6. Student: Excuse me, what page are we on?
Teacher: 1) Twenty-four.
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2) Open your book and look at this picture.
2.
Translate into English using the conversations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Не могли бы Вы повторить?
Простите, на какой мы странице?
Да, конечно.
Как пишется слово…?
Не могли бы Вы написать на доске?
Как будет по-английски …?
Откройте книгу и посмотрите на рисунок.
3. Practise the conversations with your group-mate. Try to sound polite.
Make more classroom conversations.
УЭ-6
BELARUS
1. Read about Mattie Smith’s life now.
Mattie Smith is 91 years old. She lives alone in Atlanta, Georgia. She starts
her day at 7.30. First she has a bath, next she cleans the house, and then she sits
outside on her verandah and thinks about her past life. Then she writes poems
about it.
Find all the verbs in the text. Read them aloud. What tense are they in?
2. Read about Mattie Smith’s life a long time ago.
Mattie was never at school. She lived with her mother and four sisters. She
started work when she was eight. She worked in the cotton fields from 6.00 in
morning to 10.00 at night. She couldn’t read or write but she could think, and
she created poems in her head.
Find all the verbs in the text. Read them aloud. Are they different from
the verbs in the first text? What is the difference?
All the verbs in the second text are regular verbs in the Past Simple.
How do we form the Past Simple of regular verbs?
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3. Study the rule about regular verbs.
1) Все английские глаголы делятся на правильные (Regular verbs) и неправильные (Irregular verbs). Правильные глаголы образуют Past Simple путем
прибавления окончания –ed.
Start – started
Clean – cleaned
2) Если глагол оканчивается на –e, то прибавляется окончание –d.
Live – lived
3) Если глагол оканчивается на согласную + -y, y меняется на i + -ed
Study – studied
Marry - married
4) Если глагол состоит из одного слога и оканчивается на одну гласную +
одну согласную, то согласная удваивается.
Stop – stopped
Plan – planned
The –ed ending has 3 different pronunciations.
[t]
[d]
[ıd]
worked
lived
started
Can you guess the rule?
[t] – после глу[d] – после гласхих согласных
ных и звонких
согласных
[ıd] – после
звуков [t] и [d]
4. Read about Anna.
Anna left school in 2003 and went to university. She studied economics. It
was interesting. Anna had a good time. After university, in 2008, she got a job.
Soon after that, in 2009, Anna met Dmitry. They fell in love. They bought a flat
together and got married in 2010.
Find all the verbs in the text. Read them aloud. Answer the questions.
What tense are they in?
Which verbs are regular?
Which verbs are irregular?
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What do you know about them?
5. Study the rule about irregular verbs.
В английском языке большое количество неправильных глаголов. Они
образуют форму прошедшего времени (The Past Simple) и форму причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) следующим образом:
1) Изменением корневой гласной:
Take – took - taken
2) Изменением конечной гласной –d на –t:
Spend – spent - spent
3) Прибавлением окончания –d или –t с изменением или без изменения
корневой гласной:
Tell – told - told
4) Без изменения формы:
Put – put - put
5) От разных основ:
Go – went - gone
Все три формы неправильных глаголов необходимо выучить. Список основных неправильных глаголов смотрите в Приложении. Для образования
Past Simple используйте вторую форму!
6. Write the Past Simple of the following verbs.
Be
Meet
Go
Fall
Leave
Buy
Have
Come
Get
Do
Which verbs aren’t irregular?
7. Study the way we form Past Simple.
Positive
I
He/She/It
moved
to London in 1985.
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Live
Study
Think
Write
Create
We
You
went
They
Negative
I
He/She/It
didn’t
We
You
They
Special questions
When
Where
did
move
go
to London.
I
he/she/it
go?
we
you
they
Short answers
Yes, No questions
he/she
No, I didn’t.
you
Did
like the film?
Yes, she did.
they
etc.
etc.
Past Simple употребляется для выражения действия, которое совершалось
или совершилось в прошлом, для констатации факта совершения действия.
Время совершения действия может быть указано или не указано. Обстоятельства времени, которые часто употребляются с Past Simple, были перечислены ранее.
8. Read the text about Mattie Smith once again.
Answer the questions about Mattie.
1) Did she go to school?
2) Who did she live with?
3) When did she start work?
4) Where did she work?
5) How many hours did she work?
6) Did she write poems?
7) Did she create poems in her head?
8) How old is she now?
9) Does she often think about her past life?
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9. Think of your grandparents and great-grandparents?
Do you know their names?
How old are they now?
Where did they live?
Did they work hard when they were young?
Speak about them.
10. Read the text about Anna once again. Complete the questions about
Anna.
1) When ____ Anna leave school?
2) Where ____ she ____ after school?
3) What ____ she ____ at university?
4) When ____ she ____ a job?
5) Who ____ she ____ in 2009?
6) What ____ Anna and Dmitry ____ in 2010?
Work with your group-mate. Ask and answer questions about Anna.
Answer the questions about you.
What did you do in 2003?
When did you leave school?
When did you go to university?
11.
Complete the sentences with the verb in the negative.
Example: I saw John but I didn’t see Mary.
1) They worked on Monday but they ____ on Tuesday.
2) We went to the shop but we ____ to the bank.
3) She had a pen but she ____ any paper.
4) Jack did French at school but he ____ German.
12.
What did you do yesterday? Write true sentences.
Example: (watch TV) I watched TV yesterday. or I didn’t watch TV yesterday.
1) (get up before 7.30)
2) (have a shower)
3) (buy a magazine)
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4) (speak English)
5) (eat meat)
6) (drink coffee)
7) (go to bed at midnight)
13.
Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences.
1) I (watched/watch/did watch) a film on TV last night.
2) He (didn’t drink/didn’t drank/not drink) any coffee for lunch.
3) Last year I (did fly/flied/flew) to America.
4) I (didn’t knew/not know/didn’t know) him very will, I’m afraid.
5) Did you make a cup of tea? (Yes, I make/Yes, I made/Yes, I did)
6) When did you last see a film at the cinema? (Before two weeks/Two weeks
ago/Ago two weeks)
14. Read and translate the time phrases that we often use in the Past
Simple. Put them in order from now going back into the past.
when I was twelve
twenty years ago
last Tuesday
ten years ago
when I was born
last weekend
last month
last August
Now
ten minutes ago
yesterday morning
ten minutes ago
last night
when I was eight
two weeks ago
your last birthday
last year
last month
Past
15.
Make true sentences about you. Use the time phrases from ex. 14.
16. Do you know any famous people of Belarus? What are they famous
for? Read about Euphrosyne of Polotsk, a patron saint of Belarus. Before
reading make sure you understand the following words and phrases.
106
church
convent
enlightener
enlightenment
make a pilgrimage
monastery
nun
patron saint
principality
relics
saint
the Holy Land
церковь
женский монастырь
просветитель
просвещение
совершить паломничество
монастырь мужской
монахиня
святой заступник/покровитель
княжество
мощи
святой
Святая Земля
die
enlighten
fall ill
found
run away
умирать
просвещать
заболевать
основывать
убегать
Put the verbs into the Simple Past.
Predslava ____ (be) born in the family of Prince Svyatoslav-Georgy in 1110
in Polotsk. She ____ (be) beautiful, clever and rich but at the age of 12 she ____
(run away) from home. She ____ (go) to the convent, where she ____ (become)
a nun and ____ (take) the new name of Euphrosyne.
Later she ____ (found) her own convent. Euphrosyne ____ (be) welleducated and could read and translate from Greek and Latin. She ____ (copy)
religious books and ____ (give) money to poor people.
She also ____ (found) two churches and several monasteries. They ____ (become) centres of enlightenment in the Principality of Polotsk.
Later in her life she ____ (make) a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. During the
trip Euphrosyne ____ (fall ill) and ____ (die) in 1173. Her relics are in Polotsk
now. There is also a monument to St. Euphrosyne in the centre of Polotsk.
17.
Match the words and translate the word combinations.
found
translate
from Latin and Greek
a pilgrimage
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make
give
take
became
be born
run away
money to poor people
a church, a convent, a monastery
centres of enlightenment
the name of Euphrosyne
from home
in the family of Prince
18.
Make your own sentences with these word combinations.
19.
Ask and answer questions about Euphrosyne of Polotsk.
20. It is high time we started speaking about our native country, the Republic of Belarus. Study the words to the topic.
agriculture
area
arena
battle
brown coal
capital
clay
climate
country
deposit
flax
forest
grain
granite
heavy, light industry
land
limestone
nationality
oil
peat
place of interest
population
position
potash salt
сельское хозяйство
площадь, пространство
арена, место действия
битва
бурый уголь
столица
глина
климат
страна
залежь
лен
лес
зерно, хлебные злаки
гранит
тяжелая, легкая промышленность
земля
известняк
национальность
нефть
торф
достопримечательность
население
(место)положение
калийная соль
108
region
religion
reserve
resource pl
sand
state
sugar beet
territory
tourist
область, район, край
религия
заповедник
средства, ресурсы
песок
государство
сахарная свекла
территория
турист
developed
favourable
geographical
heroic
international
landlocked
main
mild
moderately continental
native
official
orthodox
presidential
principal
severe
развитый
благоприятный
географический
героический
международный
окруженный сушей, без выхода к морю
главный
мягкий (не суровый)
умеренно континентальный
родной
официальный
православный
президентский
главный
суровый, тяжелый
attract
be proud (of sth/sb)
be situated
border (on sth)
cover
export
include
lose
occupy
produce
specialize (in sth)
привлекать
гордиться (чем-либо, кем-либо)
быть расположенным
граничить
покрывать, охватывать
экспортировать
включать, содержать (в себе)
терять
занимать
производить
специализироваться
109
страдать
suffer
21.
Make sure you can pronounce the following words correctly.
Europe
Poland
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Russians
Poles
Ukrainians
Tatars
22.
Европа
Польша
Латвия
Литва
Россия
Украина
русские
поляки
украинцы
татары
['jυərəp]
['pəυlənd]
['lætvıə]
[ֽlıθj'eınıə]
['rΛ∫ə]
[ju:'kreın]
['rΛ∫nz]
['pəυlz]
[ju'kreınjənz]
['ta:təz]
Read the text.
Belarus
The Republic of Belarus is situated in Eastern Europe, Belarus covers over
207 000 square km (kilometers). It borders on five countries: Poland in the west,
Lithuania and Latvia in the north-west, Russia in the east and Ukraine in the
south. Belarus is a landlocked country but it has a favourable geographical position.
The population of Belarus is 9,5 million people. Most of them live in cities
and towns. The capital of Belarus is Minsk. Today Minsk is a modern international city. More than 1,8 million people live in Minsk. The country has 6 regions with the centres in Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev, Vitebsk and Minsk.
The principal religion of Belarus is Orthodox. Belarus has two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. About 80% of the population are Belarusians.
People of other nationalities also live in Belarus. They are Russians, Poles,
Ukrainians, Tatars. Belarus is a presidential republic. The president of Belarus is
the head of the state.
The climate in Belarus is moderately continental. We have mild winters and
warm summers. Forests cover 40% of the country. Our native country is a beautiful land. There are thousands of lakes and rivers on the territory of Belarus.
The main rivers are: the Neman, the Dnieper, the Prypyat, the West Dvina. The
largest lake is Lake Naroch. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the greatest forest and
110
natural reserve in Belarus. There aren’t any high mountains in Belarus. Unfortunately Chernobyl disaster harmed our people and nature a lot.
Our country has a heroic past. It was the arena of severe battles in the years
of World War I and World War II. Our country lost about a third of its population.
Modern Belarus is a country of developed industry, education and culture. It
is a large economic region.
The main industries include metallurgical industry, machine-building, chemical and petrochemical, light and food industry. Belarus produces and exports
trucks, tractors, fodder harvesters, tyres, timber, paper, refrigerators, TV-sets,
chemical fibers and yarn. Agriculture specialized in grain, potatoes, vegetables,
sugar beet, flax, meat and dairy products. Natural resources include peat deposits, potash salts, wood, granite, limestone, clay, sand, brown coal, some oil and
natural gas.
There are a lot of places of interest in Belarus. Mir Castle, Nesvizh Castle, St.
Sofia Cathedral, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Braslav lakes attract tourists from different countries.
I love my native country and I am proud of it.
23.
Find English equivalents in the text.
Расположена в Восточной Европе, граничит с пятью странами, выгодное
географическое положение, на востоке, на северо-западе, основная религия, два официальных языка, тысячи рек и озер, самое большое озеро, героическое прошлое, в годы первой мировой и второй мировой войн, много
достопримечательностей, туристы из разных стран, потеряла треть населения, запасы торфа, нанесла большой вред.
24.
Fill in the gaps with the active words.
1) Belarus ____ on Russia in the east.
2) There are six ____ in Belarus.
3) Minsk is the ____ of our country.
4) Belarus has developed heavy and light ____.
5) Though we have two ____ ____, most people speak Russian.
6) Belarusians are friendly and tolerant. People of different ____ live here happily.
7) The second most popular ____ is Roman Catholicism.
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8) The agriculture of our region ____ in meat and dairy products.
9) Our nature ____ from Chernobyl disaster in 1986.
10) Potash salt, clay, peat and limestone are our main ____ ____.
25.
Are the following statements true or false? Correct if necessary.
1) Belarus is a landlocked country in Western Europe.
2) Belarus borders on seven states.
3) More than 9 million people inhabit our country.
4) Vitebsk is the centre of our region.
5) Belarusians make up 60% of the population.
6) There are a lot of forests in Belarus.
7) The country has great deposits of oil and gas.
26.
Answer the questions about Belarus.
1) Where is Belarus situated?
2) What countries does it border on?
3) What is the area of Belarus?
4) How many people inhabit our country?
5) Minsk is the capital of Belarus, isn’t it?
6) How many regions are there in Belarus?
7) What is the climate of Belarus?
8) Are there many rivers and lakes in Belarus?
9) Are there any high mountains?
10) Did Belarus suffer from fascists during the Great Patriotic War?
11) What is modern Belarus?
12) What are its main industries?
13) Is Belarus rich in natural resources? What are they?
14) Who is the head of the country?
15) What places of interest can you recommend to visit?
16) Are you proud of your country? Why?
27. Read the paragraph about the nature of Belarus.
Find all the adjectives.
Can you translate them?
28.
Study the rule about Degrees of Comparison.
112
Существует три степени сравнения прилагательных: положительная
(Positive), сравнительная (Comparative) и превосходная (Superlative).
Например: large – larger – the largest.
Односложные и двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на –y, er, -ow, как правило, образуют сравнительную степень при помощи суффикса –er, а превосходную – при помощи суффикса –est.
Остальные двусложные и многосложные прилагательные образуют
сравнительную степень при помощи слова more, а превосходную – при
помощи слова most.
Study the table. Pay attention to the spelling rules.
Adjective
cheap
nice
big
easy
famous
good
bad
Comparative
cheaper
Superlative
the cheapest
Spelling rule
most one syllable adjectives:
+ er/est
nicer
the nicest
adjectives ending in e:
+ r/st
bigger
the biggest
adjectives ending in consonant + vowel + consonant:
double the final consonant + er/est
easier
the easiest
adjectives ending in y:
change to –ier/iest
more famous
the most famous
most two syllable adjecmore expensive the most expen- tives, and adjectives with
sive
three or more syllables:
more/most + adjective
the best
irregular adjectives
better
the worst
worse
Для сравнения двух вещей и т.п. употребляется союз than (чем).
Обратите внимание на местоимения после than.
She is taller than me. (or than I am) He is older than him. (or than he is)
Например: Anna is older than Maria.
Анна старше, чем Мария.
Greek is more difficult than Latin.
Греческий язык сложнее, чем латинский.
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Для усиления сравнительной степени употребляется слово much со значением намного, гораздо.
My car is much cheaper than his car.
Моя машина гораздо дешевле, чем его машина.
Прилагательные в превосходной степени употребляются с определенным артиклем the.
This is the most expensive restaurant in the city.
Это самый дорогой ресторан в городе.
С прилагательными в превосходной степени часто употребляется ofphrase.
Mark is the tallest of all.
Марк выше всех ростом.
29.
Write the comparative and the superlative degrees of the adjectives.
Example: Big – bigger – the biggest.
1) Strong
2) Bad
3) Hot
4) Slow
5) Easy
6) Difficult
7) Happy
8) Good
9) Important
10) Long
11) Popular
12) Modern
13) Rich
14) Great
15) Poor
16) Early
17) Clever
30.
Write the opposite. Use comparatives.
Example: Cheaper – more expensive
1) Colder
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2) Worse
3) Younger
4) Safer
5) More difficult
6) Taller
7) Earlier
31.
Complete the conversations with the correct form of the adjectives.
Example: A Life in the country is slower than city life.
B Yes, the city’s much faster.
1. A New York is ____ ____ London. (safe)
B No, it isn’t. New York is much ____ ____. (dangerous)
2. A Paris is ___ ___ Madrid. (big)
B No, it isn’t! It’s much ____. (small)
3. A Madrid is ____ ____ ____ Rome. (expensive)
B No, it isn’t. Madrid is much ____. (cheap)
4. A The Underground in London is ____ ____ the Metro in Paris. (good)
B No! The Underground is much ____. (bad)
Practise the conversations with your group-mate. Compare two towns or
cities that you both know.
32. Complete the questions with superlative adjectives. Choose the answers.
1) Where is ______ (tall) hotel in the world?
a Dubai
b Bangkok
c Hong Kong
2) Who is ______ (rich) person in the world?
a Bill Gates
b The Sultan of Brunei
c Ingvar Kamprad, head of IKEA
3) Which is ______ (expensive) city in the world to buy a house or flat?
a Tokio
b London
c Vienna
4) Where is ______ (old) university in the world?
a Bologna
b Karueein
c Oxford
5) What was ______ (successful) European football club in the twentieth century?
a Bayern Munich b Real Madrid c Manchester United
6) Where is ______ (high) town or city in the world?
a Cuzco, in Peru b La Paz, in Bolivia c Lhasa, in Tibet
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7) What is ______ (common) word in the English language?
a to
ba
c the
8) Who were ______ (popular) group in the twentieth century?
a the Rolling Stones b the Eagles c the Beatles
33. Write the superlative form and complete the sentences to make them
true for you.
Example: The busiest (busy) month of the year is December.
1) The ____ (good) day of the week is …
2) The ____ (bad) day of the week is …
3) The ____ (interesting) book I know is …
4) The ____ (sad) film I know is …
5) The ____ (beautiful) country I know is…
34.
Put the words in the correct order to make sentences or questions.
1) Family/ the/ am/ my/ in/ I/ oldest.
2) Sister/ me/ my/ than/ younger/ is.
3) Class/ who/ tallest/ the/ the/ in/ is?
4) Book/ interesting/ than/ my/ your/ more/ is/ book.
5) Difficult/ German/ English/ is/ than/ more/ much.
6) Weather/ better/ today/ than/ much/ is/ yesterday/ the.
35.
Get ready to speak about Belarus.
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УЭ – 7
GREAT BRITAIN
1. Look around. Are there any people nearby? What are they doing? Who
is smiling? Who is talking? Who is writing? Who is reading?
Example: My teacher is writing on the board.
Olga is sitting near the window.
2. What are the people wearing? What are you wearing?
Example: My teacher is wearing a dress.
I’m wearing blue jeans and a white jumper.
3. Find all the verbs in the sentences. Can you translate them?
4. All these verbs are in the Present Continuous tense.
We use this tense for actions happening now or around now.
Study the rule.
Positive
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Negative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
is
working.
are
am
is
not working
are
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Questions
Am
I
Are
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
working?
Short answers
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Yes, he/ she/ it is.
No, he/ she/ it isn’t.
Yes, we/ you/ they are. No, we/ you/ they aren’t.
5. Look at the spelling rules for the –ing form.
1) Most verbs add –ing.
Wear – wearing
Talk - talking
2) Verbs ending with –e take away the –e.
Write – writing
Live – living
3) Verbs ending with consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant.
Sit – sitting
Run – running
6. Make true sentences for you. Positive or negative.
Example: I (eat) an apple. I’m not eating an apple.
1) I (wear) jeans.
2) I (chew) gum.
3) We (listen) to music.
4) Our teacher (explain) the rule.
5) I (stand up).
6) I (sit) near the door.
7) We (work) hard today.
8) I (smoke) a cigarette.
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9) We (do) our homework.
7. Give positive or negative short answers.
1) Are you watching TV?
2) Are you wearing shoes?
3) It is raining?
4) Are you feeling well?
5) Is the sun shining?
6) Are you working hard today?
7) Is your teacher looking at you?
8) Are your group-mates listening to you?
9) Is it snowing?
10) Are you wearing make-up?
8. Put the words in the correct order to make questions in the Present Continuous.
1) You/ what/ are/ doing?
2) Cooking/ are/ you/ what?
3) Crying/ daughter/ why/ is/ your?
4) It/ raining/ now/ is?
5) Sally/ wearing/ clothes/ best/ why/ is/ her?
6) You/ going/ are/ where?
7) Having/ at/ shower/ moment/ you/ the/ are/ a?
9. Compare the sentences.
Take an umbrella. It’s raining.
Please be quiet. I’m working.
What are you doing at the moment?
It rains a lot in October.
I work every day from 9 o’clock until
5 o’clock.
What do you usually do at the weekend?
What is the difference?
10. Use the Present Simple for actions that are always/ usually true.
Use the Present Continuous for actions happening now. We often use now,
today, at the moment with the Present Continuous.
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Don’t use these verbs in the Present Continuous:
want like love hate need prefer depend know mean understand believe remember forget
11.
Choose the correct form of the verb.
1) I have/ I’m having a shower every morning.
2) Look! It’s raining/ It rains. We can’t go to the beach.
3) Where are you usually going/ do you usually go on holiday?
4) What are you doing/ do you do under the table?
5) I’m trying/ I try to find my pen.
6) I’m tired. I am wanting/ want to go home.
7) What is she doing/ does she do? She’s a dentist.
8) What are you doing/ do you do tonight?
12.
Fill in the gaps with am/ is/ are/ do/ don’t/ does/ doesn’t.
1) Excuse me, _____ you speak English?
2) Why _____ you laughing at me?
3) I _____ want to go out. It _____ raining.
4) Where _____ you come from? From Canada.
5) I can’t talk to you at the moment. I _____ working.
6) George is a good tennis player but he _____ play very often.
7) _____ you wear shorts a lot in the summer?
8) _____ you wearing a suit at the moment?
13. Put the verbs in the Present Continuous or Present Simple. Positive,
negative or question.
1) Listen! Somebody _____ (sing).
2) I’m sorry, I _____ (not/ understand).
3) How often _____ (you/ read) a newspaper?
4) I _____ (not/ like) Chinese food.
5) We’re tired and _____ (want) to go to bed.
6) I _____ (not/ get up) early on weekdays.
7) Anna _____ (have) a shower at the moment.
8) Sorry, I _____ (not/ remember) your name.
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9) I _____ (read) a fantastic book at the moment.
10) _____ (she/ wear) a lot of make-up at work?
14. Describe what you are doing at the moment. Make up at least 6 sentences.
15.
Pay attention!
1) The Present Continuous can also describe activities in the near future. (Согласованные с другими людьми планы на ближайшее будущее). It is common with verbs such as go, come, see, visit, meet, have, leave.
We’re having pizza for dinner.
Tom and Mary are coming tonight.
2) We use to be + going to for future plans. (Личные планы на ближайшее
будущее).
I’m going to leave tomorrow.
We’re going to have a holiday in Italy.
They are going to travel all over the world.
3) We also use to be + going to when we can see now that something is sure to
happen in the future.
Take an umbrella. It’s going to rain.
Look at the time. We’re going to be late for the lesson.
We don’t usually use the verbs go and come with to be + going to.
- I’m going to go to London tomorrow.
+ I’m going to London tomorrow.
16.
Translate into Russian.
1) Anna is playing tennis tomorrow.
2) Andrey is going to the dentist on Monday.
3) I’m not going out tonight.
4) I’m hungry. I am going to eat this sandwich.
5) Are you going to watch the football tonight?
6) What are you doing tomorrow evening?
7) Are you going straight home after this lesson?
17.
Are you going to do these things tomorrow? Make true sentences.
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Example: (stay at home) I’m not going to stay at home tomorrow.
1) (wash your hair)
2) (have breakfast)
3) (ride a bicycle)
4) (eat in a restaurant)
5) (meet some friends)
18. Ask your group-mate what he/she is going to do after the lesson. Tell
the class about his/her plans.
Example: Olga is going to walk home. She’s going to cook a meal and meet
her boyfriend.
19.
Going on holiday.
1. Read the information about these people's holidays. Make notes about your
next holiday.
Mark and Lucy John
Me
Florida, the USA Prague
Where?
boat and train
How/travel? plane
the Hotel Vaclav
Where/stay? a motel
10 days
6 days
How
visit Disney World visit the old town centre
What/do?
long/stay?
2. Write sentences about Mark and Lucy's plans.
1)
Mark and Lucy arc going to Florida in the USA next summer.
2)
They_____________________________________________
3)
_________________________________________________
4)
_________________________________________________
5)
_________________________________________________
3.
Complete the conversation between Lucy and John.
Lucy (1) ___________ on holiday next summer?
John To Prague.
Lucy (2) __________ fly there?
John No, I'm not. I'm going by boat and train.
Lucy (3) ___________ ?
John In a hotel. The Hotel Vaclav.
Lucy (4) ____________?
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John For six days, from Friday to Wednesday.
Lucy And (5) _________?
John Well, the buildings are really beautiful, so (6)____________.
4. Write five sentences about your next holiday.
Practise the conversation with your group-mate. Make up a similar conversation
about your next holiday.
20.
Read the dialogues.
1. A What’s Ali doing next year?
B She’s going to travel round the world.
2. A The phone is ringing.
B It’s OK. I’ll answer it.
3. A I haven’t got any money.
B Don’t worry. I’ll lend you some.
A Thanks. I’ll pay you back tomorrow. I won’t forget.
Notice the forms of will.
I’ll = I will (short form)
I won’t = I will not (negative short form)
All these sentences express future intentions. Which of them are spontaneous?
21.
Study the rule.
We use Will to express:
1. a future decision or intention made at the moment of speaking.
I’ll give you my phone number.
2. an offer
I’ll carry your suitcase.
3. a future fact. The speaker is sure this will (or will not) happen.
Manchester will win the cup.
We often say I think I’ll/ I don’t think I’ll…
I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.
It’s cold. I don’t think I’ll go out.
In modern English we usually use Will for all persons. Though Shall can be
used with I and We. We always use Shall in offers and suggestions that look
like questions.
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Shall I take your coat?
Shall I call you tomorrow?
Form
Will + infinitive without to
Will is a modal auxiliary verb. The forms of will are the same for all persons.
Positive and negative
I
‘ll (will)
He / She / It
won’t
We / You / They
come.
help you.
invite Tom.
Question
When will
he
you
they
Short answer
Will you help me?
22.
help me?
Yes, I will
Choose the correct verb form.
1. “My bag is so heavy”.
“Give it to me. I’ll carry/ I’m going to carry it for you.
2. “What are you doing tonight?”
“We’ll see / we are going to see a play at the theatre”.
3. Congratulations! I hear you’ll get married / you’re going to get married.
4. You can tell me your secret. I won’t tell / I’m not going to tell anyone.
5. “Tony’s back from holiday”.
“Is he? I’ll give / I’m going to give him a ring”.
23. Travelling abroad is an exciting experience. You can learn more
about the foreign country if you can speak its language. Now we are going
to read and speak about Great Britain.
Study the words.
accent
chamber
channel
акцент
палата
пролив
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coal
continent
cotton
dialect
electronics
government
heritage
highland
influence
iron
iron ore
island
landscape
manufacture
monarchy
parliament
party
Conservative (~)
Labour (~)
Liberal (~)
power
queen
raw materials
steel
trade
уголь
континент
хлопок
диалект
электроника
правительство
наследие
возвышенность, гористая местность
влияние
железо
железная руда
остров
ландшафт, пейзаж
производство
монархия
парламент
партия
консервативная
лейбористская
либеральная
власть
королева
сырье
сталь
торговля
due (to)
high
narrow
parliamentary
благодаря (чему-либо)
высокий
узкий
парламентский
belong (to)
consist (of)
import
separate (sth from sth)
принадлежать (к)
состоять (из)
импортировать
отделять (от)
24.
Make sure you can pronounce the following words correctly.
125
Belfast
Ben Nevis
Birmingham
Cardiff
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Liverpool
Manchester
Sheffield
Snowdon
the British Isles
the English Channel
the Gulf Stream
the Strait of Dover
the Severn
the Thames
Great Britain
Northern Ireland
Wales
Scotland
25.
[bel'fa:st]
['ben'nevıs]
['b3:mıŋəm]
['ka:dıf]
['edınbərə]
['gla:sgəυ]
['lıvəpu:l]
['mænt∫əstə]
['∫efi:ld]
['snəυdn]
[ðə 'brıtı∫aılz]
[ðı 'ıŋgli∫ 't∫ænl]
[ðə 'gΛlf 'stri:m]
[ðə 'streıt əv 'dəυvə]
[ðə 'sevən]
[ðə 'temz]
['greıt 'brıtn]
['nɔðən 'aıələnd]
['weılz]
['skɔtlənd]
Белфаст
Бен Невис
Бирмингем
Кардиф
Эдинбург
Глазго
Ливерпуль
Манчестер
Шефилд
Сноудон
Британские острова
Ла-Манш
Гольфстрим
Па-де-Кале
Северн
Темза
Великобритания
Северная Ирландия
Уэльс
Шотландия
Read the text.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on
the British Isles. The British Isles lie to the north-west of the European continent. They consist of more then 5000 small islands. Great Britain is the biggest
of them. The North Sea and the English Channel separate the country from the
continent. The Strait of Dover is the narrowest part of the channel.
The UK consists of four parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland. The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, the capital of Wales is Cardiff, the
capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast and the capital of England is London.
The total area of the UK is about 242.000 sq.km. Its population is over 57
million people. London is the biggest city. About 7 million people live there. All
Welsh, Scottish and Irish people speak English, but all the countries have their
accents and dialects. The UK is a parliamentary monarchy and the Queen is the
head of the state. But real power belongs to the government with the Prime Min126
ister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of
Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties: the
Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties.
The flag of the UK is known as Union Jack.
The landscape of the country is beautiful and diverse. The main areas of
highland are in Scotland and Wales. The highest mountains are Ben Nevis and
Snowdon. The longest rivers are the Severn and the Thames.
The climate is moderate and mild due to the influence of the Gulf Stream.
There is a lot of rain in autumn and winter.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It lives by manufacture
and trade. The most important natural resources are coal and iron ore. The country imports raw materials for its industries, cotton, timber, fruit and farm products. The UK produces and exports iron and steel products, chemicals, machinery and electronics. The biggest industrial centers are London, Glasgow, Liverpool, Sheffield, Birmingham and Manchester.
Great Britain is famous for its exсiting history and rich cultural heritage.
A lot of tourists come to see St. Paul’s Cathedral, Buckingham Palace, the
Houses of Parliament, the Tower, Westminster Abbey and many other sights.
I hope I’ll visit Great Britain one day.
26.
Find English equivalents in the text.
Расположено на Британских островах, отделяет от континента, самая узкая
часть пролива, состоит из четырех частей, столица Северной Ирландии,
общая площадь, глава государства, принадлежит правительству, благодаря
влиянию Гольфстрима, импортирует сырье, богатое культурное наследие,
крупнейшие промышленные центры, другие достопримечательности.
27.
Fill in the gaps with the active words.
1) The British Isles ____ of over 5 000 ____.
2) The English Channel and the North Sea ____ the country from the continent.
3) The narrowest part of the ____ is called the Strait of Dover.
4) The British ____ consists of two ____: the House of Lords and the House of
Commons.
5) ____ Elizabeth II was born in 1926.
6) He speaks English with a foreign ____.
7) There are three main political ____ in the UK.
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8) Scotland has a beautiful mountainous ____.
9) UK ____ raw materials for its industries.
10) Ben Nevis is the ____ mountain in Great Britain.
28.
Make up sentences with these words
1) Scotland / Northern Ireland / the / includes / England / UK / Wales / and.
2) Capital / the / country / London / of / the / is.
3) Parliamentary / is / the / monarchy / a / UK.
4) Head / government / is / the / Prime Minister / the / of / the.
5) Great Britain / climate / a / moderate / has.
6) Iron ore / rich / coal / and / is / in / UK / the.
7) Tourists / Great Britain / a lot of / visit / year / every.
29.
Can you answer the questions:
1. Why do the English drive on the left?
2. Do the English really love sport?
3. How multicultural is Britain?
Read some facts about Great Britain and find the answers.
In the 1700s people used their right hand to carry a sword. But Napoleon carried his sword in his left hand and rode on the right. Everyone followed Napoleon because he ruled half the world. These days about 25% of the countries still
drive on the left, including Japan and the West Indies.
Top tip: Don’t forget to drive on the left in the UK!
The English invented many of the world’s most popular sports. They wrote
the rules for football, boxing, tennis, cricket and many more. Unfortunately, the
English are better at writing rules than winning games.
Top tip: Don’t ask someone from England when England last won a football
competition.
Britain is one of the world’s most multicultural countries. You can hear hundreds of languages in London alone. In fact, 15% of the UK’s 57 million inhabitants were born outside the UK.
Top tip: Visit the Notting Hill carnival in late August. It is two days of multicultural music, food and dancing.
128
30.
Answer the questions about Great Britain.
1) What is the full name of Great Britain?
2) Where is the UK situated?
3) How many islands does the country include?
4) What separates Great Britain from the continent?
5) What is the Strait of Dover?
6) How many parts does the UK consist of?
7) What are they?
8) What are their capitals?
9) What is the total area of the country?
10) What is the population of the UK?
11) Is London the biggest city in the UK?
12) What language do all Welsh, Scottish and Irish people speak?
13) What is the political system of the UK?
14) Who is the head of the state?
15) What is Union Lack?
16) Where are the main areas of highland situated?
17) The country has a beautiful and diverse landscape, doesn’t it?
18) What are the longest rivers in the UK?
19) Describe the climate of the UK.
20) Is the UK a highly developed industrial country?
21) What does the country export and import?
22) What are the biggest centres of industry?
23) What is Great Britain famous for?
31.
Get ready to speak about Great Britain.
Now revise the material of Module 2 and do the Progress Test. Good luck!
PROGRESS TEST
1. Match the words with their translations.
1. Hostel
2. Government
3. Narrow
4. Surname
a. развивать
b. научный
c. медленно
d. общежитие
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5. Scientific
6. Belong
7. Enterprise
8. Chamber
9. Develop
10. Slowly
e. принадлежать
f. правительство
g. фамилия
h. узкий
i. палата
j. предприятие
2. Fill in the gaps with the correct prepositions.
1. Carlos comes ___ Toledo in Spain but he lives ___ London.
2. My family consists ___ four people.
3. I’ll see you ___ six o’clock.
4. He belongs ___ the Conservative Party.
5. Are you listening ___ me?
6. New York is famous ___ its skyscrapers.
7. Maria likes going ___ walks ___ her free time.
8. Please don’t call me ___ work.
9. My friend’s birthday is ___ June.
10. Our house is ___ the right, next ___ the supermarket.
11. My brother likes playing football ___ weekends.
12. Nat is often late ___ school.
13. We often eat in restaurants ___ Fridays.
14. My mother goes ___ work ___ bus.
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct tense forms of the verbs.
1. He always (have) lunch at 12 o’clock.
2. I could play chess when I (be) six.
3. These flowers (smell) nice.
4. Last year we (buy) a new car.
5. Listen! Somebody (sing).
6. The Earth (go) round the Sun.
7. The weather (be) nice today, but it (be) cold yesterday.
8. Please be quiet. I (work).
9. They (meet) in Italy many years ago .
10. -What (do) you tonight? -I (go) to the cinema with my friend.
11. They (like) animals. They (have got) two dogs and three cats.
12. It’s rather hot here. (Open) I the window?
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13.
14.
15.
16.
My friend (stay) with me at the moment.
I (graduate) in 2003 and (get) a job with a large company.
Who usually (make) breakfast for you?
How old (be) you?
4. Fill in the gaps with the articles where necessary.
1. We live in ___ big house. There’s ___ nice garden with some beautiful trees.
2. Alex is ___ best player in our team.
3. What are you going to have for___ lunch?
4. ___ Cairo is ___ capital of ___ Egypt.
5. Alan studied chemistry at ___ London University.
6. Can you give me ___ example, please?
7. What’s ___ English for “остров”?
8. I play ___ guitar and write ___ songs.
9. She had ___ shower in ___ morning.
10. My uncle is ___ driver and my aunt is ___ accountant.
11. ___ Republic of ___ Belarus is ___ landlocked country in ___ centre
of___ Europe.
12. My sister has got ___ dark hair, ___ green eyes and ___ pleasant smile.
13. Is ___ Pacific ___ world’s largest ocean?
14. Does ___ UK include ___ Northern Ireland?
15. Excuse me! Is there ___ bank near here?
5. Translate into English.
1. Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Анна. Я из Беларуси.
2. Извините! Который час?
3. У моей двоюродной сестры большая семья: муж, двое сыновей и дочь.
4. Моя лучшая подруга – студентка второго курса историкофилологического факультета Полоцкого государственного университета.
5. Мой родной город – Витебск, но сейчас я живу и учусь в Новополоцке.
6. Я люблю слушать музыку и ходить на концерты, но не умею играть ни
на каком музыкальном инструменте.
7. Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии состоит из четырех частей.
8. Минск – столица Беларуси и самый большой ее город.
9. Я Вас не понимаю. Не могли бы Вы повторить ещё раз?
131
10. В прошлом году я окончил школу, успешно сдал экзамены и поступил в университет.
132
МОДУЛЬ III
Основной курс
Профессиональное общение
Цели:
Вы должны знать:
Вы должны уметь:
1. Грамматика:
 владеть постановкой вопросов
 структура сложного английского
четырёх основных типов и уметь
предложения;
отвечать на них;
 глагол в Present Perfect Simple;
 свободно оперировать тремя
формами неправильных глаголов;
 страдательный залог в английском языке и его формы в различ-  строить предложения всех типов
ных грамматических временах;
(утвердительные, отрицательные,
- особенности использования дейвопросительные) во всех пройствительного и страдательного
денных грамматических времезалогов при чтении, письме и устнах и залогах;
ной речи;
 читать, переводить и обсуждать
 правила постановки общего, альтексты по темам, связанным с
тернативного, специального и
инженерной профессией, испольразделительного вопросов;
зуя знание активной лексики и
изученной грамматики;
 три формы распространённых неправильных глаголов.
 владеть монологической речью по
изученным темам «Моя будущая
профессия» (о профессии инженера), «Современная организация
производства», «Из истории строительных материалов» «Как появилась химия», «Станки», «Ав2. Лексика
томобиль и его основные элементы».
 активный словарь по темам «Моя
будущая профессия» (о профес-  вести диалоги в рамках изученносии инженера), «Из истории строго материала;
ительных материалов», «Совре-  подбирать дополнительный матеменная организация производриал и готовить небольшие прества», «Как появилась химия»,
зентации в рамках указанных тем.
«Станки», «Автомобиль и его основные элементы».
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УЭ-1
MASTERING THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION
1. Grammar Practice
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
Be
Let
Do
Learn
-
shut
became
made
saw
left
written
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
a) We’ll work as mechanical engineers.
b) An engineer is often busy with different kinds of repairs.
c) I didn’t do any job before entering this University.
d) The construction industry needs qualified technologists.
e) We have found the fault of the equipment.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
a) An engineer ensures the work of the most complicated devices.
b) Our classes started early last year.
c) She’ll come to visit us tomorrow.
d) It takes me twenty minutes to get home after work.
e) This course is similar to engineering courses in Great Britain.
4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
a) Kate is eighteen. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
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b) There are lots of students in the hall. ( general, special, disjunctive)
c) My friend studies at the technological faculty. (alternative, special,
disjunctive)
d) They entered University two years ago. (general, special)
MASTERING THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION
5. Reading and Speaking Practice
a) Study the description of the academic course of Mathew Smith, a technology
student from Great Britain and try to answer the questions.
b) How long does the study course last?
c) What jobs can he do after he completes the studies?
d) Can he study a foreign language?
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DURATION
Two years full – time, starting in September.
OVERVIEW
The construction industry needs well-trained and qualified managers, technologists and technicians. This education gives you the skills necessary for a managerial role in industry. You will learn the latest construction practices and be
given the opportunity to specialize in one area.
COURSE CONTENT
You study the core units in:
*CAD
*Construction management
*Construction technology
*Construction surveying
* Civil engineering materials
* Drawing and design
*Geotechnics
* IT
*Fluid Mechanics
* Maths
* Mechanics and structure
You can take additional subjects, such as
* Highway engineering
* A Foreign Language
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* Advanced structural design
* Quality assurance
WHAT CAN I DO NEXT?
On successful completion of the course you may enter a number of university courses in which you progress to a degree of a Bachelor or Master of
Engineering. You may also work as a Civil engineering technician or a technologist.
6. In which of the named subjects will these topics be covered?
a) The properties of concrete
b) Computer application software
c) Forces acting on a structure
d) Calculus
7. Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.
a) What choice do students have after completing their studies?
b) What subjects are interesting for you?
c) Would you like to work or to continue studies after this described course?
8. Read out the following dialogue, prepare to answer the questions after it.
Mike: You are studying Civil engineering, aren’t you? How long does that last?
Andrew: It’s a two-year course.
Mike: And what stage are you at now?
Andrew: I’m in the second semester of the first year.
Mike: How many students are in your group?
Andrew: There are twelve, all men.
Mike: Why did you choose this profession?
Andrew: Well, I was interested in architecture when I studied at school. My best
subjects were Drawing and
Graphic communication. I decided to get a career
using that. So, I left school at seventeen, passed my examinations and 6 months
ago I became a student of this college.
9. Answer the questions, checking your understanding.
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a) Which stage of the studies is Andrew at?
b) How many girls are taking the course in Civil engineering?
c) What age was he when he left school?
d) Which subjects did he enjoy most at school?
10. Reproduce the dialogue, make up your own dialogues by analogy,
swap the roles.
11.
Think over your time-table and read one more dialogue.
Mike: Tell me about your time-table, Andrew.
Andrew: I have classes three days a week- Monday, Wednesday and Friday and
self-study on other days.
Mike: Which subject appeals to you most?
Andrew: It’s the theory of structures. I really enjoy it. That’s twice on MondayMonday morning and Monday afternoon.
Mike: What do you like about it?
Andrew: I like the maths and physics side of it.
Mike: Is there any work in the laboratory?
Andrew: Yes, we’re in the lab every week – testing concrete, for example.
Mike: I see. And what about your marks? How is it assessed?
Andrew: It’s modular, continuous assessment. You have to pass all the modules.
12.
Make up dialogues about your time- table.
13. Write your own time-table in English, including the following information:
-
Faculty
Speciality
Lesson times
Subjects
Names of teachers
Self-study time and free periods.
14. Find the corresponding description for different branches of engineering.
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1) Chemical engineering
2) Information technology
3) Mechanical engineering
4) Marine engineering
5) Electrical engineering
6) Civil engineering
7) Manufacturing engineering
8) Electronic engineering
a) Is about generating and supplying power;
b) Is about designing and making machines that use electric power;
c) Is about designing, building and looking after structures;
d) Applies engineering to take advantage of the sea;
e) Is about making useful things from raw materials;
f) Is about designing and making all the parts of machines that move.
g) Is about using the processes which change materials in a chemical or physical
way.
h) Is about using computers for collecting, storing and sending information.
1. Tell us which sphere of engineering your future profession is connected
with.
2. Read out the words helping you speak about your future engineering
profession.
to graduate - окончить высшее учебное заведение;
design office - конструкторский, проектный отдел
workshop - цех, мастерская
laboratory – лаборатория
responsible - ответственный
to need – нуждаться, иметь необходимость
equipment - оборудование
reason - причина
to cause – вызывать, быть причиной
failure – повреждение, авария
unit – установка, элемент оборудования
to be busy with – заниматься чем-либо
kind of repair – вид ремонта
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running repair – текущий ремонт
emergency repair – аварийный ремонт
to perform - осуществлять
maintenance – техническое обслуживание
installation – установка (оборудования)
to ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать
complicated - сложный
device – устройство, механизм
saturated – насыщенный
3. Work with the text; prepare to speak about your future engineering profession.
My future profession is an engineer. I study at Polotsk State University to
get a higher qualification in the sphere of modern technology. My time-table is
very saturated. I should work intensively to get better knowledge of the academic subjects. I don’t know yet where my working place will be. Engineers can
work at a design office, in a laboratory and in workshops. The work of an engineer is very responsible. His help is always needed when something is wrong
with the equipment. It’s very important to find quickly the reason causing the
failure of the unit.
An engineer is often busy with different kinds of repairs. They are the running repair and the emergency repair. The engineer performs the maintenance
and installation of the complicated equipment. It’s the duty of the engineer to
ensure the work of all the devices and machines.
The work of the engineer is not easy, but interesting and often well-paid. It’s
absolutely necessary for every engineer to know the latest achievements of science and engineering all over the world. The best engineers and top managers of
the world’s leading enterprises fluently speak foreign languages to take advantage of the international science and technology, to get a faster access to the
profitable discoveries and novelties.
4. Tell your teacher and groupmates your ideas of the future profession.
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УЭ-2
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Grammar Practice
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
have
light
draw
meet
-
cut
fought
rang
understood
heard
won
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
f) He was learning the words by heart.
g) Computers today are more powerful.
h) We had a satellite receiver at home.
i) Instead of buying CDs, people download the individual tracks from the Internet.
j) Anton will write a report about modern engineering.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
f) There are several girls in our group.
g) I started with the description of the problem.
h) Our department will ask their company to make up some prototypes.
i) It’s a very simple mechanism.
j) The process was computer-controlled.
4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
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e) You worked for a Polish company. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
f) It is dangerous to work here. ( general, special, disjunctive)
g) My friend likes variety in his work. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
h) They began to build gas-powered generators. (general, special)
Study the grammatical material and fulfill the exercises given below
Времена группы Perfect
Глаголы, стоящие в одной из временных групп Perfect, обозначают действия, которые завершились к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошлом или будущем. Данная форма образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have, стоящего в нужном времени группы Indefinite и причастия II смыслового глагола.
Образование Present Perfect.
Эта форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в
Present Indefinite + причастие II смыслового глагола.
1. Утвердительная форма:
1
have worked
we
have worked
you
they
he
has worked
she
it
Сокращенная форма: I've worked He's worked
2. Отрицательная форма:
I
have not worked
we
have not worked
you
they
he
has not worked
she
it
Сокращенная форма: I haven't worked he hasn't worked
3. Вопросительная форма:
Have
I
worked?
Has
he
worked?
you
she
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we
they
4. Вопросительно-отрицательная форма:
Have
I
not worked?
Has
you
we
they
it
he
she
it
not worked?
Haven't
he
she
it
worked?
I
you
we
they
worked?
Has
Употребление
Present Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершилось к настоящему
моменту, и результат этого действия наблюдается сейчас. Здесь, естественно, должен возникнуть вопрос, чем разница между Past Indefinite и
Present Perfect, ведь Past Indefinite также обозначает действие, которое к
настоящему моменту уже закончилось. Разница между этими двумя видовременными формами кроется в их названиях Past Indefinite показывает,
что период времени, в течение которого данное действие происходило, уже
закончился, связь с настоящим моментом отсутствует. Present Perfect (оно
так и называется настоящее совершенное), напротив, показывает, что действие закончилось, но период времени, трактуется говорящим, как настоящее. При этом не имеет никакого значения, когда происходило действие:
минуту или сто лет назад, или в течение какого периода длилось это действие. Важно только одно обстоятельство: понимается ли этот период времени как настоящий или как уже закончившийся. Рассмотрим 2 предложения:
1) Он вышел минуту назад. 2) В этом столетии Россия пережила великие
потрясения.
В первом примере время совершения действия отдалено от настоящего момента ничтожно малым промежутком, но для говорящего это прошлое, и глагол, поэтому нужно употреблять в Past Indefinite. Не left a minute ago.
Во втором случае события отделены от настоящего момента десятками лет, но сам временной промежуток, когда эти действия происходили,
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понимается как настоящий и глагол поэтому употребляется в Present Perfect. This century Russia has known great revolutions.
Поэтому Present Perfect употребляется только с обстоятельствами
настоящего времени, такими как today (сегодня), tonight (сегодня вечером),
this week (month, year, century) (на этой неделе, в этом месяце, году, столетии) recently (в последнее время), и никогда с обстоятельствами прошедшего времени. Один и тот же русский глагол прошедшего времени совершенного или несовершенного вида будет переводиться на английский язык
глаголом в Present Perfect, если употреблены обстоятельства настоящего
времени, или Past Indefinite, если употреблены обстоятельства прошедшего
времени.
Present Perfect
Я поступил в институт в этом году.
I have entered the Institute this year.
Я видел этот фильм 3 раза на этой
неделе.
I have seen the film 3 times this week.
Я купил книгу сегодня.
I have bought the book today.
Past Indefinite
Я поступил в институт в прошлом
году.
I entered the Institute last year.
Я видел этот фильм 3 раза на прошлой неделе.
I saw the film 3 times last week.
Я купил книгу вчера.
I bought the book yesterday.
Обратите внимание! Present Perfect никогда не употребляется с обстоятельствами прошедшего времени, но Past Indefinite может употребляться с обстоятельствами настоящего времени в следующих случаях:
1. С такими обстоятельствами, как this morning (сегодня утром), this afternoon (сегодня днем), this evening (сегодня вечером), когда это время суток
уже закончилось.
Я посмотрел фильм сегодня утром
утро не закончилось
говорится днем или вечером
I've seen the film this morning.
I saw the film this morning.
2. Когда говорящего интересует не результат, а сам факт совершения действия. Сравните 2 предложения:
I got up very early this morning. - Сегодня утром я очень рано встал.
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I have got up very early this morning and could do a lot of things. - Сегодня я
встал очень рано и смог сделать массу дел.
Present Perfect обозначает действия, завершившиеся к настоящему
моменту, без указания времени его совершения, т.е. говорящему не важно
когда произошло действие, ему важен результат, например:
I've seen the film. - Я видел этот фильм (не важно, когда это произошло, но
теперь я знаю содержание этого фильма).
Нельзя, однако, забывать, что время совершения действия может
быть понятно из контекста. Тогда вместо Present Perfect употребляется Past
Indefinite, как и во всех случаях, когда время в прошлом выражено эксплицитно. Сравните два предложения: «Шекспир написал много пьес» и «Мой
друг написал много пьес, теперь он знаменитый драматург».
В первом случае абсолютно ясно, что Шекспир написал свои пьесы в
начале XVII века, поэтому глагол надо употребить в Past Indefinite. Когда
же писал свои пьесы мой друг, скажем, Вася, мы не знаем, но зато понимаем, что период творчества относится к современной эпохе, и поэтому употребим Present Perfect.
Shakespeare wrote many plays.
My friend has written many plays, he's a famous playwright now.
3. Третий случай употребления Present Perfect является по своей сути
уточнением предыдущего, а именно: показателями Present Perfect являются
never (никогда), ever (когда-нибудь), just (только что), already (уже), not yet
(ещё не).
Have you ever been to London? - Вы когда-нибудь были в
Лондоне?
I have never been to London. - Я никогда не был в Лондоне.
I've just finished my book. - Я только что закончил книгу.
Не has already written the letter. - Он уже написал письмо.
She hasn't read the book yet. - Она еще не прочла книгу.
Как видно из приведенных примеров, все эти показатели подчеркивают
результат совершения или несовершения действия.
Обратите внимание на место этих показателей в предложении: never, ever, just, already вклиниваются между подлежащим и сказуемым, a yet
всегда стоит в конце предложения.
144
НО! Все эти показатели срабатывают, если в предложении нет обстоятельства прошедшего времени и оно не подразумевается. В противном случае
употребляется Indefinite.
Я уже прочел эту книгу год назад. - I already read this book a year ago.
Когда я жил в Москве, я никогда не ездил на автобусе, только на метро. When I lived in Moscow I never went by bus, only by metro.
Запомните! Present Perfect никогда не употребляется с показателями
прошедшего времени, поэтому в вопросах с местоимениями When? (когда?), подразумевающих время совершения действия, употребляется Past
Indefinite, зато с вопросительным словом How long? (в течение какого времени?) употребляется Present Perfect.
4. В трех предыдущих случаях Present Perfect обозначал законченные действия и переводился на русский язык глаголами прошедшего времени. 4-й,
последний, случай принципиально от них отличается. Дело в том, что Present Perfect может употребляться вместо Present Perfect Continuous для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента. Показателями в данном случае являются for (в течение) +
отрезок времени и since (с) + время в прошлом.
NB! Сказуемые переводятся на русский язык глаголами настоящего
времени. I have worked at the University since 1980. - Я работаю в университете с 1980 года.
I have worked at the University for 17 years. - Я работаю в университете в
течение 17 лет.
Упражнение 1. Проспрягайте глаголы в утвердительной, отрицательной,
вопросительной и формах Present Perfect.
to teach, to sing, to write, to study, to enter, to graduate, to pass, to take, to live,
to work.
Упражнение 2. Переделайте предложения, употребив обстоятельства в
скобках.
1.My sister entered the preparatory courses last year (this year).
2.We passed our English exam last month (this month).
3.This lecturer worked at the University 10 years ago (for 10 years).
4. The students studied Present Perfect last week (this week).
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5. I graduated from this University in 2005 (this year).
6. I bought the book yesterday (today).
7. We went to the theatre last night (tonight).
8.My parents lived in Minsk in 1954 (since 1954).
9.He was to the United States last year (recently).
10.I knew him when he was a child (since he was a child).
Упражнение З. Скажите, что эти люди только что сделали, используя слова из обоих столбиков и обстоятельство just.
you
he
my friends
Mr Green
we
Ann
the student
Jim and Mary
to finish the job
to translate the article
to leave the house
to go out
to lock the door
to give up smoking
to arrive
to buy a new car
Упражнение 4. Скажите, что эти люди уже сделали, используя данные
слова и обстоятельство already.
I
to write a report
my parents
to start a new job
The Smiths
to go to Great Britain
this post-graduate student
to have dinner
my professor
to supervisor
she
to come back
they
to wear a black suit
Charles
to wash up
to phone
Упражнение 5. Скажите, чего эти люди никогда не делали. Употребите
обстоятельство never.
I
you
Frank
the Ivanovs
to be to Paris
to play the violin
to visit the Bolshoi Theatre
to swim in the Pacific Ocean
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Mary and Nick
Henry
Donald
we
to study Chinese
to see the Westminster Abbey
to participate in a ballet
to meet such a strange person
Упражнение 6. Скажите, чего эти люди еще не сделали. Используйте not
yet.
It
You
I
Tom
Len and Sue
my son
we
they
to enter the University
to make a report at the conference
to stop raining
to wash up
to become a playwright
to pass exams
to buy a TV-set
to marry
Упражнение 7. Задайте вопросы с обстоятельством ever.
you
Kate
Bob and Alice
Kevin's sister
his relatives
Mark
your brother
this person
to be to New York
to learn Shakespeare's poems by heart
to be married
to do such a work
to teach psychology
to read the "Sunday Times"
to live in Boston
to eat kuskus
Упражнение 8. Составьте вопросы и ответьте на них, используя данные
обстоятельства времени.
1. When /you/ to have holiday last time - I /not to have holidays/ for 5 years.
2. How long /Mike/ to live in this town - Since 1980.
3. When /it/ to start raining - 2 hours ago.
4. How long /you/ to study English - for 10 years.
5. When /you/ to begin studying English - When /I/ to be in the 5th form.
6. When /you/ to visit London - I /never to be to London.
7. When /your sister/ to leave school - this year.
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8. How long /Mr. Smith/ to work at school - for 15 years.
9. When /the Greens/ to live in Washington - they /never to live there.
10.When /you/ to meet Alice for the first time? - I /to know her since childhood.
Упражнение 9. Поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Indefinite.
1. I /to enter/ the post-graduate courses last year and my husband /to enter/ this
year. 2. His car looks very clean. He /to wash/ it? 3. Molly /to live/ in Dublin all
her life. Her grandfather /to die/ in 1946. He also /to live/ in Dublin all his life.
4. You ever /to meet/ Carol? - She /to leave/ for Australia in 2003. 5. You /to
pass/ your driving test? - Yes I /to pass/ when I was 18.6. When Mr. Brown /to
explain/ it to you? - He /to do/ it just. 7. They /to work/ hard this week. - They
always /to work/ hard. 8. You ever /to fly/ in the Concord? - Yes, I have. I /to
fly/ in the Concord last year. 9.1 think I'm growing old: I /to forget/ his name today. 10. Dear me! I /to forget/ to ring her up today. 11. The Chinese /to invent/
printing. 12. They /to arrive/ already, they /to arrive/ 10 minutes ago. 13. Albert
Einstein /to develop/ the theory of relativity. 14. You /to read/ any of Shakespeare's plays? He /to write/ a lot of them. 15. When you /pass/ your exams? -1
/not to pass/ them yet.
Упражнение 10. Поставьте глаголы в нужную видовременную форму.
1. A: Post-graduate students usually ... candidate exams in May and September. And when ... you … your exams in English? (to take)
B: I ... already ... my English. I ... it last September (to pass). In May I ... my
candidate exam in speciality (to take)
2. A: When ... you ... from the Institute?
B: I ... 5 years ago (to graduate). After graduation I (to work) at school.
A: How long ... you ... there?
B: I ... at school for 3 years (to work).
A: And what... you (to do) now?
B: I... an assistant lecturer at the University (to be). Now I ... to enter the postgraduate courses (to seek).
3. A: What... you (to do) now?
B: I ... an abstract (to write).
A: What?! You ... an abstract last week (to write).
B: It... an abstract in philosophy (to be). This one ... in English (to be).
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A: But you ... already an abstract in English (to write).
B: No, I... a translation. I had to translate 15 pages (to write).
A: When ... you (to get) through with all this?
B: I ... (not to know). I ... hard all May (to work).
4. A: Who ... you (to teach) philosophy?
B: Well, his name is ... I (to forget) clearly his name.
A: Never mind. How ... you (to like) his lectures?
B: Not very much. He usually ... so that only a few persons can understand him
(to lecture). Last lecture I... a word (not to understand)!
A. And how ... you (to prepare) for your exam?
B: I ... (to buy) a good book and I hope I ... (to pass) this I exam successfully.
5. A: ... you (to attend) all lectures?
B: No, I... . When I (to be) a student, I (not to miss) lectures. But now I (to be)
too busy, I (to study) and (to work).
A: Where ... you (to study)?
B: At the post-graduate courses. I (to enter) last year.
A: Really? And I (to enter) the post-graduate courses next academic year.
B: Then you (to work) hard all summer.
6. A: ... your brother (to go) to the movie with us?
B: I (not to think) so. He (to go) to the movie this week.
A: Really? When?
B: As far as I know he (to go) on Friday.
A: How ... he (to like) it?
B: He (to be) disappointed.
7. A: ... you (to read) my last novel?
B: I'm sorry, but I ...
A: How can it be?! I (to give) it to you last month.
B: I (to be) very busy, but I (to promise) I (to read) it so on. I (to adore) your
novels.
A: I doubt. When I (to read) my masterpiece last time only Irene (to listen). Olga
and Tania (to eat) and you (to whisper) something into Nick's ear.
8. A: ... you (to be) ready to leave?
B: No, I .... I (not to wash) yet.
A: I (not to believe) it! You (to get up) 2 hours ago. And ... you (to have) your
breakfast?
B: Of course, I ...
A: Really? When ... you (to have) breakfast?
149
B: I (to have) breakfast when you (to speak) over the phone. I even (to wash)
dishes a little while ago.
A: Well, hurry up. It (to be) 9 o'clock, and I (not to want) to be late.
B: Nobody (to want).
9. A: ... your husband often (to help) you?
B: No, he ... . Last week I (to ask) him to repair the iron several times but he (not
to do) it yet.
A: ... you (to try) to protest?
B: Of course, I.... I constantly (to reprimand) him! And he always (to answer)
me that he (to do) it tomorrow.
A: ... he (not to repair) your vacuum cleaner?
B: Yes, he ... . But it (to be) long ago. I already (to forget) about it.
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
1. Read and learn the words from the text:
industrial engineering – организация производства
is concerned with – иметь дело с..; быть связанным с чем-либо
measurement -измерение
control – управление, контроль
design – проектирование, разработка
improvement –улучшение, усовершенствование
installation - установка
equipment - оборудование
knowledge - знания
social sciences – общественные науки
engineering analysis – технический анализ
to specify – точно определять, предписывать
to predict - предсказывать
to evaluate - оценивать
to obtain - получить
scope – зд. масштаб, сфера, область действия
to broaden - расширять
to assist – помогать
2. Read and translate the sentences:
150
I. Physical, economic, and business systems have technical and human aspects.
2. Industrial engineering accomplishments have reduced labour costs. 3. Our
researchers have studied the microsystems. 4. The term "industrial engineering"
is contemporary with the beginning of industrial revolution. 5. The first point
of impact of the industrial revolution was the British cotton-textile industry.
3. Read out and translate the text:
MODERN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Modern industrial engineering is one of the fastest growing professions in
the engineering field. It is also one of the fastest changing engineering
professions. In the beginning, industrial engineering was closely associated
with time study. Measurement and control are an important part of industrial engineering.
Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of men, materials and equipment; drawing upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences
together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to
specify, predict, and evaluate the results obtained from such systems. The
scope of industrial engineering is broadening to assist management in optimizing the gains and minimizing the risks of an enterprise.
After-text Exercises
1. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What is modern industrial engineering? 2. What is industrial engineering concerned with? 3. What is important in the industrial engineering?
4. How does the industrial engineering assist management?
2. Translate into Russian paying attention to the functions of Infinitives:
1. We expected our scientists to convert a computer into an industrial engineering laboratory. 2. The new electronic digital computers to be
employed at our enterprises will have a great influence on the work of the
industrial engineer. 3. To maintain quality is a function of the foreman. 4. The
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foreman is the one who teaches or instructs how the work is to be done. 5.
To gain maximum benefits modern industrial engineering must be capable of
assisting in and performing many services.
3. Use the following sentences in all the forms and tenses adding suitable adverbial modifiers where necessary:
Modern industrial engineering makes use of scientific tools and techniques. An
industrial engineering department is divided into sections.
4. Get ready to retell the text.
УЭ-3
BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY
I. Grammar Practice
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate
them.
stand
bring
eat
forbid
-
threw
meant
flew
hung
run
chosen
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
k) We didn’t notice when my sister came in.
l) Vehicles play an important part in road safety.
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3) Economical problems came to the forefront immediately after this.
4) Peter has worked hard and now knows English much better.
5) The colour of petroleum varies.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
k) I consider the engineering profession to be difficult.
l) The equipment of that plant was modern.
m) He has won the competition in judo.
n) It takes me 20 minutes to get home from here.
o) This technology will produce some negative effect on the environment.
4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
i) She saw the most wonderful beaches in Spain. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
j) There has always been a lot of work in the fish market. ( general, special, disjunctive)
k) My niece does her homework easily. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
l) They have understood the technical ideas of the German partner. (general,
special)
5. Read the grammatical Information, take it into account while doing the
exercises after it.
Страдательный залог
Залог - это грамматическая категория, показывающая характер отношений
между подлежащим и сказуемым в предложении.
Если отвлечься от теоретических споров, то можно сказать что, как в
русском, так и в английском языке есть 2 залога: действительный (Active
voice) и страдательный (Passive voice).
Действительный залог показывает, что подлежащее само выполняет действие, выраженное сказуемым.
Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее только испытывает действие, которое производит кто-то другой.
Например
Студент пишет письмо. - The student writes a letter,
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Письмо написано студентом.- The letter is written by the student
Образование
Passive voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be и
причастия II смыслового глагола (третьей формы глагола).
NB! Чтобы поставить глагол в страдательном залоге в нужную видовременную форму, нужно поставить в эту форму глагол to be и прибавить неизменяемое причастие II смыслового глагола.
am
written we
are written
Present In- I
you
are
written you
definite
he, she, it
is written
they
I
was
we
were written
Past
he, she, it
written
you
Indefinite
they
Future Indef- I, we shall
be written
inite
you
will be written
he, she, it
they
I am being written
you are being written
he, she, it is being written
I
was
being
he, she, it
written
are
being
written
has been written
Past Perfect
I
you
we
they
I, you, he, she, it, they, we
Future
Perfect
I
we
Present
Continuous
Past
Continuous
Present
Perfect
we
you
they
we
you
they
have
been he
written
she
it
shall have
been written
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you
he, she,
they
were
being
written
had
been
written
will have
it been written
Примечание. Future Continuous, Future Continuous in the Past и вся видовременная группа Perfect Continuous в страдательном залоге не употребляется.
Отличие Passive voice от страдательного залога в русском языке
В целом, можно сказать, что Passive voice употребляется в английском языке
гораздо чаще, чем в русском. Можно выделить 2 основные причины этого
явления:
1. В русском языке только прямое дополнение может стать подлежащим
предложения со страдательным залогом, в английском языке подлежащим
может стать не только прямое, но и косвенное, и даже предложное дополнение.
Я дал ему книгу. -> Книга была дана ему.
Ни при каких условиях косвенное дополнение ему не может стать подлежащим в русском предложении. Вариант «Он был даден книгой» совершенно
неприемлем для русского человека. Для англичанина такой вариант не только является вполне естественным, но и употребляется гораздо чаще первого.
The book was given to him by me.
I gave him a book.
He was given a book.
2. Как уже отмечалось, в английском языке отсутствуют падежные окончания, поэтому там нет неопределённо-личных предложений (при отсутствии флексий невозможно определить субъектно-объектные отношения,
или, как говорил Профессор Преображенский из «Собачьего сердца», понять «Кто на ком стоял»), а также возвратных глаголов.
Поэтому русским неопределённо-личным предложениям и возвратным глаголам в английском языке соответствует Passive voice.
I was given a book. - Мне дали книгу.
He has been followed in London. - В Лондоне за ним следили.
The boy was shown the way. - Мальчику показали дорогу.
This suggestion is being wildly discussed. - Это предложение широко обсуждается.
The boat was lost sight of in the fog. - Корабль скрылся в тумане.
Таким образом, Passive voice переводится на русский язык тремя способами:
1. страдательным залогом
The book is written. - Книга написана.
2. неопределённо-личными предложениями
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Не was offered a good job. - Ему предложили хорошую работу.
3. возвратными глаголами
Thе house is being built by the builders. - Дом строится строителями.
Обратите внимание! В предложениях со страдательным залогом «деятель» вводится предлогом by, а «инструмент» - предлогом with.
The letter is written by my sister. - Это письмо написано моей сестрой.
НО: The letter is written with a pencil. - Это письмо написано карандашом.
Упражнение 1 . Проспрягайте следующие глаголы во всех видовременных
формах страдательного залога.
to show, to give, to tell, to offer, to grant, to agree to, to deal with, to speak
of, to think of, to take care of.
Упражнение 2. Измените залог сказуемого, произведя все необходимые
изменения.
1. This third-year student is carrying out a very interesting experiment.
2. My supervisor gave me a new task.
3. This lecture touches upon the problem of vital importance.
4. Our students will take the exam in English on Friday.
5. This professor has just delivered a lecture on Physics.
6. They failed the written test last January.
7. He has learned 2 topics this week.
8. Somebody gave me that book.
9. This professor teaches the students higher mathematics.
10.At that time yesterday they were demonstrating a new device.
11.They sent for the doctor.
12.Nobody looks after the child.
13.They listen carefully to his advice.
Упражнение З. Определите видовременную форму глагола в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A few stars are known which are bigger than the earth. 2. Their questions were
rightly formulated. 3. His views will be based on elementary technical knowledge.
4. These substances were prepared by chemical methods. 5. The tourists are often
156
warned in this part of the city. 6. At first, the meanings of words will be learnt mechanically. 7. There are two further points, though they will not be discussed in detail
here.
Упражнение 4. Change the active constructions into the passive according
to the model, pay attention to the tenses of the verbs:
Model:
1a. This furnace converts the chemical energy in the fuel into heat.
1b. The chemical energy in the fuel is converted into heat by this furnace.
1. We cool most vehicle engines by water.
2. Our engineers have designed new cutting equipment.
3. Mendeleyev arranged the elements in order of ascending atomic weight.
4. Chemists will probably discover many new elements.
5. Professor Petrochenko was delivering his lecture when we came in.
BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY
1. Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to
memorize them:
Earliest
Observe
Striking
Accidental
Value
Substance
Discovery
Chemistry
Chemical
Glass
Alchemy
Alchemist
Seek-sought-sought
Happiness
Health
157
Mysterious
Elixir
Distillation
Extraction
Calcination
Coagulation
Utilitarian
Guide
Development
Science
wonder
2. Read the text and prepare to fulfill the exercises after it:
From the earliest times, men have observed most striking changes that take
place in nature and have made accidental discoveries of great value. Many of the
substances used today, which are prepared by chemical methods, were known to
the ancients, but there are no historical records of their discovery. Glass, for example, has been known for over 3,000 years. Soap was also made in the earliest
times.
Directed experimentation appeared with the rise of Alchemy. The alchemists'
sought things which led to happiness — health and riches. They wanted to
change the common metals into gold hoping to do this with the help of a mysterious substance, called the philosopher's stone. But gold without health is of little value, so a search was made for the elixir of life which could bring back glorious youth to the aged. The alchemists studied everything available, mixed
things together, and heated and distilled them when possible. Many important
discoveries were made as a result of this work by the alchemists and some of the
processes used today in chemistry were invented. They refer repeatedly to distillation, extraction, calcination, coagulation, etc. They prepared and studied many
of the compounds which are commonly used in chemical work. Among these
are sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acidsalum, soda, ammonium chloride, niter, and compounds of mercury, arsenic and antimony. But selfish and utilitarian
motive which guided the alchemists could not lead to the development of a science.
Chemistry was born as a science only at that time when there appeared a desire
of a man to learn the truth about the wonders of the nature.
158
The Exercises to Do After Reading the Text
1. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What substances were known to the ancient people? 2. When was glass invented? 3. What chemical processes did alchemists use? 4. What did alchemists
want to get? 5. When was chemistry born as a science?
2. Fill in the blanks with prepositions:
The discovery ... the gas oxygen marks the beginning ... chemistry as a science.
This element takes part ... many phenomena observed ... nature. It plays an important part ... combustion. Oxygen is essential ... every part ... our body. Oxygen forms compounds ... nearly all ... the known elements.
3. Find the examples of the Passive voice forms given in the text.
4. Make the sentences interrogative and give short answers:
1. The state of substances depends only on the temperature and pressure. 2. All
gases in nature can be made to change state. 3. All scientists are concerned with
matter in its various forms. 4. Progress in steam-boiler development has been
rapid. 5. Many human activities played a part in scientific inventions.
5. Translate into Russian paying attention to different meanings of the word
that:
1. It is very difficult to give a definition of science that will be as broad as we
should like. 2. The atoms in metals are packed so closely that it is comparatively
easy for outer electrons to pass from one atom to another if a small force is applied to them. 3. Suppose that we thoroughly mix sulphur and iron. 4. That was
an important discovery. 5. It was periodic table of elements that D. Mendeleyev
discovered in 1869. 6. Semiconductor is often defined as an electric conductor
that has a conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and that of a
metal. 7. A distinctive feature of semiconductors is that they possess negative
temperature coefficient of resistance in some range of temperature.
159
6. Get ready to retell the text.
УЭ 4
Grammar Practice
COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
put
teach
feed
break
-
rode
saw
fell
lost
worn
thought
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
a) First steam-driven carriages were built and tried before 1763 and 1769.
b) Glass has been known for over 3,000 years.
c) Ann will help you.
d) Aluminium is sometimes called aluminum.
e) Compounds of aluminum have been known for many years.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
a) Pure metals are widely used.
b) The magnet attracts the iron dust.
c) Rudolf Diesel carried out all experimental work with liquid fuel.
d) The piston has completed the stroke.
e) This film will be shown tomorrow.
3. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
160
a) The piston moves down. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
b) The Earth’s crust is about 30 miles thick. ( general, special, disjunctive)
c) Now Peter is going to Warsaw by train. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
d) Samantha was driven to school by her mother. (general, special)
1. Read out and memorize the new words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
trackless
self-propelled
passenger
lorry / truck
engine
framework
to transmit
body
combustion
horse-power
wheelbase
ignition
intake
compression
dead centre
transmission
clutch
brake
chassis
radiator
steering
shock absorber
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
безрельсовый
самоходный
пассажир
грузовой автомобиль
двигатель
каркас, остов
передавать
тело, корпус
сгорание, сжигание
лошадиная сила
колёсная база, расстояние между осями
зажигание
впуск
сжатие, компрессия
мёртвая точка
передача, трансмиссия, привод
сцепление, муфта поворота
тормоз
рама, шасси
радиатор
управление рулём
амортизатор
2. Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents:
machine, complex, logical, activity, apparatus, metre, privilege, signal, paradox,
element, component, mobile, sort.
3. Translate the following stone-wall constructions into Russian:
1. design improvement
2. automobile engine
161
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
compression-ignition engine
passenger cars safety
eight-cylinder automobile engine
piston movement
petrol engine operation
disc type brake
internal combustion engine
land transportation
4. Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:
Main types of the automobiles; as a rule; various designs; to be propelled by an
internal combustion engine; to distinguish by the horse-power of the engine; a
four-stroke cycle; to ignite the fuel-air mixture; injection pump; to assist both
the intake and exhaust processes; to complete the cycle within one revolution.
5. Define the part of speech the underlined words belong to, find the appropriate meaning of these words in the dictionary and translate the sentences:
1.
change
1. His face has completely changed.
2. The piston changes the direction of motion.
3. We haven’t expected so many changes here!
2.
heat
1. How do they heat their house?
2. The impossible heat gave the plants in his garden no chance.
3. The hot cylinder heat is distributed without difficulty.
3.
manual
1. The publishing house issues textbooks and manuals.
2. Automation makes manual labour unnecessary.
3. The spaceship has both automatic and manual control.
4.
substitute
1. The mechanic recommended him to substitute the mineral oil for the
synthetic one.
162
2. Plastics are found to be reliable substitutes for many natural substances.
3. An effort was made to find a cheap substitute for the material.
5.
shock
1. The giant wave shocked the port structures.
2. Measures are taken to absorb the shock.
3. The earthquake shock was sudden.
6. Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:
COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
Automobiles are trackless, self-propelled vehicles for land transportation
of people or goods, or for moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries (trucks). The automobile
consists of the following components: a) the engine; b) the framework; c) the
mechanism that transmits the power from engine to the wheels; d) the body.
Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine.
They are distinguished by the horse-power of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase,
weight and overall length.
There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling
system.
Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-,
twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are used. The activities that take place in
the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages which are called strokes. The
four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust.
7. Answer the questions based on the content of the text; giving full answers to them:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How can you define what an automobile is?
What are automobiles mostly used for?
There are three main types of automobiles, aren’t there?
It’s interesting to know what components every car consists of.
What type of an engine is usually employed to propel passenger cars?
163
6. In what way are the engines distinguished by?
7. How many strokes are the activities in the engine cylinder divided into?
8. Get ready to retell the text.
УЭ 5
HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Grammar Practice
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
buy
go
know
forgive
-
felt
kept
sold
told
held
lost
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
a) The student was asked many questions at the examination.
b) Jeremy rings me very often.
c) We have already written several letters to her.
d) He won’t do his work in time.
e) These techniques aren’t widely used.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
a) She let them go.
b) Those students come from China.
164
c) They’ve quickly changed the subject of the conversation.
d) He will win the first place.
e) The newspapers are sold in this shop.
4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
a) Copper was used in prehistoric times. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
b) The chemical reactions didn’t occur in the furnace. ( general, special, disjunctive)
c) The system has got two batteries. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
d) Sports companies are trying to develop new sportswear. (general, special)
HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
1.Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to
memorize them:
building
to erect
to be intended
Housing
Industrial
Purpose
Timber
Concrete
Steel
cement
Constructional
Unique
To be available
Consume
Durable
Fire-proof
Heat conductivity
Hydraulic
Antiquity
The Roman Empire
Capital deposits
165
Reinforced concrete
Compressive strength
Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:
All the buildings erected nowadays are of two main types: they are intended
either for housing or industrial purposes.
The main building materials are timber, stone (brick), concrete, steel, light
metals, glass and plastics. Timber was one of the first materials used by
people for constructional purposes. Timber is unique among the materials
for construction. It will be available when the earth's capital deposits of iron,
coal, clay and the rest have been consumed.
The buildings made of stone or brick are durable and fire-proof, they have
poor heat conductivity.
Concrete made with natural hydraulic binders was used in antiquity,
particularly by the Romans. After the decline of the Roman Empire the art of
making concrete has been forgotten, and the revival came much later.
Portland cement was produced more than a century ago. From the time of
its first production there was a steady and gradual improvement in its
compressive strength.
Reinforced concrete is hardly 100 years old, but its practical application in
building began only 90 years ago. Today reinforced concrete is used in all
civilized countries as one of the most important building materials. One of
the essential properties of concrete is its compressive strength.
The Exercises to do after the text:
I. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What are buildings intended for? 2. What are the main building materials?
3. When was Portland cement produced? 4. When was concrete first used? 5.
What are the earth's capital deposits?
II. Translate into Russian paying attention to the word one:
1. To determine the density of a body one must know its mass and its volume.
2. Ductile materials have greater strength than brittle ones. 3. Copper is one of
the metals used in the prehistoric times.
166
III. Use the following sentences in all the forms and tenses adding
suitable adverbial modifiers where necessary:
1. People employ glass for many purposes. 2. Iron is widely used as a building material.
IV.
Get ready to retell the text.
УЭ 6
MACHINE-TOOLS
Grammar Practice
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
take
drive
build
dream
-
swam
stuck
let
heard
drunk
sung
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
a) I’m doing a project on a new bridge.
b) The computers today operate faster.
c) We’ve exchanged emails with British students.
d) I didn’t get my money back last week.
e) Drinking water was provided by a wind pump.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
167
a) They are made of metal.
b) The professor held his lecture last Thursday.
c) I have designed practical products for use in the kitchen.
d) He seldom lied to her.
e) We’ll make bread for supermarkets.
4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
a) You travel quite a lot in your job. ( alternative, disjunctive)
b) Most car drivers are happy to use public transport. ( general, special,
disjunctive)
c) The tree grew in the park. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
d) d)These signals are interpreted by the microprocessor. (general, special)
MACHINE-TOOLS
1. Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to
memorize them:
Machine-tool
Manufacture
Manufacturing equipment
Machine shop
Giant
Turbine
Jewel
Aircraft instrument
Drilling machine
Spindle
To impart
Rotary motion
To feed the tool
Milling machine
Lathe
Sensitive
Upright
Radial
Multi-spindle
168
2. Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:
The machine-tool is the principal manufacturing equipment in a machine
shop. It is important in the manufacture of every product from a giant
turbine to minute jewels for aircraft instruments.
One of the simplest tools is the ordinary drilling machine. It consists of a
spindle which imparts rotary motion to the drilling tool, mechanism for feeding
the tool into the work, a table on which the work rests, and a frame. The
drilling machines or drill presses are grouped into the following four classes:
sensitive, upright, radial and multi-spindle machines.
A milling machine is a machine-tool that removes metal as the
workpiece is fed against a rotating cutter.
The lathe is a machine-tool which can perform a wide variety of
operations. It is used for turning and boring operations. The lathe is the oldest
/* 13
machine-tool, but it is still widely used. There are many types of lathes that
differ in their size, design, method of drive, arrangement of gears and purpose.
According to the character of the work they perform, their design and
construction, lathes are divided into the following types: bench lathes, chucking
lathes and automatic lathes. There are also screw machines, boring mills,
crankshaft lathes, wheel lathes, etc.
An engine lathe is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Engine Lathe
1. gearbox and headstock; 2. tailstock; 3. frame; 4. spindle; 5. feed gearbox; 6.
electric motor; 7. control panel; 8. cross slide; 9. carriage; 10. tool block; Hi
ways; 12. lead screw; 13. feed rod; 14. operating lever shaft; 15. operating and
reverse handle; 16. apron; 17. hand feed
169
The Exercises to do after the text:
I. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. Where are machine-tools used? 2. What parts does the ordinary drilling
machine consist of? 3. What operations is the lathe used for? 4. What types of
lathes do you know? 5. What do lathes differ in?
II. Give definitions of the following terms:
Turning, shaping, drilling, boring, reaming, sawing, broaching, milling,
grinding, machine-tool, milling machine, lathe.
III.Ask questions to all the parts of the following sentence.
1. The drilling machines are grouped into four classes.
Consolidation Unit
Progress Work
1. Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
understand
kneel
run
creep
-
fought
forgot
wrote
sank
broadcast
foreseen
-
2. Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and
voice.
170
f) Look! The wheels are rotating.
g) All the mice are caught.
h) The drilling machine performed perfectly last week.
i) The books were brought to the library yesterday.
j) These lathes will be checked tomorrow.
3. Put the sentences into the negative form.
f) She works in the machine shop.
g) The building was fire-proof.
h) Modern building materials have been used for this house.
i) There’s a kid in the room.
j) The lecturer held the discussion yesterday.
4. Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
e) This device was first used in South Africa. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
f) There were plenty of students at the conference. ( general, special,
disjunctive)
g) The path to the Olympic medal has been easy. (general, alternative)
e) He uses the unique equipment. (general, special)
Textual Work
Appropriate technology
1. Study the diagram of this mechanical device. Choose its correct function.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
farming
exploding mines
travelling on the Moon
filming in dangerous places
carrying things
2. List some of the components of this device in the table.
Item _______________________________ Quantity
171
5-metre metal or bamboo poles_______________3 ____
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
3. Now read the description of how the device works to find the answer to
these questions.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
What is the device called?
What does it do?
Why is it suitable for the developing world?
Why do the wheels have steel teeth?
How often does a wheel have to be changed?
Why does the machine not miss any mine in its path?
Three-wheeled life-saver
The device is called a Dervish. It is a mine-detonating vehicle for clearing
anti-personnel mines from farmland in developing world countries. It has a very
simple design and uses inexpensive parts. The United Nations estimates that
24,000 people die each year because of mines.
The Dervish has three wheels. Each wheel has steel teeth to create more
pressure. When the teeth pass over a mine, it explodes. The wheels can explode
around 1,500 mines before they have to be changed.
172
A motorbike engine powers the Dervish. The device rotates. As each wheel
passes a certain point in the rotation, it slows down. This makes the machine
advance in tight circles, about 30 mm apart. For this reason no mine in its path is
missed.
Supplementary textual work
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
The characteristic" property of a gas is that of diffusion. A gas distributes
itself uniformly in any space into which it is put; its volume is determined by the
volume of the vessel which contains it. Gases are very compressible; a relatively
small change in volume in which they expand when heated is great compared
with that of liquids and solids.
Liquids are characterized by possessing a definite volume but no fixed
form; they take the shape of the vessel containing them, except when in minute
quantities, as drops, they assume a form more or less spherical. According to
the kinetic theory, the molecules of a liquid are packed close together and
attract one another; the attraction is not great enough, however, to prevent their
motion. There is not much free space between the molecules, because liquids
are very incompressible — a great pressure has little effect in decreasing the
volume of a liquid.
Solids possess a definite form. According to the kinetic theory the
molecules are closely packed, and the attraction between them is great enough
to prevent free motion. It is possible in a solid, therefore, to have a definite
arrangement of the molecules which remains fixed; this is seen in the fact that
many solids assume definite forms which are characteristic. For example, when
sodium chloride separates from a solution in water, it appears as cubes. Other
substances appear in other geometric forms. The study of the forms of crystals
has developed into a science called crystallography, a knowledge of which is of
service to the chemist.
I. Get ready to answer the following questions!
1. What is the characteristic property of a gas? 2. What are liquids characterized
by? 3. What form do solids possess? 4. Why has a great pressure little effect in
decreasing the volume of a liquid? 5. What science deals with the study of the
forms of crystals?
173
II. Form sentences using the following word combinations:
to prevent motion; the volume of a liquid; a relatively small change in volume;
to appear as cubes; according to; to be of little value; the development of
science
MATTER AND ENERGY
Before considering the modern views in regard to composition of atoms,
it is advisable to review briefly the concepts of matter and energy which are
fundamental in all branches of science. A strictly accurate definition of matter
is difficult to formulate. Our experience and common sense furnish us with a
conception of matter. Matter occupies space; it has inertia, it requires force to
set it in motion; it is the stuff of which the universe is made. Energy, on the
other hand, is nonmaterial; we become conscious of it only when it is
associated with matter.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM
The colour of petroleum varies from light yellow to red, while some very
dark grades are opaque. The higher the specific gravity, the darker the oil.
The nature and composition of crude oil usually determines its odour.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons, sulphur and certain nitrogen compounds are
responsible for disagreeable odours. Crude petroleum from Russia, Rumania and
California has an aromatic odour. Pennsylvania petroleum has an agreeable
gasoline-like odour. Other oils vary in odour depending on the quantity of light
hydrocarbons present in the oil, and of the impurities present. The petroleum
from South Texas and Mexico has a strong disagreeable odour, due to hydrogen
sulphide and other sulphur compounds. Petroleum is lighter than water. The
specific gravity is influenced by physical factors and by the chemical
composition of the crude oil. It varies from 0.7684 to 0.992.
The viscosity, or the measure of the resistance to flow, is an important
factor with lubricating oils. It is usually stated in terms of the time 1 necessary for
a definite volume of oil at a definite temperature to flow through a small
opening. The actual work is carried out in an instrument known as a
174
viscosimeter, of which there are several standard makes in use at the present
time. Crude petroleums are quite different in viscosity. Some are very mobile,
while others, like Mexican crude, are quite viscid. The viscosity increases with
the density. The viscosities of oils of the same specific gravity, but from
different sources, are not always the same. This is due to the difference in
chemical composition.
Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What is the colour of petroleum? 2. What does its colour depend on? 3.
What is responsible for the odour of crude oil? 4. What is the specific gravity of
petroleum influenced by? 5. What is the viscosity of crude petroleum?
CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT
Pumps are of great importance at many enterprises. There are several
types of them: reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, centrifugal pumps and
electromagnetic pumps. Reciprocating pumps have cylinders and plungers or
pistons with an inlet valve, which opens the cylinder or the inlet pipe during the
suction stroke, and an outlet valve, which opens to the discharge pipe during the
discharge stroke. Centrifugal pumps employ centrifugal force to lift liquids from
a lower to a higher level.
Compressors are used to increase the pressure of gases and vapours for
many purposes, e. g. conveying, cleaning, refrigeration, etc. They can be
classified as reciprocating, rotary, jet and turbo-compressors.
NATURE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
In the modern conception of the constitution of matter it is composed of
atoms. The atom is made up of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative
charges of electricity, called electrons, which revolve about the nucleus at
tremendous speeds. The nucleus consists of a number of protons, each with a
single positive charge, and, except for hydrogen, one or more neutrons, which
have no charge. The atom is neutral when it contains equal numbers of electrons
and protons. A negatively charged body contains more electrons than protons. A
positively charged body is one which contains fewer electrons than its normal
number.
175
When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different
potentials, such as the terminals of a battery, we say that there is an electric
current in the conductor. What actually happens?
The conductor has equal numbers of positive and negative charges in its
atoms, and we want to know how the charges can be made to produce a current.
The atoms in metals are packed so closely that they overlap to some extent, so
that it is comparatively easy for the outer electrons to pass from one atom to
another if a small force is applied to them. The battery causes a potential
difference between the ends of the wire, and thus provides forces that make the
negative electrons in the wire move toward the point of higher potential. This
electron flow toward the positive electrode is the electric current. Naturally
materials differ considerably in the ease with which electrons can be made to
migrate from atom to atom.
The current will not flow unless there is an electric circuit. The magnitude
of the current depends simply on the rate of flow of electrons along the
conductor.
I. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What is an atom? 2. When is the atom neutral? 3. What is a negatively
charged body? 4. What is a positively charged body? 5. What is an electric
current? 6. What does the magnitude of the current depend on?
II. Form sentences using the following word combinations:
a negatively charged body; from negative to positive; from one atom to another;
a number of protons; a single positive charge; equal number of electrons and
protons; to differ in the ease.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Much has been learned about electric currents through their effects. We
all are familiar with incandescent filament in the ordinary electric lamp bulb
(heating effect), with the vibrating hammer of the electric bell when ringing
(magnetic effect), with the decomposition of acidulated water into hydrogen and
oxygen (chemical effect), and with the mechanical forces acting in the electric
motor used for starting an automobile engine (mechanical effect).
176
Electricity is completely intermingled with magnetism. We must know
these fundamental properties of a magnet well: a magnet attracts pieces of iron,
nickel and cobalt; the magnetic property is concentrated more in the poles: if
freely hung the magnetic needle sets itself with one pole toward the north; like
poles repel each other, unlike poles attract each other; magnetism can be
induced; a magnetic line of force is the path along which an independent north
pole would tend to move; a magnetic field is a space in which there are
magnetic lines; permeability refers to the ease with which lines of force may be
established in any material, and reluctance is the resistance which a substance
offers to magnetic lines of force, i. e., to magnetic flux.
Many practical applications have resulted from the utilization, of the
magnetic effects of electric currents. These effects are employed in motors, in
most electric meters (ammeters, voltmeters and galvanometers), in
electromagnets, and in practically all electromechanical apparatus.
BRANCHES OF ELECTRICITY
The study of electricity may be divided into three branches: magnetism,
electrostatics and electrodynamics. Magnetism is the property of the molecules
of iron and some other substances to store energy in a field of force.
Electrostatics is the study of electricity at rest. Rubbing glass with silk produces
static electricity. Electrodynamics is the study of electricity in motion, or
dynamic electricity. The electric current which flows through wires is a good
example of the latter type of electricity.
This flow of electricity through a conductor is analogous to the flow of
water through a pipe. A difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe is
necessary in order to maintain a flow of water. A difference of electric pressure
is necessary to maintain a flow of electricity in a conductor. Different substances
differ in electrical conductivity because of the ease with which their atoms give
up electrons. Electrical energy has intensity and quantity. Instruments have been
devised which can be used to measure it in amperes and volts.
FERROUS METALS
In studying engineering processes an engineer who is to build a machine
must select suitable materials for each machine member. One must know the
characteristics of engineering materials. These are strength, stiffness, ductility,
toughness, elasticity, fatigue resistance, shock resistance, corrosion resistance,
177
wear resistance, hardness resistance, frictional qualities, machinability, casting
and forging properties. They depend upon the chemical composition and the
physical structure of the material.
From the point of tonnage produced and used, iron is the world's most
common metal, followed in turn by copper, zinc, lead and aluminum.
Cast iron is a general term applied to iron-carbon alloys containing more
than 1.7 per cent of carbon. Cast iron without the addition of alloying elements
is weak in tension and shear, strong in compression and has low resistance to
impact. Grey cast iron has the carbon present in the free or graphite state and is
soft, easily machined, and only moderately brittle. White cast iron has most of
the carbon in the combined state and is therefore hard and brittle.
Steel is a ferrous material with carbon content from 0.1% to 1.0%.
Semisteel is a name to a metal made by melting 20 to 40% of steel scrap with
cast iron in the cupola. Steel castings are more expensive but stronger and
tougher.
Wrought iron is quite ductile and can be easily rolled, drawn, forged and
welded. It has high resistance to corrosion. The carbon content is generally less
than 0.1% and the material must contain not less than 1% slag.
Cast steel normally contains about 0.5% of carbon, and is used to replace
cast iron when castings of considerable, strength are required. Forged steel is
steel that has been hammered, drawn, pressed or rolled in the process of
manufacturing of a particular part.
I. Get ready to answer the following questions!
1. What is the most common metal? 2. What are the properties of cast iron? 3.
What is the carbon content in high-carbon steels? 4. How is semisteel made? 5.
What can you say about wrought iron?
II. Read the following decimal fractions:
2.03; 0.01; 0.02; 0.0007; 0.5; 0.1; 0.32; 0.432; 1.2.
NON-FERROUS METALS AND NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
Alloy steels are those in which some alloying element in addition to the
carbon is present in some appreciable quantity. The principal alloying elements
178
used in steel are nickel, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, and to
lesser extent, copper, tungsten, cobalt, beryllium and boron.
Among non-ferrous metals copper is the most important. Because of its
high electric conductivity about 60 % of all the copper produced is used in
electrical work. Three chief groups of copper alloys used in machine design are
brasses (copper-zinc alloys), bronzes (copper-tin alloys), and nickel-copper
alloys.
Aluminum is one of the lightest metals used for machine construction. It
is commonly used alloyed with copper, silicon or magnesium, the world's
lightest structural metal.
Intensive chemical research has created a large number of nonmetallic
synthetic materials grouped under the general term of plastics, e. g. bakelite,
Plexiglas, textile fibres, synthetic rubber and several protective coatings.
Heat-treatment is the process of controlled heating and cooling of metals
to change their structural arrangement and to ensure certain desirable properties.
Annealing consists of heating the metal to a temperature slightly above
the critical temperature and then cooling slowly to produce an even grain
structure, reduce the hardness, and increase the ductility.
Normalizing is a form of annealing in which the material is cooled in the
air.
Quenching or rapid cooling from above the critical temperature by
immersion in cold water or some other cooling, medium, is a hardening
treatment.
Tempering consists of reheating the quenched metal to restore ductility to
some extent and reduce the brittleness.
1. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. What is the most important non-ferrous metal? 2. What is the difference
between brass and bronze? 3. What nonmetallic synthetic materials do you
know? 4. What is quenching? 5. What is the difference between annealing and
normalizing?
II. What are the opposites of:
Low-carbon steel, strong, tough, stiff, ductile, elastic, resistant, brittle,
hard, rough, heating, ferrous, mild, steel, tight
PLASTICS
179
Synthetic plastic materials are now being used in almost every type of
industry. They are available in practically all colours and for almost all purposes
where metal can be used, except where a very high degree of strength is
required. They are lighter in weight than any common metals and are
sufficiently hard to take the place of metal parts for most purposes.
Plastics are synthetic in the sense that they do not occur naturally. The
molecules are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen,
which are derived from petroleum, coal, salt, air and water. Their properties
depend, to some extent, on size of the molecules of which they are composed.
In early stages of manufacture most plastics are monomers composed of
small single molecules, but under the influence of heat, or of heat and pressure,
or of chemical catalysts these small molecules combine to form long-chain
molecules which make up solid or semisolid structures. This process is called
"polymerization".
The modern plastics industry deals chiefly with materials manufactured
from organic compounds.
180
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
Справочные материалы
Таблица 1
Infinitive
(I форма)
be
become
begin
break
bring
build
burn
buy
choose
come
cut
do
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
Неправильные (нестандартные) глаголы
Past IndefiParticiple II
nite
Перевод
(III форма)
(II форма)
was, were
been
быть
became
become
Становиться
began
begun
начинать(ся)
broke
broken
ломать
brought
brought
приносить
built
built
строить
burnt
burnt
гореть, жечь
bought
bought
покупать
chose
chosen
выбирать
came
come
приходить
cut
cut
резать
did
done
делать
drew
drawn
тащить, рисовать
drank
drunk
пить
drove
driven
везти, ехать
ate
eaten
есть
fell
fallen
падать
felt
felt
чувствовать
fought
fought
бороться
found
found
находить
flew
flown
летать
forgot
forgotten
забывать
got
got
получать, становиться
gave
given
давать
went
gone
идти, ехать
grew
grown
расти, выращивать
hung
hung
вешать
had
had
иметь
heard
heard
слышать
181
hold
keep
know
lead
learn
leave
let
light
lose
make
mean
meet
put
read
ring
run
say
see
sell
send
set
show
shut
sing
sit
sleep
speak
spend
stand
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
understand
win
held
kept
knew
led
learnt, learned
left
let
lit
lost
made
meant
met
put
read [red]
rang
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spent
stood
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
understood
won
held
kept
known
led
learnt, learned
left
let
lit
lost
made
meant
met
put
read [red]
rung
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spent
stood
swam
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
understood
won
182
держать
хранить
знать
вести
учить(ся)
оставлять
позволять
зажигать
терять
делать
значить
встречать
класть
читать
звонить
бежать
сказать, говорить
видеть
продавать
посылать
помещать, класть
показывать
закрывать
петь
сидеть
спать
говорить
тратить, проводить
стоять
плавать
брать
учить, обучать
сказать
думать
бросать
понимать
выигрывать
write
wrote
written
писать
Таблица 2
Словообразование
Основные суффиксы существительных
Суффикс
К какой части
речи добавляется
Основное значение образовательных
слов
действие
Примеры
Перевод
-ance
к глаголам
-ant/-ent
к глаголам
принадлежassistant
ность к профес- student
сии
ассистент
студент
-ency
к прилагательным
качество или
состояние
эффективность
-er/-or
к глаголам
действующее
reader
лицо или меха- worker
низм, произво- visitor
дящий действие
читатель
рабочий
посетитель
-dom
к существительным, прилагательным
состояние, качество
freedom
свобода
-er
к существительным
имя сущ., обозначающее жителя
Londoner
лондонец
-hood
к существительным
состояние
childhood
детство
-ian
к существительным
профессия
technician
physician
техник
врач
183
maintenance
efficiency
техническое
обслуживание
-ics
к существительным
название науки
physics
физика
-ing
к глаголам
процесс, действие, состояние
reading
smoking
чтение
курение
-ion
-tion
к глаголам
процесс, действие, состояние
revolution
solution
революция
раствор
aviation
авиация
марксизм
героизм
-ation
-ism
к существительным, прилагательным
учение, теория,
направление,
качество
marxism
heroism
-ist
к существительным
имя существительное, обозначающее последователя
учения
communist коммунист
darwinist
дарвинист
-(i)ty
к прилагательным
качество или
состояние
legality
-ment
к глаголам
результат действия
equipment оборудование
settlement поселение
-ness
к прилагательным
качество или
состояние
softness
darkness
мягкость
темнота
-ship
к существительным
состояние
friendship
дружба
-ence
к глаголу
качество
excellence
difference
превосходство
различие
184
легальность
Таблица 3
Основные суффиксы прилагательных
Суффикс
К какой части
речи добавляется
Основное значение образоПримеры
вательных
слов
испытывающий workable
действие
considerable
Перевод
-able
к существительным и глаголам
-al
к существительным
наличие качества
electrical
sentimental
medical
электрический
сентиментальный
медицинский
-ant
к глаголам
наличие качества, свойства
resistant
сопротивляющийся
-ent
к глаголам
наличие качества, свойства
different
различный
-ary
к существительным
наличие качества, свойства
revolutionary
революционный
-ful
к существительным
наличие качества
useful
полезный
-ish
к существительным и прилагательным
наличие приchildish
знаков в слабой feverish
степени
reddish
детский
лихорадочный
красноватый
-ive
к глаголам
наличие качества, свойства
созидательный
185
creative
пригодный для
работы
значительный
-less
к существительным
отсутствие качества
useless
бесполезный
-ous
к существительным
наличие качества
famous
известный
Таблица 4
Основной суффикс наречий
Суффикс
-ly
К какой части
речи добавляется
к прилагательным
Основное значение образовательных
слов
изменяет часть
речи
Примеры
badly
Перевод
плохо
Таблица 5
Основные суффиксы глаголов
Суффикс
-ate
К какой части речи добавляется
к существительным, прилагательным
-en
-fy
-ize
Примеры
Перевод
activate
активизировать
harden
intensify
summarize
закаливать
усиливать
суммировать
Таблица 6
Основные префиксы
Префикс
anti-
co-
К какой части
Основное
речи добавляетзначение
ся
к существитель- анти-, проным и прилагативотельным
к существитель-
со-, общ186
Примеры
Перевод
antisocial
антиобществен-ный
cooperate
сотрудничать
ным и глаголам
ность действия
counter-
к существительным
контр-, противо-
dis-
countershaft
контрпривод
к глаголам, сураз-(рас-),
ществительным и дез-, обезприлагательным
disorganize
дезорганизовать
ex-
к существительным
бывший
ex-champion
экс-чемпион
extra-
к прилагательным
экстра-,
сверх-
extraordinary
экстраординар-ный
inter-
к глаголам и
прилагательным
между-, взаимо-
interaction
взаимодействие
mis-
к глаголам и существительным
отрицатель- misunderstand
ное значение
неправильное
понять
non-
к существительным и прилагательным
не-
noninterference
невмешательст-во
out-
к глаголам
пере-, превосходить
что-либо
outbalance
перевешивать
over-
к глаголам и
прилагательным
пере-, сверх- overdo
, чрезмерно
post-
к глаголам, супослеществительным и
прилагательным
postacceleration
187
перестараться
послеускорение
in-
к существительным и прилагательным
отрицатель- incorrect
ное значение
неправильный
il-
к существительным и прилагательным
отрицатель- illogical
ное значение
нелогичный
im-
к существительным и прилагательным
отрицатель- impossible
ное значение
невозможный
ir-
к существительным и прилагательным
отрицатель- irregular
ное значение
нерегулярный
pre-
к глаголам, судо-, перед-,
ществительным и раньше
прилагательным
prehistoric
доисторический
re-
к глаголам и существительным
rewrite
переписывать
sub-
к глаголам, сусуб-, ниже-,
ществительным и подприлагательным
subtropical
субтропический
super-
к глаголам, сусверх-, пере- superheat
ществительным и
прилагательным
trans-
к глаголам, супере-, транс- transplant
пересадить
ществительным и
transformation трансформаприлагательным
ция
ultra-
к существительным и прилагательным
снова, вновь
превосходящее обычное, сверх188
ultrasonic
перегрев
ультразвуковой
un-
к глаголам, сунеществительным и
прилагательным
under-
к глаголам и
прилагательным
unkind
ниже нормы, underestimate
недо-
недобрый
недооценивать
Таблица 7
Неличные формы глагола
Инфинитив (Infinitive)
Simple
Active
to write
I want to write him a letter.
Я хочу написать ему письмо.
Passive
to be written
The letter to be written will be
posted at once.
Письмо, которое нужно
написать, будет послано
сразу.
Continuous
to be writing
The students seem to be writing a dictation now.
Кажется, студенты пишут
диктант сейчас.
Perfect
to have written
to have been written
The students seem to have
The dictation seems to have
written their dictation.
been written.
По-видимому, студенты
Диктант, кажется, написан.
написали диктант.
Perfect Conto have been writing
tinuous
The students seem to have
been writing their dictation for
2 hours.
Студенты, по-видимому,
пишут диктант уже в течение двух часов.
Таблица 8
189
Функции инфинитива в предложении
Способы перевода инфинитива
Функция
1. Подлежащее
To read books is useful.
To smoke is bad for health.
Перевод
Существительное или неопределённая
форма глагола.
Чтение (читать) книг(и) полезно.
Курение (курить) вредно для здоровья.
2. Дополнение
I want to read this book.
Неопределённая форма глагола.
Я хочу прочитать эту книгу.
3. Часть составного сказуемого.
Our task is to speak English.
Неопределённая форма глагола.
Наша задача – говорить по-английски.
4. Определение.
Глагол в настоящем или будущем времени или с модальным значением
определительного придаточного предложения.
Термометр – это прибор, который показывает (должен показывать) температуру.
Текст, который нужно (будет) перевести, очень интересный.
A thermometer is an instrument to
show the temperature.
The text to be translated is very
interesting.
5. Обстоятельство
We went to the station to meet
them.
Существительное с предлогом или неопределённая форма глагола с союзами
«чтобы», «для того чтобы».
Мы поехали на станцию, (для того)
чтобы встретить их (для встречи с
ними).
Таблица 9
Сложное подлежащее
(Complex Subject)
Глаголы-сказуемые, с которыми употребляется
Примеры
190
Перевод
сложное подлежащее
1. В страдательном залоге:
to know – знать
to think – думать
to consider – считать
to believe – полагать
to expect – ожидать
to report – сообщать
to state – утверждать
to suppose – предполагать
2. В действительном залоге:
to seem – казаться
to appear – оказываться
to happen – случаться
to prove – оказываться
3. Со словосочетаниями:
to be likely – вероятно
to be unlikely – маловероятно
to be certain – определённо
to be sure – обязательно
The delegation is said
to arrive soon.
The delegation is said
to have arrived.
The delegation is said
to be arriving now.
He is believed to have
been working for 2
years there.
Говорят, что делегация скоро приедет.
Говорят, что делегация прибыла.
Говорят, что делегация сейчас прибывает.
Полагают, что он работал там в течение
двух лет.
He seems to know English well.
He seems to have
known English well.
Он, кажется, знает
хорошо английский.
Он, кажется, знал хорошо английский.
She is likely to come
here in time.
Она, вероятно, придёт
вовремя.
Таблица 10
Сложное дополнение
(Complex Object)
Глаголы-сказуемые, после которых употребляется сложное дополнение
1. Выражающие желание:
to want – хотеть
to wish – желать
to like – нравиться
to dislike – не нравиться
Примеры
Перевод
I want him to read this
book.
I like people to tell the
truth.
Я хочу, чтобы он
прочёл эту книгу.
Мне нравится, когда
люди говорят правду.
191
to hate – ненавидеть
2. Выражающие умственную деятельность:
to expect – ожидать
to think – думать
to suppose – предлагать
to know – знать
to suspect – подозревать
3. Выражающие чувственные восприятия:
to see – видеть
to watch – наблюдать
to feel – чувствовать
to hear – слышать
We know him to be a
good engineer.
We suppose him to
have done his work.
Мы знаем, что он хороший инженер.
Мы предполагаем, что
он выполнил свою
работу.
I saw him cross the
street.
Я видел, что он переходил улицу.
Я почувствовал, что
кто-то дотронулся до
моей руки.
I felt somebody touch
my arm.
(Инфинитив употребляется без частицы
“to”).
4. Выражающие побуждение:
to make – заставлять
to let – позволять
to force – заставлять (силой)
He made us wait for
him.
She let me do it.
Он заставил нас
ждать его.
Она позволила мне
сделать это.
(Инфинитив употребляется без частицы
“to”).
Таблица 11
Герундий
(Gerund)
Simple
Active
asking
The students like asking questions.
Студенты любят задавать во192
Passive
being asked
Some students don’t like being
asked.
Некоторые студенты не любят,
просы.
Perfect
having asked
I know of his having asked you
about it.
Я знаю, что он спрашивал тебя об этом.
когда их спрашивают.
having been asked
I remembered having been
asked about it.
Я вспомнил, что меня спрашивали об этом.
Таблица 12
Функции герундия в предложении
Функция
1. Подлежащее
Driving at a high speed is dangerous.
2. Дополнение
My brother likes riding at a high
speed.
3. Часть составного сказуемого
His favourite sport is racing.
4. Определение
The idea of designing gas engine
was given by specialists long ago.
5. Обстоятельство
We can reduce pollution by observing good ecology rules.
Перевод
Существительное или неопределённая
форма глагола.
Ездить (езда) на большой скорости
опасно (опасна).
Существительное или неопределённая
форма глагола.
Мой брат любит ездить (езду) на большой скорости.
Существительное или неопределённая
форма глагола.
Его любимый вид спорта – гонки.
Существительное
Идея создания газового двигателя была
предложена специалистами давно.
Деепричастный оборот
Мы можем понизить загрязнение окружающей среды, соблюдая правила экологии.
Таблица 13
Причастие
(Participle I, II)
Participle I
Simple
Active
reading
The girl reading a book is my
friend.
193
Passive
being read
The book being read now is
very interesting.
Perfect
Participle II
Девушка, читающая книгу,
моя подруга.
Reading a book he made some
notes.
Читая книгу, он делал какието записи.
having read
Having read the book he put it
aside.
Прочитав книгу, он отложил
её в сторону.
Книга, которую сейчас читают, очень интересная.
having been read
Having been read the book
was returned to the library.
После того как книгу прочитали, её вернули в библиотеку.
The book read by him is on the
table.
Книга, прочитанная им, лежит на столе.
Таблица 14
Причастные обороты
(Participle Constructions)
Определительный причастный оборот
The translation done at home by the
Перевод, выполненный (который
students was of great importance for
был выполнен) дома студентами,
them.
представлял для них большую важность.
Обстоятельственный причастный оборот
Translating the text the students used Переводя текст (во время перевоthe dictionaries.
да текста), студенты пользовались
словарями.
Having translated the text the stuПереведя текст (после перевода
dents began to answer the questions.
текста), студенты начали отвечать
на вопросы.
Независимый причастный оборот
Когда студенты перевели текст,
The students having translated the
text, the lesson was not over.
урок ещё не был окончен.
The lesson was over, the students
Урок был закончен, причём стуhaving translated the text before the денты перевели текст раньше
194
звонка (до того, как прозвенел звонок).
bell rings.
Таблица 15
Формы наклонения
Наклонение
Изъявительное
Повелительное
Сослагательное
Действие
Выражает реальное действие в
настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.
Выражает приказание, просьбу;
побуждает к действию.
Пример
He goes to the office every day.
Перевод
Он ходит в офис
ежедневно.
Come up to me.
Open the window,
please.
Let’s go to the cinema.
Подойди ко мне!
Открой окно, пожалуйста.
Давайте пойдём в
кино.
Не ходите туда.
Don’t go there.
Выражает допу- If I knew him betстимость, возter, I should give
можность совер- him advice.
шения действия
I suggested that we
(в настоящем или should go to the
будущем)
country tomorrow.
I wish you were
present at the conference today.
Выражает нереальность, невозможность совершения действия
(в прошлом)
Если бы я знал его
лучше, я дал бы
ему совет.
Я предложил, чтобы мы поехали за
город завтра.
Я хотел бы, чтобы
вы присутствовали сегодня на
конференции.
If I had known him Если бы я знал его
better, I should
лучше, я дал бы
have given him ad- ему совет. (Я его
vice.
не знал, совета не
дал).
I wish you had
Я хотел бы, чтобы
been present at the вы вчера присутconference yester- ствовали на конday.
ференции. (Жаль,
195
что вы не присутствовали).
Таблица 16
Функции глагола “should”
Функция
1. Вспомогательный
глагол для образования
Future-in-the-Past (согласование времён)
2. Вспомогательный
глагол для образования
сослагательного наклонения (1-го лица)
3. Модальный глагол
(следует)
Пример
Перевод
He thought that I should Он думал, что я пойду
go there on foot.
туда пешком.
If I had free time, I
should have gone there
on foot.
Если бы у меня было
свободное время, я бы
пошёл туда пешком.
You should go there on
foot.
Вам следует идти туда
пешком.
Таблица 17
Функции глагола “would”
Функция
1. Вспомогательный
глагол для образования
Future-in-the-Past (согласование времён)
2. Вспомогательный
глагол для образования
сослагательного наклонения (2-го и 3-го лица
множественного числа)
3. Модальный глагол (в
отрицательной форме –
нежелание что-то сделать)
4. Повторение действия
в прошлом
Пример
She said he would take
exams in physics.
Перевод
Она сказала, что он
будет сдавать экзамены по физике.
If you asked for help, he
would do it with great
pleasure.
Если бы ты попросил о
помощи, он сделал бы
это с величайшим удовольствием.
He asked her for help but Он просил её о помоshe wouldn’t listen to
щи, но она и слушать
him.
не хотела.
In summer we would go
to the country.
196
Летом мы обычно ездим за город.
Таблица 18
Союзы
Сочинительный союзы
Союз
and – и, а
but – но, а
both… and – как… так и…
neither… nor – ни… ни…
either… or – или (либо)…
или (либо)…
as well as
(as well) – так же, как и… а
также
also – также
Пример
He came to the library and we began to do
our hometask.
The train has arrived at the station but there
was no delegation in it.
Both my brother and my sister want to drive
the car.
Neither my brother nor my sister can drive
the car.
I don’t know who could do it, either my sister, or my brother.
We can read, write as well as speak English.
We can read, write and speak English as well.
There are two departments at our college: the
day department and the evening department.
Also the college provides distance education.
Таблица 19
Подчинительные союзы
Союз
that – что
what – что
who – который
whom – о ком
(кому)
whose – чей
Пример
It is possible that he will
come.
He said that he would come.
I don’t know what will come
of it.
Перевод
Возможно, что он придёт.
Он сказал, что придёт.
Я не знаю, что из этого получится.
То, что он нам сказал – неWhat he told us is not true.
правда.
The man who is sitting by the Человек, который сидит у
window is my friend.
окна, мой друг.
I don’t know whom you are
Я не знаю, о ком ты говоspeaking about.
ришь.
Do you know whose book it Ты знаешь, чья это книга?
197
(чья)
when – когда
is?
When I came home my
daughter was sleeping.
where – где
The city where he was born
is very beautiful.
how – как
I don’t remember how I got
there.
why – почему
We didn’t know why he was
absent.
if – если
If you come we shall go to
the theatre together.
if (whether) –
We didn’t ask if (whether) he
ли
had entered the University.
while – в то
While I am reading an interвремя как
esting book I notice nothing
around me.
as soon as – как I shall ring you as soon as I
только
have free time.
since – с тех
I haven’t seen him since
пор как, так
May.
как
Since I was very busy, I
couldn’t come to see you.
before – перед Before going to some foreign
тем, прежде
country you should read
чем
about the customs.
after – после
того как
because – потому что
as – так как
though – хотя
(although)
as if – как если
After I graduated from the
University, I because a postgraduate at once.
I didn’t come because I was
ill.
We returned to the camp as it
was very cold.
I recognized him by his photograph though I have never
seen him before.
He spoke English so fluently
198
Когда я пришла домой, моя
дочь спала.
Город, где он родился,
очень красивый.
Я не помню, как я добрался
туда.
Мы не знали, почему его
нет.
Если ты придёшь, мы пойдём в театр вместе.
Мы не спросили, поступил
ли он в университет.
В то время как я читаю
интересную книгу, я не замечаю ничего вокруг себя.
Я позвоню тебе, как только буду свободен.
Я не видел его с мая.
Так как я был очень занят,
я не смог прийти к вам.
Прежде чем ехать (перед
тем как поехать) в какуюлибо зарубежную страну,
вам следует почитать об её
обычаях.
После того как я закончила университет, я сразу же
стала аспиранткой.
Я не пришёл, потому что
был болен.
Мы вернулись в лагерь, так
как было очень холодно.
Я узнал его по фотографии,
хотя никогда не видел его
прежде.
Он говорил по-английски
бы
as if he were an Englishman.
так бегло, как если бы он
был англичанином.
Список наиболее употребительных предлогов, союзов и наречий,
совпадающих по форме
about
– о, про, относительно; около, примерно
above
– выше, над
above all
– прежде всего
across
– поперёк, через, на другой стороне
after
– после, за, после того как
after all
– в конце концов
against
– против
along
– вдоль, по
among
– среди
around (round)
– вокруг
at
– в, на, у (обозначение места – at the table), в (обозначение времени – at 5 o’clock)
at last
– наконец
at least
– по крайней мере
before
– перед (место), до (время); прежде чем (союз)
behind
– позади, за
below
– ниже, внизу
besides
– помимо, кроме того
beside
– рядом с
between
– между (двумя предметами)
by
– у, около; посредством; мимо; к определённому
моменту
by the way
– между прочим, кстати
by means of
– посредством
by no means
– никоим образом
by all means
– любым способом
down
– вниз
during
– во время (чего-либо)
for
– за, ради, для; в течение
from
– из, от
in this way
– таким образом
in spite of (despite)
– несмотря на
in front of
– впереди; перед
199
into
of
of course
on = upon
out
over
since
through
throughout
till = until
towards
under
up
up to
with
within
without
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
внутри
(для обозначения падежа)
конечно
в (с днями, числами); на, по
из; наружу
через; над; свыше
с тех пор как; так как
через
по всему; повсюду
до; до тех пор пока…
по направлению к
под; ниже; согласно
вверх по
вплоть до
с
в пределах, внутри
без
Составные предлоги
Составные предлоги произошли из сочетания какой-либо части речи (в основном существительного) с простыми предлогами.
Основными из них являются следующие (расположены в алфавитном порядке по первому элементу предлога):
according to
– согласно
as to, as for
– относительно
because of
– из-за
by means of
– посредством
by reason of
– по причине, в силу, из-за
by virtue of
– в силу, благодаря
by way of
– ради, с целью, через
due to
– благодаря, в силу, из-за
for the sake of
– ради
in according with
– в соответствии с
in addition to
– кроме
in consequence of
– вследствие, в результате
in front of
– перед, напротив
in relation to
– относительно
200
in spite of
in respect of
in view of
in virtue of
instead of
on account of
out of
owing to
thanks to
with regard to
(as regard of)
with respect to
with reference to
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
несмотря на
относительно
ввиду того, что; в силу, из-за
благодаря; посредством
вместо
по причине, из-за
из, изнутри, вне
из-за, благодаря
благодаря
относительно, по отношению к, в отношении к
Символы и их чтение
+ (плюс)
– plus
– (минус)
– minus
÷ (знак деления)
– division sign
× (знак умножения)
– multiplication sign
= (знак равенства)
– equal
≈ (приближённое равенство)
– approximately equal
> (больше чем)
– more than
< (меньше чем)
– less than
( ) (круглые скобки)
– parentheses
[ ] (квадратные скобки)
– brackets
{ } (фигурные скобки)
– braces
# (число)
– number
∞ (знак бесконечности)
– infinity sign
√ (корень)
– root
Единицы измерения (Units of Measurement)
дюйм
фут
ярд
миля
миля морская
Меры длины (Linear Measures)
inch
in.
foot
ft. (12 in.)
yard
yd. (3 ft.)
mile
mi. (1760 yd.)
nautical mile
nuat. mi. (6080
201
2.54 см
30.48 см
91.44 см
1609.33 м
1853.18 м
ft.)
фунт
центнер
тонна большая
Меры веса (Measures of Weights)
pound
lb
hundredweight
hwt (112 lb)
ton
t (20 hwt)
453,59 г
50,8 кг
1016.048 кг
Меры объёма жидких и сыпучих тел (Measures of Volume)
пинта
pint
pt
0.57 л
кварта
quart
qt (2 pt)
1.14 л
галлон брит.
gallon
gal (4 qt)
4.55 л
галлон амер.
gallon
gal
3.78 л
бушель
bushel
bsh (8 gal)
36.37 л
кв. дюйм
кв. фут
кв. ярд
акр
кв. миля
секунда
минута
час
день
неделя
Меры площади (Square Measures)
square inch
sq. in.
square foot
sq. ft. (144 sq. in.)
square yard
sq. yd. (9 sq. ft.)
acre
ac. (4840 sq. yd.)
square mile
sq. mi. (640 ac.)
second
minute
hour
day
week
6.45 кв. см
9.29 кв. дм
0.836 кв. м
0.4 га
2.59 кв. км
Время (Time)
s.
min. (60 s.)
hr. (60 min.)
day (24 hr.)
week (7 days)
Can you read this table?
There are 12 inches in 1 foot.
1 centimetre = 0.394 inches. (1 centimetre equals 0 point three nine four inches).
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres. (One inch equal two point five four nought centimetres).
Наиболее употребительные сокращения
a.m. – ante meridiem (лат.)
C – centigrade
– во столько-то часов до полудня
– по стоградусной шкале Цельсия (о
202
e.g. – exempli gratia (лат.)
etc. – et cetera (лат.)
hr. – hour
i.e. – id est (лат.)
kg. – kilogram
lb. – pound
l. – litre
m. – metre
mi. – mile
min. – minute
NB – nota bene (лат.) – pay attention
p.m. – post meridiem (лат.)
s. – second
t. – ton
vs – versus (лат.)
w. – watt
X-rays – Roentgen rays
a.c. – alternating current
amp. – ampere
B.D.C. – bottom dead centre
b.h.p. – brake horsepower
C.-I. engine – compression-ignition
engine
c. c./cu. cm. – cubic centimetre
cu. in. – cubic inch
cu. ft. – cubic foot
c. wt. – hundredweight
d.c. – direct current
F. – Fahrenheit
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
f.p.m. – feet per minute
f.p.s. – feet per second
ft.-lbs. – foot-pounds
gal. – gallon
g.p.m. – gallon per minute
hp – horsepower
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
203
температуре)
например
и т.д.
час
то есть
килограмм
фунт
литр
метр
миля
минута
обратите внимание, заметьте
пополудни
секунда
тонна
против
ватт
рентгеновские лучи
переменный ток
ампер
нижняя мёртвая точка
эффективная тормозная мощность
двигатель с воспламенением от сжатия, дизель
кубический сантиметр
кубический дюйм
кубический фут
центнер
постоянный ток
по шкале Фаренгейта (о температуре)
футов в минуту
футов в секунду
футо-фунты
галлон
галлон в минуту
лошадиная сила
in. – inch
k.p.h. – kilometers per hour
lb – pound
lb.-ft. – pound-foot
m.p.g. – miles per gallon
–
–
–
–
–
дюйм
километров в час
фунт
фунто-фут
число миль пробега на галлон топлива
– миль в час
– номинальная мощность в л.с.
– нормальные температура и давление
m.p.h. – miles per hour
n.h.p. – nominal horsepower
n.t.p. – normal temperature and
pressure
o.a.d. – overall dimension
psi. – pounds per square inch
r.p.m. – revolutions per minute
sq. ft. – square foot
t.d.c. – top dead centre
v. – velocity
vol. – volume
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
габаритный размер
фунтов на кв.дюйм
оборотов в минуту
квадратный фут
верхняя мёртвая точка
скорость
объём
Приложение ………………………………………………………………
Справочные материалы ……………………………………………. ..
Неправильные (нестандартные) глаголы ………………………… .
Словообразование
Основные суффиксы существительных …………………… …..
Основные суффиксы прилагательных ……………………... …..
Основной суффикс наречий ……………………………………..
Основные суффиксы глаголов ……………………………… ….
Основные префиксы ………………………………………… ….
Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив …………………………… .
Функции инфинитива в предложении……………………………..
Способы перевода инфинитива ……………………………………
Сложное подлежащее ………………………………………………
Сложное дополнение ……………………………………………….
Герундий …………………………………………………………….
Функции герундия в предложении ………………………………..
Причастие ……………………………………………………………
Причастные обороты ……………………………………………….
Формы наклонения …………………………………………………
Функции глагола “should” ………………………………………….
204
181
181
181
183
185
186
186
186
189
189
189
190
191
192
193
193
194
195
196
Функции глагола “would” …………………………………………. .
Союзы
Сочинительные союзы ……………………………………….….
Подчинительные союзы …………………………………….
Список наиболее употребительных предлогов, союзов
и наречий, совпадающих по форме ……………………………….
Составные предлоги ……………………………………………….
Символы и их чтение ………………………………………………
Единицы измерения ………………………………………………..
Наиболее употребительные сокращения …………………………
205
196
196
197
199
200
201
201
202
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1.
Английский для начинающих = English for Beginners / И.И. Панова,
Л.П. Христорождественская, Л.А. Тиханович и др.; Под ред.
И.И. Пановой. – Мн.: Выш. шк., 1993. – 511 с.
2.
Английский для технических вузов / И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко.
– Изд. 8-е. – Ростов на Дону: Феникс, 2007.
3.
Английский язык: Разговорные темы (тексты, диалоги): Для школьников, абитуриентов, студентов. Ч.1. – К.: А.С.К., 2000.
4.
Англо-русский политехнический словарь / сост. Ю.Г. Синдеев. – Изд.
2-е. – Ростов на Дону: Феникс, 2005.
5.
Бгашев В.Н. Английский язык для машиностроительных специальностей вузов / В.Н. Бгашев [и др.]. – М.: Высш. шк., 1990.
6.
Галицинский, Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. / Ю.Б.
Галицинский. – 5-е изд. – СПб.: КАРО, 2006. – 544 с.
7.
Гальскова Н.Д. Современная методика обучения иностранным языкам – М.: Аркти-Глосса, 2000.
8.
Гареев В.М., Руликов С.И., Дурпо Е.М. Принципы модульного обучения//Вестник высшей школы. – 1987 – № 8.
9.
Гниненко А.В. Современный автомобиль как мы его видим: учебник
английского языка / А.В. Гниненко. – 2-е изд., испр. – М.: Астрель:
АСТ: Полиграфиздат, 2010.
10.
Иностранный язык: учебная программа для высших учебных заведений / Сост.: Л.В. Хведченя, И.М. Андреасян, О.И. Васючкова. – Мн.:
РИВШ, 2008.
11.
Макаров, А.В., Трофимова З.П., Вязовкин В.С., Гафарова Ю.Ю.
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Мн.: УП «Технопринт», 2003.
206
12.
Оловникова Н.Г., Богушевич Д.Г. Иностранный язык: Учебная программа для высших учебных заведений неязыковых специальностей.
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13.
Панова И.И., Карневская Е.Б., Мисуно Е.А. Английский язык. Устные темы и тексты для чтения. – Мн.: Юнипресс, 2007
14.
Рогова Г.Б., Рабинович Ф.М., Сахарова Т.Е. Методика обучения иностранным языкам. – Мн., 1991.
15.
Самостоятельная работа студентов: поиски, проблемы, решения. –
Ростов-на-Дону, 1991.
16.
Симхович В.А. Практическая грамматика английского языка: Учебник – Мн.: «Экоперспектива», 2001.
17.
Синявская Е.В., Тыенкова О.И., Улановская Э.С. Учебник английского языка. Москва «В.Ш.» 1982.
18.
Слепович, В.С. Курс перевода (английский ↔ русский язык). Translation Course. – Мн.: «ТетраСистем», 2001.
19.
Хведченя, Л.В., Хорень, Р.В. Английский язык для поступающих в
вузы. / Л.В. Хведченя, Р.В. Хорень. – Изд. 5-е, стереотип. – Минск,
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20.
Хоменко С.А. Тесты по английскому языку для студентов технических вузов: пособие / С.А. Хоменко [и др.]. – Минск: Амалфея, 2003.
21.
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22.
Шляхова В.А. Английский язык для студентов автомобилестроительных специальностей средних профессиональных учебных заведений: Учеб. пособие / В.А. Шляхова. – М.: Высш. шк., 2008.
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Яско Ф.Ф. Методические рекомендации о порядке разработки,
207
утверждения и распространения учебно-методических комплексов. –
Новополоцк, 2004.
24.
Edwards, Kenneth S. (Kenneth Scott). Fundamentals of mechanical component design / Kenneth S. Edwards, Jr., Robert B. McKee, 1991.
25.
Eric H. Glendinning. Technology. Oxford English for careers. Student’s
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26.
The Oxford Russian Dictionary. Oxford University Press. – 1995.
27.
The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language. – Deluxe Encyclopedic Edition. – Trident Press International, 1996.
28.
McArthur, Tom. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English / Tom
McArthur. – Longman Group Limited, 1981.
29.
Murphy Raymond. English Grammar in Use. A self-study reference and
practice book for intermediate students. – Cambridge University Press,
1985.
30.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Encyclopedic Dictionary. – Oxford University Press, 1998. – 1082 p.
31.
Reshetov D.N. Machine Design. English translation, Mir Publishers /
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32.
Soars, L. New Headway English Course. Elementary. Student’s book / L.
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208
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие ……………………………………………………………………
Введение…………………………………………………………………………
Формы контроля…………………………………………………………..........
Нормы оценки ………………………………………………………………….
УЧЕБНЫЙ МОДУЛЬ I
«ВВОДНЫЙ ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС»…..…………………………………
УЭ-1 «PRONUNCIATION»…………………...……………………..................
УЭ-2 «READING RULES»…………………...……............................................
Progress Test……………………………………………………………………..
УЧЕБНЫЙ МОДУЛЬ II
«ОСНОВНОЙ КУРС. СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕНИЕ» ………………………...
УЭ-1 «GETTING TO KNOW YOU» …………………………………..………
УЭ-2 «FAMILY»…………………………………………………………….......
УЭ-3 «DAILY ROUTINES»…………………………………………………….
УЭ-4 «NOVOPOLOTSK»………………………………………………………
УЭ-5 «UNIVERSITY»…………………………………………………………..
УЭ-6 «BELARUS»………………………………………………………………
УЭ-7 «GREAT BRITAIN»……………………………………………………..
Progress Test……………………………………………………………………..
УЧЕБНЫЙ МОДУЛЬ III
«ОСНОВНОЙ КУРС. ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕНИЕ»……………...
УЭ-1 «MASTERING THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION»…………………
УЭ-2 «INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING»……………………………………….
УЭ-3 «BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY»………………………………………………
УЭ 4 «COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE»…………………………….
УЭ 5 «HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS»…………………………….
УЭ 6 «MACHINE-TOOLS»……………………………………………………..
Consolidation Unit ………………………………………………………………
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ…………………………………………………………………
Литература……………………………………………………………………….
209
3
4
5
6
9
9
17
29
31
32
48
61
76
87
101
117
129
133
134
140
152
160
164
167
170
181
206