Ontology of Designing
ISSN 2223-9537
Scientific journal
Онтология
Научный журнал
ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ
№
6
1
Том
(19)/2016
Ontology of Designing
ISSN 2223-9537 (Print)
ISSN 2313-1039 (Online)
Scientific journal
ÎÍÒÎËÎÃÈß
ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ
Научный журнал
Том 6
№ 1(19)
2016
Индекс - 29151
«ОНТОЛОГИЯ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ»
том 6 № 1(19)/2016
ISSN 2223-9537 (Print)
ISSN 2313-1039 (Online)
DOI:10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1
Editorial Board - ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß
Anatoly I. Belousov
Nikolay M. Borgest
Yuri R. Valkman
Stanislav N. Vasiliev
Vladimir A. Vittikh
Vladimir V. Golenkov
Vladimir I. Gorodetsky
Alexander S. Kleshchev
Valery A. Komarov
Sergey M. Krylov
Victor M. Kureichik
Lyudmila V. Massel
Dmitry A. Novikov
Semyon A. Piyavsky
Yury M. Reznik
George Rzevski
Peter O. Skobelev
Sergey V. Smirnov
Peter I. Sosnin
Dzhavdet S. Suleymanov
Robert I. Tuller
Boris E. Fedunov
Altynbek Sharipbay
Boris Ya. Shvedin
Белоусов Анатолий Иванович, д.т.н., профессор, СГАУ, г. Самара
Боргест Николай Михайлович, к.т.н., профессор СГАУ, член IAOA, г. Самара
Валькман Юрий Роландович, д.т.н., профессор, МНУЦ ИТиС НАН и МОН Украины, г. Киев
Васильев Станислав Николаевич, академик РАН, ИПУ РАН, г. Москва
Виттих Владимир Андреевич, д.т.н., профессор, ИПУСС РАН, г. Самара
Голенков Владимир Васильевич, д.т.н., профессор, БГУИР, г. Минск
Городецкий Владимир Иванович, д.т.н., профессор, СПИИРАН, г. Санкт-Петербург
Клещёв Александр Сергеевич, д.ф.-м.н., профессор, ИАПУ ДВО РАН, г. Владивосток
Комаров Валерий Андреевич, д.т.н., профессор, СГАУ, г. Самара
Крылов Сергей Михайлович, д.т.н., профессор, СамГТУ, г. Самара
Курейчик Виктор Михайлович, д.т.н, профессор, Технологический институт ЮФУ, г. Таганрог
Массель Людмила Васильевна, д.т.н., профессор., ИСЭМ СО РАН, г. Иркутск
Новиков Дмитрий Александрович, член-корреспондент РАН, ИПУ РАН, г. Москва
Пиявский Семён Авраамович, д.т.н., профессор, СГАСУ, г. Самара
Резник Юрий Михайлович, д.филос.н., проф., Институт философии РАН, г. Москва
Ржевский Георгий, профессор, Открытый университет, г. Лондон
Скобелев Петр Олегович, д.т.н., НПК «Разумные решения», г. Самара
Смирнов Сергей Викторович, д.т.н., ИПУСС РАН, г. Самара
Соснин Петр Иванович, д.т.н., профессор, УлГТУ, г. Ульяновск
Сулейманов Джавдет Шевкетович, академик, вице-президент АН РТ, г. Казань
Таллер Роберт Израилевич, д.филос.н., профессор, СГАУ, г. Самара
Федунов Борис Евгеньевич, д.т.н., профессор, ГосНИИ Авиационных систем, г. Москва
Шарипбай Алтынбек, д.т.н., профессор, Институт искусственного интеллекта, г. Астана
Шведин Борис Яковлевич, к.психол.н., ООО «Дан Роуз», член IAOA, г. Ростов-на-Дону
Executive Editorial Board - Исполнительная редакция
Chief Editor Smirnov S.V.
Executive Editor Borgest N.M.
Editor Kozlov D.M.
Editor Krylov S.M.
Technical Editor Simonova A.U.
Translation Editor Korovin M.D.
Secretary Shustova D.V.
Главный редактор
Выпускающий редактор
Редактор
Редактор
Технический редактор
Редактор перевода
Секретарь
ИПУСС РАН
Смирнов С.В.
Боргест Н.М.
Козлов Д.М.
Крылов С.М.
Симонова А.Ю.
Коровин М.Д.
Шустова Д.В.
зам. директора ИПУСС РАН
директор изд-ва «Новая техника»
профессор СГАУ
профессор СамГТУ
редактор изд-ва «Новая техника»
аспирант СГАУ
инженер ИПУСС РАН
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тел./факс.: +7 (846) 333 27 70
СГАУ
Смирнов С.В.
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тел.: +7 (846) 267 46 47, факс.: +7 (846) 267 46 46
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Издательство «Новая техника»
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The journal has been successfully evaluated in the evaluation procedure for the ICI Journals Master List 2014 and journal
received the ICV (Index Copernicus Value) of 67.46 points.
Журнал включён в перечень рецензируемых научных изданий, в которых должны быть опубликованы основные
научные результаты диссертаций на соискание учёной степени кандидата наук, на соискание учёной степени доктора наук (Письмо Департамента аттестации научных и научно-педагогических работников Минобрнауки РФ от 01.12.2015 № 13-6518).
Журнал включён в Российский индекс научного цитирования (РИНЦ). Номер контракта 64-03/2012.
Импакт-фактор РИНЦ с учётом цитирования из всех источников 0,742 (2013 г.), 0,960 (2014 г.)
Журнал зарегистрирован в Федеральной службе по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор). Свидетельство ПИ № ФС 77-46447 от 7.09.2011 г.
http://agora.guru.ru/scientific_journal/ Все права принадлежат авторам публикуемых статей
Отпечатано в издательстве «Новая техника»
Подписано в печать 24.03.2016. Тираж 300 экз.
Издательство «Новая техника», 2011-2016
ИПУСС РАН, 2015-2016
СГАУ, 2015-2016
Научный журнал «Онтология проектирования» - том 6, № 1(19)/2016
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
ОТ РЕДАКЦИИ
ИЗУЧАЯ НАСТОЯЩЕЕ, ПРОЕКТИРУЕМ БУДУЩЕЕ
5-6
ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ ОНТОЛОГИИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
ОНТОЛОГИИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ ШАБЛОННОЙ ОСНАСТКИ
В АВИАЦИОННОМ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ
7-28
С.М. Крылов
МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ОНТОЛОГИИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ
БИНАРНЫХ СИСТЕМ ОБРАБОТКИ ИНФОРМАЦИИ
29-38
МЕТОДЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
САМООРГАНИЗУЮЩИЕСЯ СЕТЕВЫЕ ЭКСПЕРТНЫЕ СРЕДЫ
В СИСТЕМАХ С ЭНДОГЕННЫМ ПРИНЦИПОМ ЦЕЛЕУКАЗАНИЯ
39-54
ИНЖИНИРИНГ ОНТОЛОГИЙ
О.П. Кузнецов, В.С. Суховеров
ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ОЦЕНКЕ ТЕМАТИКИ
НАУЧНОГО ТЕКСТА
55-66
С.В. Микони
О КЛАССЕ, КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ И СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦИИ
67-80
ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРОЕКТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
Е.М. Кочнева
СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЙ ПРОЕКТ, ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ
И ПРОЕКТИРОВОЧНАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ,
ЭТИМОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ И ГНОСЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТЫ
81-94
И.С. Заяц
ДВИЖЕНИЕ КАК КАТЕГОРИЯ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ
95-105
М.Р. Арпентьева
ЭВЕРГЕТИКА И ОНТОЛОГИИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
106-124
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ АВТОРАМ ЖУРНАЛА
125-126
НАУЧНЫЕ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ
127-128
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
3
Scientific journal «Ontology of Designing» - v.6, № 1(19)/2016
content
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
FROM THE EDITORS
STUDYING THE PRESENT, DESIGNING THE FUTURE
5-6
APPLIED ONTOLOGY OF DESIGNING
M.V. Grishin, S.N. Larin, P.I. Sosnin
ONTOLOGY OF DESIGNING INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
WITHIN THE AVIATION PRODUCTION
7-28
S.M. Krylov
MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF BINARY SYSTEM ONTOLOGY
FOR DATA PROCESSING
29-38
METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF DECISION MAKING
G.P Vinogradov, N.G Vinogradova
SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORK EXPERT SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENT
IN PRINCIPLE ENDOGENOUS TARGET DESIGNATION
39-54
ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING
O.P. Kuznetsov, V.S. Sukhoverov
A ONTOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE SUBJECT
MATTER OF SCIENTIFIC TEXT
55-66
S.V. Mikoni
ABOUT THE CLASS, CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATIZATION
67-80
PHILOSOPHICAL AND LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF DESIGNING
4
E.M. Kochneva
COMPARISON OF CONCEPT DESIGN, DESIGNING AND PROJECT
ACTIVITY: HISTORICAL, ETYMOLOGICAL AND
EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASPECTS
81-94
I.S. Zayats
MOVEMENT AS A CATEGORY OF ARCHITECTURE
95-105
M.R. Arpentieva
EVERGETIC AND ONTOLOGIES OF MANAGEMENT
106-124
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AUTHORS OF JOURNAL
125-126
SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES
127-128
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
ÎÒ ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÈ
ɂɁɍɑȺə ɇȺɋɌɈəɓȿȿ, ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɍȿɆ ȻɍȾɍɓȿȿ1
STUDYING THE PRESENT, DESIGNING THE FUTURE
Ⱦɟɥɨ ɭɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɛɟɞɭ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ…
…Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ [ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ]
ɉɢɬɬɚɤ
Ⱦɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɧɚɲ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ!
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɵ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.
13-15 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ Ƚɚɣɞɚɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɪɭɦ «Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪ: ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ» («Russia
and the World: Looking to the future»), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɲ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɛɵɥ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɋɆɂ, ɚ ɜ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧ ɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɊȺɇɏɢȽɋ
ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɟ ɊɎ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱɭ Ɇɚɭ.
Ɂɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɭɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ», ɬ.ɤ. ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɟ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɲɥɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɭɦɟ, ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ,
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɤɚ ɠɟ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɊɎ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɍɥɸɤɚɟɜɚ, «..ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ.. ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ. …ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɧɚɞɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ». ȼɨɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɣɦɺɦɫɹ!
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɨɩɵɬ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɢ ɦɭɞɪɟɰɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ
ɉɢɬɬɚɤɚ ɢɡ Ɇɢɬɢɥɟɧɵ (651-569 ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɯ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɉɢɬɬɚɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɫɢɦɧɟɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ «ɜɵɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ».
ɗɫɢɦɧɟɬɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɗɫɢɦɧɟɬ, ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɢɪɚɧɨɦ, ɦɨɝ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ2.
ɉɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɉɢɬɬɚɤɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ
1
Ɍɚɤɨɜɨ ɠɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɸɛɢɥɟɣɧɵɯ Ƚɚɣɞɚɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɱɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ 2015 ɝɨɞɚ, ɢ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 2016 ɝɨɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɺɧɧɵɯ 25-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ƚɚɣɞɚɪɚ (ISBN 978-5-93255-442-5).
2
ɉɚɥɶɰɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɉɢɬɬɚɤ Ɇɢɬɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ (ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɷɫɢɦɧɟɬɢɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ) / Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɮ. ɗ.Ⱦ. Ɏɪɨɥɨɜɚ.
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 2002. - http://centant.spbu.ru/centrum/publik/kafsbor/20021/palz.htm
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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От редакции
ɚɧɬɢɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɉɢɬɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɷɫɢɦɧɟɬ», ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ
«ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɨɠɞɟɦ», ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ɇɢɬɢɥɟɧɚɯ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɢ ɞɟɦɨɫ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ3… Ɉɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɡɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɦɭɞɪɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɉɢɬɬɚɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ: «ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɲɶ». ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ «ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ».
Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɉɢɬɬɚɤɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ «ɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɫɹ ɦɟɪɨɣ» ɢ «ɡɧɚɣ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɨɪɭ», ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ.
18-20 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹ VI Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «Open Semantic Technologies for Intelligent Systems» (OSTIS-2016), ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɲ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ.
24-28 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɥ V Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ
ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ «ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ» (ɂɌɢɋ-2015), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɛɵɥ ɡɚɫɥɭɲɚɧ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬɚ ɇ.Ɇ. «ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ».
ȼ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ» ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ 2016 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ,
ɧɚɞɟɟɦɫɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɍɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ!
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɜɵ ɧɚɣɞɺɬɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɱɺɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɠɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ, ɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ, ɇɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɋɚɦɚɪɵ, Ɍɜɟɪɢ, Ʉɚɥɭɝɢ ɢ
ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɚ.
Ɉɬɪɚɞɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ «ɝɪɚɞɭɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ» ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ. Ⱦɨɰɟɧɬ ȿ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɱɧɟɜɚ ɢɡ Ɇɢɧɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɢɞɟɸ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ. Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɭɤ Ɇ.Ɋ. Ⱥɪɩɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ ɢɡ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɦ. Ʉ.ɗ. ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɢ
ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ ɨɛ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɟɺ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ - 20-ɣ ɸɛɢɥɟɣɧɵɣ!
ɂ ɦɵ ɧɚɞɟɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ. Ɇɵ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɟɪɟɤɪɺɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ» ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɫɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɫɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɵ!
Ontologists and designers of all countries and subject areas, join us!
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ɋɨɥɨɦɚɬɢɧɚ ȿ.ɂ. ɉɢɬɬɚɤ Ɇɢɬɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ: ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɠɞɶ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ? «Studia historica». Vol. III. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
2003. - ɋ. 19—37. - http://ancientrome.ru/publik/article.htm?a=1382620479
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
ɍȾɄ 658.512:004
ɈɇɌɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ɒȺȻɅɈɇɇɈɃ ɈɋɇȺɋɌɄɂ
ȼ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɆ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼȿ
Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɪɢɲɢɧ1, ɋ.ɇ. Ʌɚɪɢɧ2, ɉ.ɂ. ɋɨɫɧɢɧ3
ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
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ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ «ɆȺɊɋ», ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
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ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
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Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ.
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ: ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ; ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ; ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ WIQA, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɚɹ
ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ, WIQA.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ƚɪɢɲɢɧ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ / Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɪɢɲɢɧ, ɋ.ɇ. Ʌɚɪɢɧ, ɉ.ɂ. ɋɨɫɧɢɧ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ.6,
ʋ1(19). – ɋ. 7-28. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-7-28.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɥɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (Ɍɉɉ) ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ-ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ
ɧɚɤɨɩɢɥɫɹ ɧɟɦɚɥɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ (ɌɈ), ɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ Ɍɉɉ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɌɈ (ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ, ɮɨɪɦ-ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɞɨɜɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɡɵ, ɲɬɚɦɩɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
ɞɨ 50% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɌɈ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɗɆȾ), ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ȽɈɋɌ, ɈɋɌ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
7
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
ȼɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɌɈ í ɷɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɌɈ «ɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ» [1]. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɌɈ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɰ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɋȺɉɊ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ «ɬɨɱɤɚɯ» ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɫ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ WIQA
(Working In Questions and Answers) [2]. Ʉ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ (ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ), ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɭɜɹɡɤɟ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɌɈ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ.
1
Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɺɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ, ɢ ɜ
ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ, ɭɧɨɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ
ɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹ8
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɞ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɡɚɭɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ [3] (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ 1, ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɲɢɪɟ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ), ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɹ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ «ɭɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ «ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ (ɒɈɄ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [4] ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɬɢɩ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦ (ȻɈ). Ɇɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɜ
2 ɦɦ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɪɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ – ɲɩɢɥɶɤɢ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɲɩɢɥɟɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ (ɒɈ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɒɈɄ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɭ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɢ ɒɈɄ (ɧɢɠɧɢɣ), ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚ-
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
9
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
ɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ «Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ»
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ, ɚ ɗɆȾ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ (ɛɟɫɩɥɚɡɨɜɨɟ — ɧɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɛɟɫɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɟ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ) ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [5]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɠɺɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɪɢɧɝɟɪɨɜ, ɥɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɨɜ, (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɞɨ 40% ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ) ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɫ
ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɑɉɍ).
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɚ, ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ ɢ ɷɥɟɪɨɧɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɠɺɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ
ɭɜɹɡɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɥɺɬɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚɯ (ɄɄɒ). Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɢ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɡɵ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɢ
10
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
ɨɫɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ: ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ, ɲɢɮɪ ɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɦɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɂɥ-76ɆȾ-90Ⱥ
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ, ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɟ ɫ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɫ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ) ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ [6]. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ [4]. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɷɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞɨɜɵɯ) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ WIQA, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
11
12
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ
ȼɉɒɈ í ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɡɨɜɨ-ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ; ɗɆɌ í ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ; ɗɆ ɒɈ í ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ;
ɒɊ í ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɢ; ɒɄɋ í ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ; ɒȽ í ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɝɢɛɤɢ; ɒȼɄ í ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ; ɒɊɌ í ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɊɌɄ í ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ; ȻɌɁ í ɛɸɪɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ; ɉȾȻ í ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ; ɉɊɈɋɄ - ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ;
ɉɒɐ í ɩɥɚɡɨɜɨ-ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɯ.
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
2.1
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ
Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɭɬɢɧɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ) ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ,
ɝɞɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɨ 100. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ: Ontolingua, Protege, Magenta, OntoSaurus,
OntoEdit, WebODE ɢ ɞɪ. (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5) [3].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɨɫɫɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ í ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɭ Java, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɛ-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɢ
ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɤ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ Eclipse [7].
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ;
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɭɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ;
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɫɫɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ WIQA
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɫɢɨɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɜ ɟɺ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ.
2.2
Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ «ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ [8].
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
13
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
ȼ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ «ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ» ɢ ɟɺ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ (QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɶ) ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ WIQA, ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6 – Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ WIQA
QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ WIQA, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (QA-ɦɨɞɟɥɶ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 7 [8].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 7 – ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ WIQA
ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ: ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (ɬɢɩ ɢ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Q1.1.2, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ
ɹɱɟɣɤɢ; ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɹ I; ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Q ɢɥɢ Ⱥ, ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ; ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ; ɢɦɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ. ȼɟɪɫɢɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 8 [8].
14
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 8 – ȼɟɪɫɢɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ QA-ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 9.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 9 – Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ Pk ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ: ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ PTk, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ; ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ PLk, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 9; ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ PQAk ɡɚɞɚɱɢ Zk; ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ PGk;
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞ PIk ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɞ PEk.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɟɺ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ (ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞ ɪɟОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
15
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
ɲɟɧɢɹ). ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ LP ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ {Zk}. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ Ɍk ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ PTk ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ {ɉik} ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ PQAk, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɟɺ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ
PLk ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ-ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ PIk [9].
3
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
3.1
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ
ɇɚ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ - ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ:
ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ (ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɋɋɋɊ);
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ;
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ;
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɦ (ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ);
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 10 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɒɈɄ ɢ ɒɄɋ
ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɟɩɤɢ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 10 – ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɭɞɚɱɧɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɺɦ16
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɤɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ, ɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɫ ɑɉɍ ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ, ɞɚɬɶ ɟɺ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɫɤɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɦɨɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɨɤɧɚɯ, ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ «ɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ» ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɩɨɥɤɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɺ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ,
ɧɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ
ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ [4].
3.2
ɐɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ Ɍɉɉ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ [10, 11]. ȿɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ:
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ;
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ;
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ;
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɞɨɜ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ Ɍɉɉ;
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɍɉɉ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ:
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ;
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɭ;
ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɟɺ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
3.3
Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ [10-12].
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ:
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ;
ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ;
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ
(-ɵɯ) ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
17
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ». Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦ «ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ» ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɭ –
«Ɉɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ». ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɢ Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 11 – ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ «Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ» ɢ
«Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɞɚɺɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟ18
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
ɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 11).
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ «ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ» ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ: ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ í ɢɡ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩ, ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜɢɞ í ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɢɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɨɦ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɤɚɤ ɟɺ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɨɞɨɜɢɞɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ «ɱɚɫɬɶ-ɰɟɥɨɟ».
4
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
4.1
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 12.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 12 – Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
19
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ (ɫɟɤɰɢɢ) ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ.
ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ í ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ. ɇɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ í ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɤ
ɫɚɦɢɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ «Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ» ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ
ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ «ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ» ɢ «Ʌɢɫɬ».
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ í ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ í ɫɟɤɰɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɭ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ «Ⱥɤɫɢɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ» ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ «Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ»,
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ 3D-ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɵɟ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ: ɱɚɫɬɶ-ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 13.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 13 – ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
20
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɢɫɤ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɟɺ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɟɞ. ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ, ɬɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɟɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ, ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ [13]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ.
4.2
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ
ɋɪɟɞɚ WIQA ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɚɦ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ [13].
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ M(Zj) ɡɚɞɚɱɢ Zj ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ «Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ
ɧɺɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬ» [13]. ɋ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɦɭɫɹ (ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ) ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ.
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɭ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ PL, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 14.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 14 – Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
21
Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ (ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ
WIQA. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ (ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ PT, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ Z(Pi), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ (ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ) ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɒɈɄ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ PT ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ Z-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɫɟɱɟɤ, ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ».
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ PL, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ PT.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ (ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ) PG, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɯ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 15).
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ PQA, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ Z(Pi).
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɒɈɄ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ Z(Pi). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ) ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ:
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 15 – ɉɪɟɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ
Q1. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ?
Ⱥ1. ɒɚɛɥɨɧ ɨɛɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ.
Q2. ɒɚɛɥɨɧ ɰɟɥɶɧɵɣ?
Ⱥ2. Ⱦɚ // ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
Q3. ɇɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ?
Ⱥ3. Z-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ.
Q4. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɤ?
Ⱥ4. Ɍɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɤɢ.
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Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ PI, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ (ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬ) ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɺɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ Z(Pi) ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ WIQA:
//DZȢțȘȔȡȜșȣșȤȖȢȝȣȢȟȞȜȤȔȕȢȫșȗȢȞȢȡȦȧȤȔ.
DD_CreateLine("Polyline","ShapeName=PL1","X=100","Y="50","X=100","Y="100")
DD_CreateLine("Polyline","ShapeName=PL1","X=100","Y="100",X=200",*"Y="100")
DD_CreateLine("Polyline","ShapeName=PL1","X=200","Y="100","X=200","Y="50")
DD_CreateLine("Polyline","ShapeName=PL1","X=200","Y="50","X=100","Y="50")
//ǢȥȞȤȯȦȜșȢȦȖșȤȥȦȜȝȡȔȣșȤȖȢȝȣȢȟȞșȤȔȕȢȫșȗȢȞȢȡȦȧȤȔ.
DD_Create("Elipse","ShapeName=SO1","X=125","Y="75","Diametr=8")
DD_Create("Elipse","ShapeName=SO2","X=175","Y="75","Diametr=8").
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ PE, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ
(ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ);
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ PS ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ.
ɋ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 16, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ WIQA.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 16 – ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɢɩɚ PI ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ LWIQA [13].
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Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ
ɜ WIQA
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ WIQA, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ «ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ», ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ. ɋɬɚɬɶɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 17).
ɋɪɟɞɚ WIQA ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ [12], ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ [13], ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɚɦ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɸ WIQA ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ
ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ «ɱɚɫɬɶ-ɰɟɥɨɟ» (ɬ.ɤ.
ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ), «ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ» (ɬ.ɤ. ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɭ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɤ) ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ 18 ɢ 19).
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɫ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 17 – Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜ WIQA
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 18 – Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ WIQA
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 19 – Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
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Онтологии проектирования шаблонной оснастки в авиационном производстве
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ WIQA. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ WIQA ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɫ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɤ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ.
ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ:
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ CAD-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ;
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɜ), ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ;
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ;
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɰɟɧɬɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ» ɍɥȽɌɍ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜɭ ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɭ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɭ ȺɈ «ɍɄȻɉ» ȼ.ȼ. ɉɥɭɬɚɯɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ
ɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[1] Ɋɵɛɚɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ-
ɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ / Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɋɵɛɚɤɨɜ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜ // ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. – 2001. - ʋ10. - ɋ. 15-21.
[2] ɋɨɫɧɢɧ, ɉ.ɂ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɧɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ / ɉ.ɂ. ɋɨɫɧɢɧ.
– ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ : ɍɥȽɌɍ, 2010. – 240 ɫ.
[3] Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɇ.Ɇ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ. ɑ. 1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ /
ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ. – ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ɋȽȺɍ, 2010. – 91 ɫ.
[4] ɋɌɉ 687.07.0873-2004. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɡɨɜɨ-ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ. – ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ: ɁȺɈ «Ⱥɜɢɚɫɬɚɪ-ɋɉ», 2004. – 168 ɫ.
[5] ɋɚɦɫɨɧɨɜ, Ɉ.C. Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ /
Ɉ.C. ɋɚɦɫɨɧɨɜ, ɘ.ȿ. Ɍɚɪɚɫɨɜ // ɋȺɉɊ ɢ Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɚ. – 2000. - ʋ 9. – ɋ. 33–38.
[6] ɋɨɫɧɢɧ, ɉ.ɂ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ /
ɉ.ɂ. ɋɨɫɧɢɧ, Ɉ.ɗ. ɑɨɪɚɤɚɟɜ // Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. – 2014. - ʋ2 (36). – ɋ. 99–107.
[7] Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɟɧɤɨ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ / Ⱥ.ȼ. Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɟɧɤɨ, Ȼ.ɋ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɧɟɰ //
Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ VIII ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧ.-ɬ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ 155-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ʉ.ɗ. ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɬɜ. ɪɟɞ.: Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʉɪɚɟɜ. - Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤ: ɋɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2012. - http://conf.sfu-kras.ru/sites/mn2012/section12.html
[8] Ƚɪɢɲɢɧ, Ɇ.ȼ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ / Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɪɢɲɢɧ, ɋ.ɇ. Ʌɚɪɢɧ, ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɨɱɟɪɝɢɧ // Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. 2015. - ʋ1(39). - ɋ. 89–98.
[9] Sosnin, P. Pseudo-Code Simulation of Designer Activity in Conceptual Designing of Software Intensive Systems /
P. Sosnin // Proc. of the 27th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation ECMS 2013, 2013, 85–92.
[10] ɈɄ
012-93
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ȿɋɄȾ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
1.79.100
(ɫ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ)
http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200000470 (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 20.09.2015).
26
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.В. Гришин, С.Н. Ларин, П.И. Соснин
[11] ɒɢɪɹɥɤɢɧ, Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ / Ⱥ.Ɏ. ɒɢɪɹɥɤɢɧ – ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ: ɍɥȽɌɍ, 2009. –
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[12] ɋɨɫɧɢɧ, ɉ.ɂ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ / ɉ.ɂ. ɋɨɫɧɢɧ. – ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ:
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[13] Ɇɚɤɥɚɟɜ, ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ /
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________________________________________________________________________________
ONTOLOGY OF DESIGNING INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
WITHIN THE AVIATION PRODUCTION
M.V. Grishin1, S.N. Larin2, P.I. Sosnin3
JSC Ulyanovsk instrument manufacturing design bureau, Ulyanovsk, Russia
[email protected]
2
FRPC OJSC «RPA «Mars», Ulyanovsk, Russia
[email protected]
3
Ulyanovsk state technical university, Ulyanovsk, Russia
[email protected]
1
Abstract
The aim of this work is to improve the process of designing the template snap within the aviation industry by the development of tools for the ontological support. The offered means of the ontological support provide: the controlled accumulating the experience of templates’ development in the form of precedent models prepared for the reuse; the systematization of templates’ models with the use of the interactive classification and means that embeds in the ontology of
designing; the controlled use of lexis, including the concept, in documents, developed in the process of the work. Means
of the ontological support has been developed in the environment of the toolkit WIQA, that has been adopted the subject area of designing the template snap used in the aviation industry.
Key words: ontology design, classifier, aircraft, patterned accessories, WIQA.
Citation: Grishin MV, Larin SN, Sosnin PI. Ontology of designing industrial equipment within the aviation production.
Ontology of designing. 2016; 6(1): 7-28. DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-7-28.
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create efficient production environment in engineering] – Ulyanovsk: UlSTU, 2009. – 298 p.
(In Russian).
[12] Sosnin PI. Konceptual'noe modelirovanie komp'juterizovannyh sistem [Conceptual modeling of computerized systems] / P.I. Sosnin. – Ulyanovsk: UlSTU, 2008. – 198 p. (In Russian).
[13] Maklaev VȺ, Sosnin PI. Sozdanie i ispol'zovanie avtomatizirovannoj bazy opyta proektnoj organizacii [Creation
and use of an automated experience of the design organization] – Ulyanovsk: UlSTU, 2012. – 360 p. (In Russian).
________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
Ƚɪɢɲɢɧ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱ, 1990 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɥȽɌɍ ɜ 2011 ɝ., ɤ.ɬ.ɧ. (2015). ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ȺɈ «ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ». ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15
ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
Grishin Maxim Vyacheslavovich (b.1990) graduated from the Institute of Aviation Technology
and Management UlSTU in 2011, PhD (2015). He is design engineer at JSC Ulyanovsk instrument manufacturing design bureau. He is co-author more 15 scientific articles and abstracts in
the field of CAD and ontology.
Ʌɚɪɢɧ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɢɱ, 1978 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɥȽɌɍ ɜ 2002 ɝ., ɤ.ɬ.ɧ. (2006). Ɂɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ȺɈ «ɇɉɈ «ɆȺɊɋ». ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80
ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Larin Sergey Nikolaevich (b. 1978) graduated from the Institute of Aviation Technology and
Management UlSTU in 2002, PhD (2006). He is Deputy Chief of industrial-technological complex FRPC OJSC «RPA «Mars». He is co-author more 80 scientific articles and abstracts in the
field of CAD.
ɋɨɫɧɢɧ ɉɟɬɪ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱ, 1945 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɜ 1968 ɝ., ɞ.ɬ.ɧ. (1994), ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ (1995), ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» (ɫ 1980 ɝ.) ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 400 ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, 12 ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Sosnin Petr Ivanovich (b. 1945) graduated from the Ulyanovsk Polytechnic Institute (1968).
His employment experience included the Ulyanovsk Polytechnic Institute and Ulyanovsk State
Technical University. His special field of interests includes AI applications for computer aided
design. P. Sosnin defended doctor degree in Moscow Aviation Institute (1994). He is the author
of eight books and more than four hundred articles, including 12 books.
28
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.М. Крылов
ɍȾɄ 510.8
ɆȺɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɈɇɌɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə
ȻɂɇȺɊɇɕɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ
ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ (ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ) ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ) ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ (ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ) ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ, ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɳɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ, ɋ.Ɇ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ / ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ. 6, ʋ 1(19).
- ɋ. 29-38. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-29-38.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [1], ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ «…ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜɫɟ ɟɳɺ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ» (ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). ɇɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ȼ. Ƚ. ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ [2].
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [3] ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɈɌɋ), ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ» (ɈɎɌ). ɈɎɌ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ [3, 4]. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɈɎɌ-ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ (ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɨɬɟɯОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
29
Математические основы онтологии проектирования бинарных систем ...
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ (ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ) ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ (ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ) ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜ (ɎȻ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ [3] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯɜɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɎȻ ɫ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ
ɫɯɟɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 3000 ɪɚɡ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ [5] ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ «ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ», ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [4] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɬ.ɟ. ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ) ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ - ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ (ɢɥɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ») ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɯ
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ) ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ?
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ, ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɈɎɌ-ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɟɦɭ,
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ Oi ɜ ɈɎɌ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ-ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ:
(1)
Oi = <Ji, Mi> = <{Ji1, Ji2,..., Jin}, {Jij = Mij(Jsk, Jil,...,Jsm);...}>,
ɝɞɟ Ji - ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ (ɫɩɢɫɨɤ) ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɫ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ Jik), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɦɚɫɫɭ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬ; Mi - ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ (ɫɩɢɫɨɤ) ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ Mij ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ Oi (ɷɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ - ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.); n - ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ Oi; j, l {1,..., n}; k, m
- ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ) ɬɟɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ Mij ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ Oi (ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ) ɫ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ (ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɺɧɧɵɦɢ - ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɟ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ Os, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ) Jij ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
Oi ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɢɩɚ Jil ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ Oi), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ) Jsk ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ Os, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ Oi ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ - ɭɞɚɥɺɧɧɨ-ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ Oi).
ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɺɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ Mij ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ Mi ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
Oi ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ Mij ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ Jij. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɬɢɩɚ Oi ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ [4].
30
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.М. Крылов
1
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨɥɢɛɨ ɞɜɭɯɜɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɢɩɚ «2ɂ-ɇȿ») ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
O2ɂ-ɇȿ = <J2ɂ-ɇȿ, M2ɂ-ɇȿ> = <{J1, J2, J3}, {J3 = M2ɂ-ɇȿ(J1, J2) = (J1 J2)}>,
(2)
ɝɞɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ «-» (ɦɢɧɭɫ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ, «» - ɫɢɦɜɨɥ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ, J1, J2, J3 {0, 1}, ɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɬɢɩ ɬɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ).
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ [4], ɬɢɩ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ (2), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
(J1)i2ɂ-ɇȿ * (J2)i2ɂ-ɇȿ o (J3)i2ɂ-ɇȿ,
(3)
ɝɞɟ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ i ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ (J1), (J2) ɢ (J3) (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ J1, J2 ɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ - J3)
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɭ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵ; ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ (ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ «2ɂ-ɇȿ») ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɚɦ ɬɢɩ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ «2ɂ-ɇȿ»), ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɢ «*» ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɟ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ - ɥɸɛɨɟ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ J1 ɢ J2, ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ «o» ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ «(J3)j2ɂ-ɇȿ» ɜ (3) – ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ J3). ɋ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ J1, J2, J3 ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ «2ɂ-ɇȿ», ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ [4].
ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ-ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ J1, J2,, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ (ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ-ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ J3, ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ O2-1, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ,
ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
3
1
4
2
Ɉ2-1
3
1
O1-2
O1-2
Ɉ1-2
8
7
3
2
O2-1
6
5
O2-1
1
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 - ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɹ
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ
2
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 - Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɭɥɸ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ, ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɨɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [4], ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ O2-1, (ɬ.ɟ. ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ J1 ɢ J2, ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ J3) ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
31
Математические основы онтологии проектирования бинарных систем ...
(4)
­ (4.1)
° (4.2)
(J1)iO *(J2)iO o (J3)iO
(J1)iO *(J2)kO o (J3)iO
® (4.3)
(J1)kO *(J2)iO o (J3)kO
° (4.4) (J1)iO *(J2)kO o (J3)sO
¯ (4.5) (J1)iO *(J2)iO o (J3)kO
ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ i, k, s ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɞɪɭɝ
ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ.
ȿɳɺ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɢɞɚ (2), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ (3), ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ (4.1) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (4), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 4 ɬɢɩɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (4.2)-(4.5) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ i ɢ k, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (4.2) ɢ (4.3) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɢɯ ɬɢɩ.
2
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ Mi ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɦɨɝ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɬɢɩɚ «2ɂ-ɇȿ»? Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ [3], ɷɬɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɢ
«0» (ɢɥɢ «1»), ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ [3, 5]
«ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ» (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ) – ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ «ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ» ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [3, 5], «ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ)» ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɞɜɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ
(ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ). ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ-ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ [5]. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɎȻ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɢɩɚ O1-2.
ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ) ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
(5)
ȿɫɥɢ J1 >J1c, ɬɨ (J2 >> J2c)&(J3 >> J3c), ɢɧɚɱɟ (J2 << J2c)&(J3 << J3c),
ɝɞɟ J1c, J2c, J3c – ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ» ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ («ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ») ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ J1, J2 ɢ J3
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ:
(6)
ȿɫɥɢ J1 > J1c, ɬɨ (J2 >> J2c)&(J3 >> J3c), ɢɧɚɱɟ (J2 | )&(J3 | ),
ɝɞɟ - ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ («ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ» ɢɥɢ «ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ») ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ «|» ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ.). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2) ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (3), ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) M2ɂ-ɇȿ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɭɸ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ «ɢɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ». Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ (4) ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (J1)i ɢ (J2)i
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ «1», ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ (J3)i ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ «ɧɭɥɸ» (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ). ȼ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ «ɜɵɯɨɞ» (J3)i ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ «ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ», ɬ.ɟ. «ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ» ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ (J3)i, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ «ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ» (ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɞɚɧ32
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.М. Крылов
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ «ɜɵɯɨɞɟ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ (ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ)
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ (2) ɥɟɝɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ – ɱɢɫɬɨ «ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɣ» ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ
«ɢɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ» - ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɸ» ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ Jɜɯ i ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
­ Jɜɵɯ.1, ɟɫɥɢ Jɜɯ i > Jc i
J
=
®
ɜɵɯ
(7)
¯ Jɜɵɯ.2, ɢɧɚɱɟ,
ɝɞɟ Jc i – ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɟ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ Jɜɯ i, ɚ Jɜɵɯ1 ɢ Jɜɵɯ2 – ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ!) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ Jɜɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ Jɜɵɯ1 ɢ Jɜɵɯ2 ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ Jɜɯ i ɢ Jɜɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ (ɞɥɹ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ (ɞɥɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ), ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (7) ɫ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɺ ɬɭ ɠɟ «ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ «ɨɞɧɨɜɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ (ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ)» ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ O1-1. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ «ɞɜɭɯɜɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ O2-1, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ (4) - ɟɫɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ «ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ-ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ»
ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ). ɋɚɦɚ ɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɜɭɯɜɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ O2-1 ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ
ɬɚɤ:
­ J3-1, ɟɫɥɢ (J1 > J1ɫ)(J2 > J2ɫ)
J
=
®
(8)
¯ J3-2, ɟɫɥɢ (J1 < J1ɫ)(J2 < J2ɫ);
ɝɞɟ J3-1, J3-2 – ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɪɨɜɧɢ) ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ J, ɚ J1ɫ ɢ J2ɫ – ɩɨ
ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ J1 ɢ J2. ɇɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ J - ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (9), ɢɥɢ
ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ «ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ» - ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (10):
­ J3-1, ɟɫɥɢ (J1 > J1ɫ)(J2 > J2ɫ)
(9)
J = ®
(10)
­ J3-1, ɟɫɥɢ (J1 > J1ɫ)(J2 > J2ɫ)
J = ®
¯ , ɟɫɥɢ (J1 < J1ɫ)(J2 < J2ɫ);
¯ J4, ɟɫɥɢ (J1 < J1ɫ)(J2 < J2ɫ);
ɝɞɟ - ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ, «ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ») ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ J.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ J ɢ J ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (8)-(10) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɬɢɩɚ «ɂ». Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ, ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ J1 ɢ J2 ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ, ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ O2-1 ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ-ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ JȾɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɬɢɩɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɂɅɂ», «ɂɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɂɅɂ» ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ «ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ» ɬɢɩɚ (7) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (4) ɞɥɹ «ɞɜɭɯɜɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ» ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
33
Математические основы онтологии проектирования бинарных систем ...
ɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ [5]. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɚɤɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ-ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ, ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ
ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3) ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ O2-1 (8)-(10) ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ O1-2. (5)-(6).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɫɟ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (J1-J8), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɦ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, J1 ɢ J2, J3 ɢ J6 , ɢ ɞɚɠɟ J1, J4 ɢ J5, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɫɟ J1-J8.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɪɺɯ-ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ, ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ – ɥɸɛɵɟ n-ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɝɞɟ n – ɥɸɛɨɟ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ) ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ.
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ: ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ O3-1 ɞɨ
ɬɢɩɚ O(n+1)-1 ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɢ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ [3, 5], ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɢ
(ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ «ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ) ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɯɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ O1-2 ɢ O2-1 (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
s+r
n+1
j
O2-1
...
i+2
i+1
O2-1
2
s+3
s+2
4
s+1
i
1
m+1
m
n
...
O2-1
O2-1
...
O1-2
3
s
O1-2
O1-2
O1-2
O1-2
k+4
k+3
k+2
k+1
k
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 - Ɇɧɨɝɨɜɯɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ (ɫɥɟɜɚ) ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ (ɫɩɪɚɜɚ)
ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ
3
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ 1. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ (ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ)
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ O2-1 ɢ
O1-2 ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ «ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ-ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ).
34
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.М. Крылов
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ȾɇɎ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ
ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ [6]. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ȾɇɎ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ O2-1 ɢ O1-2,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ) – ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ (ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4 ɫɥɟɜɚ) ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɹ
ȾɇɎ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ – ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ 1 ɦɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ «ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ», ɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɬɢɩɚ
«ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ» (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɩɥɢɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ.
ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɟɬɶ, ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɟɬɶ,
ɷɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɲɭ ȾɇɎ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ 1 ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ.
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ 2. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ (ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ
O2-1 ɢ O1-2 ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ «ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ-ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ).
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɥɢɛɨ
ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ Ɇɢɥɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ Ɇɭɪɚ [7]. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ Ɇɢɥɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɜ (ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ) ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ, ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɞɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5).
Ɉɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ 1-4). ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ.
ȼɯɨɞɵ X
sr
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
pi
(Ʉ ɋ)
kj
ȼɵɯɨɞɵ Y
im
ɉɚɦɹɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ S
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 - ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ Ɇɢɥɢ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
35
Математические основы онтологии проектирования бинарных систем ...
4
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ 1 ɢ 2 ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ȽȻɋɈɂ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɧɵɟ (ɩɨɞ)ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
ɋɚɦɨɟ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ȽȻɋɈɂ – ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ «ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ» ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ [4, 5]. Ɋɨɥɶ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɜ ȽȻɋɈɂ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ), ɥɢɛɨ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ȼɵɲɟ
ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ) ɩɭɬɺɦ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ (ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɬɢɩɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ȽȻɋɈɂ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ-ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɈɎɌ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ [4], ɱɬɨ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɜ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɪɧɨɦ, ɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ – ɜ ɬɪɺɯɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ), ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ - ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ). ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɢ,
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ [4, 5], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ-ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ – ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ [8].
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ – ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ [9].
ȼ ɧɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ-ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɺɯɦɟɪɧɵɟ) ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ - ɤɥɟɬɨɤ-ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɚɯ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɬɩɚɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɺ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ - ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ (ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ) ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɧɚɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ (ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɚɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ) ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɨɡɝ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɦ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ 1 ɢ 2 [10]. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɝɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ) ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɨ 12,5 ɬɪɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 34
ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɱɭɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 400 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɷɬɢɦ – ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (ɞɨ 3-ɯ ɥɟɬ) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ – ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ – ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 2 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ [10]!
36
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.М. Крылов
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɛɚɡɭ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɤɚɤ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɈɎɌ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ (1), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɈɎɌ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɈɎɌ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɦ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ (ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɬɢɩɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɬɟɣ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɦɢ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɣɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ [3, 4].
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[1] Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɇ.Ɇ. Ɋɨɛɨɬ-ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɬ: ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ / ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ȼɥɚɫɨɜ, Ⱥɥ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɨɦɨɜ,
Ⱥɧ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɨɦɨɜ, Ɇ.Ⱦ. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ, Ⱦ.ȼ. ɒɭɫɬɨɜɚ //Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2015. - ʋ4 (18). - ɋ. 429-449.
doi: 10.18287/2223-9537-2015-5-4-429-449.
[2] ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ƚ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ: Ȼɚɞɶɸ, Ƚɭɫɫɟɪɥɶ, ɉɥɨɬɢɧ. / Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ. - Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ
ɩɨɪɬɚɥ "philosophy2.ru" - http://philosophy2.ru/library/chernyakov/chern_ontol_math.pdf (Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ
1.03.2016).
[3] Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ, ɋ.Ɇ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ / ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ,
ȿ.ɇ. Ƚɪɟɛɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2012. - ʋ 1(3). - ɋ. 65-72.
[4] Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ, ɋ.Ɇ. Ɇɟɬɚɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ / ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ. - ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ɋɚɦȽɌɍ, 2014. - 247ɫ.
- http://vt.samgtu.ru/images/pdf/krylov/metamath.pdf (Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 1.03.2016).
[5] Ƚɪɟɛɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ, ȿ.ɇ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ. II. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ «ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ» ɤ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ / ȿ.ɇ. Ƚɪɟɛɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ, ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ //
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. - 2012. ʋ2(34). - ɋ. 65-71.
[6] əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ, ɋ.ȼ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ / ɋ.ȼ. əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ. – Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1986. – 384 ɫ.
[7] Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, Ɉ.ɉ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ / Ɉ.ɉ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, Ƚ.Ɇ. Ⱥɞɟɥɶɫɨɧ-ȼɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ. – Ɇ.:
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ, 1980.- 344 ɫ.
[8] ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ, Ⱥ.ə. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ / Ⱥ.ə. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ. – Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲ. ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1989. – 495 ɫ.
[9] Ȼɥɭɦ, Ɏ. Ɇɨɡɝ, ɪɚɡɭɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ / Ɏ. Ȼɥɭɦ, Ⱥ. Ʌɟɣɡɟɪɫɨɧ, Ʌ. ɏɨɮɫɬɟɞɬɟɪ - Ɇ.: Ɇɢɪ, 1988. – 248 ɫ.
[10] ɒɢɪɲɨɜɚ, Ʌ. ɑɟɦ ɦɨɡɝ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ? - https://newtonew.com/discussions/post-skartinkami-chem-mozg-rebenka-otlichaetsja-ot-vzroslogo (Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 1.03.2016).
________________________________________________________________________________
MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF BINARY SYSTEM ONTOLOGY
FOR DATA PROCESSING
Krylov S.M.
Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia
[email protected]
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
37
Математические основы онтологии проектирования бинарных систем ...
Abstract
The paper deals with theoretical principles that guarantee Boolean functional completeness of some primitive types of
heterogeneous and homogeneous binary operational units designed for a logical data processing. Information in such
units can be represented by various (different) physical parameters coding different states of physical objects. Simplest
functionalities that define output “signals” (“output” parameters) as primitive functions of input “signals” (“input” parameters) are analyzed. It is shown that heterogeneous and homogeneous binary systems for data processing can be
constructed on the basis of a general concept using proper object models based on General Formal Technological approach. It is shown that the homogeneous and heterogeneous binary information processing systems can be constructed
based on the total (universal) basic ontology, which considers all physical objects as functional convert a certain set of
physical parameters (physical properties in its broadest sense) in the other.
Key words: boolean functions, functional completeness, homogeneous and heterogeneous systems for data processing,
ontology of binary systems for data processing, General Formal Technology, object properties, object functionalities.
Citation: Krylov SM. Mathematical foundation of binary system ontology for data processing. Ontology of designing.
2016; 6(1): 29-38. DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-29-38.
References
[1] Borgest NM, Vlasov SA, Gromov AlA, Gromov AnA, Korovin MD, Shustova DV. Robot-Designer: on the Road
to Reality. Ontology of Designing. 2015; 4 (18): 429-449. doi: 10.18287/2223-9537-2015-5-4-429-449 (In Russian).
[2] Chernjakov AG. Ontology as mathematics: Badiou, Husserl, Plotin. - Philosophical portal "philosophy2.ru" - 19 p.
- http://philosophy2.ru/library/chernyakov/chern_ontol_math.pdf (valid for 1.03.2016) (In Russian).
[3] Krylov SM, Grebenschikov EN. Ontology of heterogeneous electronics system design. Ontology of Designing.
2012; 1(3): 65–72. (In Russian).
[4] Krylov SM. Mathematical Foundations of Future Science - Samara: SamGTU Publisher; 2014. 247 p. http://vt.samgtu.ru/images/pdf/krylov/metamath.pdf (valid for 1.03.2016) (In Russian).
[5] Grebenschikov EN, Krylov SM. System analysis of heterogeneous semi-automatic machines. II. The transition
from the transformation of "chemical type" to the logic circuits and back / Bulletin of the Samara State Technical
University. A series of technical science. - 2012. - ʋ2(34): 12-25. (In Russian).
[6] Yablonsky SV. Introduction to discrete mathematics. - Moscow: Nauka. 1986. – 384 p. (In Russian).
[7] Kuznetsov OP, Adelson-Belsky GM. Discrete mathematics for the engineer. - Moscow: Energy. 1980. – 344 p. (In
Russian).
[8] Nikolaev AY, Biological Chemistry. - Moscow: Higher School. 1989. – 495 p. (In Russian).
[9] Bloom FE, Lazerson A, Hofstadter L. Brain, Mind, and Behavior. - New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. 1985.
[10] Shirshov L. The brain child different from an adult? - https://newtonew.com/discussions/post-s-kartinkami-chemmozg-rebenka-otlichaetsja-ot-vzroslogo (valid for 1.03.2016) (In Russian).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ
ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ Ʉɪɵɥɨɜ, 1948 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɜ 1973 ɝ. Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ 150 ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 7 ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɦɟɬɚɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
Sergey Mikhailovich Krylov (b. 1948) graduated from Kuibyshev polytechnic institute in 1973.
D. Sc. (Eng.), professor of Computer Department in Samara State Technical University. Hi is
the author and co-author of more than 150 publications, including 7 monographs, in the field of
exact philosophy, General System Theory, General Formal Technology, meta-mathematics,
metaphysics, and multipurpose programmable systems for various technologies.
38
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
ɍȾɄ 519.21
ɋȺɆɈɈɊȽȺɇɂɁɍɘɓɂȿɋə ɋȿɌȿȼɕȿ ɗɄɋɉȿɊɌɇɕȿ ɋɊȿȾɕ
ȼ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɏ ɋ ɗɇȾɈȽȿɇɇɕɆ ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɈɆ ɐȿɅȿɍɄȺɁȺɇɂə
Ƚ.ɉ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ1, ɇ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ2
Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, Ɍɜɟɪɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
1
[email protected], [email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɺ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ
ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɺɦɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥ, ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ, ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, Ƚ.ɉ. ɋɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɫ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɰɟɥɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ / Ƚ.ɉ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, ɇ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ. 6, ʋ 1(19). - ɋ. 39-54. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-39-54.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ XXI ɜɟɤɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɦɭ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ (ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ) ɫ ɬɟɥɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɰɟɥɟɜɚɹ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ).
Ⱦɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [1, 2] ɩɭɬɺɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
39
Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ
ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
ɦɚɤɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ;
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ;
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ;
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
ɥɸɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥ, ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ (ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ) ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɉɪɈ) ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɺɧ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ;
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ;
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɯ, ɩɥɨɯɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɉɪɈ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
1
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɈɌɋ) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ n ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɈɌɋ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
40
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ
ɈɌɋ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɟɺ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɈɌɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ:
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɯ;
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ;
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɈɌɋ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɈɌɋ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɩɭɬɺɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɺ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɂɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɈɌɋ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ
ɫɱɺɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ:
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ;
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ;
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ;
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɝɪɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ);
ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ;
ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ;
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ: ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ (ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ – ɞɜɚ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɈɌɋ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɺɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɝɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɉɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɢɡɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɢ
ɢɯ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɥɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬɵ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɨɬ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɪɺɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ, ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɣ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ
ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ: ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɨɤɚɦ ɢ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɂɯ ɰɟɥɶ - ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ (ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ,
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [3, 4].
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɛɟɠɞɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨ ɉɪɈ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɢ ɢɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɉɪɈ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɈɌɋ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɈɌɋ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜ 30% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɈɌɋ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ȿɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɈɌɋ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ [5]. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɉɪɈ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ [6] ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ [7].
2
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɋɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɯ
ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɭ. ȼ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɨ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɨɦ1. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ [8]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɬɪɭɞɨɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɞɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ, ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɺ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ, ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɥɹ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ [8, 9].
ɋɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɞɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ.
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ.
ɐɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
1
Ʉɪɚɭɞɫɨ̗ɪɫɢɧɝ (ɚɧɝɥ. crowdsourcing, crowd — «ɬɨɥɩɚ» ɢ sourcing — «ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ») — ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ
ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɥɢɰ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ. ɉɪɢɦ.ɪɟɞ.
44
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
ɋɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɣ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɵɧɤɚ
Ʉɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɐɟɧɬɪ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬ
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 –Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɟ ɢ ɟɺ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɈɌɋ.
ɐɟɧɬɪ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɢɡɚɣɧ, ɞɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɉɪɈ. ɐɢɤɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɉɪɈ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
(ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ).
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ [10].
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
3
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɺ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ (ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ [9]). ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɚɝɟɧɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ) ɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [11] ɰɟɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ;
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ;
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ).
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
(u, v) :,
(1)
ɝɞɟ u – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, v
(v , v ,..., v ) - ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, : - ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
1 2
n
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ X (X – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ).
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ (1) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
1) ɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ
ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
2) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ) u U ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ.
3) ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ui-ɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ vi V(ui), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ yi Yi , ɝɞɟ Yi – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɭɱɺɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ Y ɝɥ . ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (1) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
n
n
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ Y Y ɝɥ ( Yi ) . Ɂɞɟɫɶ Yi – ɷɬɨ
i 1
i 1
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ,
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
46
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
4) ɩɭɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ Gi(u, vi).
5) ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɭ
ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ u ɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ yi, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
6) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
7) ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ
ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɟɺ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ [12].
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɺ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ «ɡɧɚɸɬ» ɢ «ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ» ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ.
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
(2)
ɝɞɟ R (u )
i
U0
­°
½°
n
n
®u U | V (u ) Vi (u ) z, (u, v) :, v R(u ) Ri (u )¾ ,
°̄
°¿
i 1
i 1
max G (u , v ) .
i
i
v V (u )
i
i
ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ F(u, v), ɬɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ u 0 U 0 , ɱɬɨ
(3)
Arg
F0
inf F (u , v ) .
0
u U v R(u )
sup
Ɉɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
n
0
(4)
¦ G(ui , vi ) F d C (Y ),
i 1
ɝɞɟ Y – ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ, ɋ() – ɮɨɧɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ (4) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɚ, ɢ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɶɸ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ «ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɷɝɨɢɡɦɚ», ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɫɟɛɟ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
47
Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ i-ɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ yiɜɯ , ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ
yiɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ zi , ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɯɨɞ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɉɪɈ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ i-ɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɜɯ ɜɵɯ
­
½
ɜɯ
ɜɯ
ɜɵɯ
ɜɯ
w ( y , z ) Y
, z Z ¾.
® yi | y i d yi d y i , yi
i
i
i
i
i
i
¯
¿
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ (1-5) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ yiɜɵɯ wi* ( yiɜɯ , z i ) Yiɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ
Y
i
(5)
ɜɯ ɜɵɯ
­
½
ɜɯ
* ɜɯ
ɜɵɯ
ɜɯ
w ( y , z ) Y
, z Z ¾
® yi | y i d yi d y i , yi
i i
i
i
i
i¿
¯
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɨɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɩɵɬɨɦ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ
ɰ ­ y | y ɜɯ d y ɜɯ d y ɜɯ , y ɜɵɯ wɰ ( y ɜɯ , z ) Y ɜɵɯ , z Z ½.
(7)
Y
® i i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i ¾¿
¯
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ V , i 1, n ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚi
ɟɬ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ [13], ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ u 0 U 0 , ɚ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɯɨɞ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɫɜɨɺ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ y ɢ
Y*
i
(6)
i
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ v ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ Bi (ui ) Yi (ui ) Yi , ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
i
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
(8)
G (u , v )
o
max .
i i i
v B (u )
i
i i
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ R(D)
n
ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɝɞɟ D Y ɝɥ B (u ) ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼɚi i
i 1
ɪɶɢɪɭɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ u {u , i 1, n} , ɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟi
ɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
4
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ
Ⱥɝɟɧɬ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ uk ɩɭɬɺɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (8) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ
48
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
(h)
(h)
x , ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ X
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨk
k
ɫɬɹɯ, h – ɲɚɝ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
(h)
{Ȧ , h 1,H } A – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɈɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ȧ
k
k
k
(h) ­ (h)
(h)
½
ɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ x
® xkj ,j [1,mk ]¾ X k . Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɟɤk
¯
¿
ɬɨɪ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ
Ak – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
(h)
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ȍ :A o X .
k k
k
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɭ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ k-ɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
(h)
(h) (h)
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ O* {o*|o (x ), x X (Ȧ ), Ȧ A } – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨk
k
k
k k k
k
k
k
ɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸ(1)
(2)
A , ɱɬɨ
ɳɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Ȧ A ɢ Ȧ
k
k
k
k
(1 )
(2)
Ȧ , ɝɞɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ Ȧ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ» ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
k
k
(2) (2)
(1) (1)
) . ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(Ȧ
X (Ȧ ) X
k
k
k
k
(h) (h) (h)
(1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )
Ȧ , Ȧ , Ȧ , ... , ɱɬɨ lim ok (xk (Ȧk )) O*k .
k
k
k
hof
Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡ(1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )
ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ȧ , Ȧ , Ȧ , ... ɛɭk
k
k
ɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɯ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
(1 )
(2)
(2) (2)
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
(2)
(1 ) ( 2 )
Ȧ ,Ȧ
A ,Ȧ
) ! EM (x ) .
) EM (x
(Ȧ
Ȧ , X (Ȧ ) X
k k
k k
k
k
k
k
k
k k
k
k
ɗɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ
(1 )
(2)
) EM (x ) ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨ
¨ EM (x
k k
k k
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɡɧɚɧɢɹ).
ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
49
Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ
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o
k - ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɦ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ.
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ
(h)*
(h) (h)*
A ɢ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ o ,o
, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ȧ
k k
k
k
(h) (h)*
(h)*
X (Ȧ
x
) – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
k
k
k
(h)
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ o
k .
(h)* (h)*
,o
ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ x
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ
k
k
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɩ. 8.
(h)
i [1,N ] , ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ o
k
k ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ
(h)
(h) (h)
(h)
(h)
ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ Ak ɢ X , ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨɛɵ o (x ) o ǻ ,
k
k
ki
ki
ki
50
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Г.П. Виноградов, Н.Г. Виноградова
(h)
ɝɞɟ ǻ - ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ki
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɨ «ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ» ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɩ. 1.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ r ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
ɲɚɝɟ r - 1 ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ Pk ɢ X k ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ xk , y o* , c* , z* . Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ r ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɲɚɝɟ r – 1, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ o o* ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɤ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ EM k (o(y o* )) ɢ
EE k (o(y o* )) .
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
xk , y o* , c* , z* ,
EM k (o(y o* )) ,
EE k (o(y o* )) . Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ o, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟ*
*
*
ɫɬɜɚɦɢ Pk ɢ X k – ɷɬɨ ɬɨɱɤɚ o , ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ o i max o (x(p)), i 1,L . Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ o
i
pP , x X
k
k
– ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ i, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ*
ɧɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ o ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ Pk , X k ɢ Ck ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɞɥɹ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ Pk (r) Pk (r 1 ) ɢ
*
X k (r) X (r 1 ) . ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ oi oi
k
*
ɬɨɱɤɢ o i z o i , ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ
L
*
o . ɉɭɬɺɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ¦ oi oio* ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ p oi oio* z 0 ɩɪɢi
i 1
ɦɟɪɧɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ' ɢ < ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ Pk , X k ɢ Ck . Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ:
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ;
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Q k ;
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ;
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
51
Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ:
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ [13]);
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɤɪɚɭɞɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ, ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɸ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɉɪɈ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɊɎɎɂ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ 14-01-00328\14.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[1] Gubanov, D. E-Expertise: Modern Collective Intelligence / D. Gubanov, N. Korgin, D. Novikov, A. Raikov //
Springer Series: Studies in Computational Intelligence. – 2014. - Vol. 558, XVIII. - 112 p.
[2] ȼɢɬɬɢɯ, ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɰɢɨɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨ-
[3]
[4]
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ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ / ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯ, Ɍ.ȼ. Ɇɨɢɫɟɟɜɚ, ɋ.ȼ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɨɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.ȿ. Ʌɟɩɫɤɨɝɨ. – Ɇ.: Ʉɨɝɢɬɨ-ɐɟɧɬɪ, 2014. – ɋ. 214-224.
Ƚɨɪɨɞɟɰɤɢɣ, ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ (ɑɚɫɬɶ 1) / ȼ.ɂ. Ƚɨɪɨɞɟɰɤɢɣ // ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. –
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ɋɤɨɛɟɥɟɜ, ɉ.Ɉ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ / ɉ.Ɉ. ɋɤɨɛɟɥɟɜ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2013.- ʋ2(8). – ɋ. 26-48.
Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, ȼ.ɇ. ɗɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ /
ȼ.ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ // ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. – Ɍɭɥɚ: ɌȽɌɍ, 1993. – ɫ. 29-35.
Ȼɭɪɤɨɜ, ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ / ȼ.ɇ. Ȼɭɪɤɨɜ, ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɧɞɪɚɬɶɟɜ.
Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1981. - 384 ɫ.
ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ: ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ / Ⱦ.Ⱥ. ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɑɯɚɪɬɢɲɜɢɥɢ. - Ɇ.:
Ɏɢɡɦɚɬɥɢɬ, 2013. – 412 ɫ.
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[8] Ɋɚɣɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɇ. Ʉɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ / Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɋɚɣɤɨɜ.// Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɂɄȺɊ,
2009. – 245 c.
[9] ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, Ƚ.ɉ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜɵ-
ɛɨɪɚ / Ƚ.ɉ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, ȼ.ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ // ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. - 2011 - ʋ3. ɋ. 58-72.
[10] ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, Ƚ.ɉ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ /
Ƚ.ɉ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, Ƚ.ɉ. ɒɦɚɬɨɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɪɡɨɜ // ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. - 2015. - ʋ2 (110). –
ɋ. 83–94.
[11] Ʌɟɩɫɤɢɣ, ȼ.ȿ. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ /
ȼ.ȿ. Ʌɟɩɫɤɢɣ // Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɬɜ. ɪɟɞ: ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɲɢɧɨɜ,
ȼ.Ɇ. Ɋɨɡɢɧ. – Ɇ.: ɂɎɊȺ, 2013. – ɫ. 68-99.
[12] ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜ, Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ / Ⱦ.Ⱥ. ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜ – Ɇ.:
Ɏɢɡɦɚɬɥɢɬ, 2008. - 184 ɫ.
[13] ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, Ƚ.ɉ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ / Ƚ.ɉ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. Ɍɜɟɪɶ: ɌȽɌɍ, 2013. - 256 ɫ.
________________________________________________________________________________
SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORK EXPERT SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENT
IN PRINCIPLE ENDOGENOUS TARGET DESIGNATION
G.P. Vinogradov1, N.G. Vinogradova2
Tver State Technical University, Tver, Russia
1
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The article discusses the problem of constructing a model of the functioning of the socio-economic system, using the
mechanisms of information exchange participants. The central point of this interaction is the formation of coherent ideas about the purpose, limitations, needs, possibilities and directions of development. The model allows not only to identify customers and consumers of goods and services to the volume and quality of performance requirements, but also to
form their perceptions of their own needs. This suggests that the mechanisms of formation of coherent ideas and ways
of acting members of the system are more effective than, for example, market or command hierarchy. It is shown that
the most promising form of information exchange in solving search problems, the production of new knowledge and
determine the direction of its self-developing expert network environment. An elementary part of any environment is an
expert professional, owning modern telecommunication technologies. Integration into the network structure of the natural intelligence forms is a subject of a collective strategy, which is a means of synergy of knowledge and actions in the
process of building a self-organizing development. The article considers the problem of creation of media expert networks for the development of innovative industries that produce high-tech, high technology products and services.
Keywords: expert community, self-organization, networking, coordination of ideas, innovative development.
Citation: Vinogradov GP, Vinogradova NG. Self-organizing network expert systems environment in principle endogenous target designation. Ontology of Designing 2016; 6(1): 39-54. DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-39-54.
References
[1] Gubanov D, Korgin N, Novikov D., Raikov A. E-Expertise: Modern Collective Intelligence. Springer Series Stud-
ies in Computational Intelligence 2014 - Vol. 558, XVIII. - 112 p.
[2] Vittikh VA, Moiseeva TV, Smirnov SV. Socio-humanitarian and communication problems intersubjective man-
agement of innovation processes. Problems of social and humanitarian support for innovative processes in the Eurasian space. Edited by V.E. Lepsky. Mosccow: Cogito-Centr Publisher; 2014: 214-224. (In Russian).
[3] Gorodeckij VI. Teoriya, modeli, infrastruktury i yazyki specifikacii komandnogo povedeniya avtonomnyh agentov.
Obzor (chast 1) [The theory, model, infrastructure and specification languages command behavior of autonomous
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
53
Самоорганизующиеся сетевые экспертные среды в системах с эндогенным принципом...
agents. Review (Part 1)]. Iskusstvennyj intellekt i prinyatie reshenij [Artificial intelligence and decision making]
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[4] Skobelev PO. Situation-driven decision making and multi-agent technology: finding solutions in dialogue. Ontology of Designing 2013; 2(8): 26-48. (In Russian).
[5] Kuznecov VN. Evristicheskaya strategiya diagnostiki slabo formalizuemykh tekhnologicheskikh system. Ehlementy i sistemy optimalnoj identifikacii i upravleniya tekhnologicheskimi processami. [Heuristic strategy for diagnostics of hardly formalizable technological systems. Elements and systems of optimal identification and process
control] Tula: TGTU Publisher, 1993: 29-35. (In Russian).
[6] Burkov VN, Kondrat’ev VV. Mekhanizmy funkcionirovaniya organizacionnykh system. [Mechanisms of functioning of organizational systems] Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1981. - 384 p. (In Russian).
[7] Novikov DA, Chkhartishvili AG. Refleksiya i upravlenie: matematicheskie modeli. [Reflection and management:
mathematical models] Moscow: Fizmatlit Publisher, 2013. – 412 p. (In Russian).
[8] Rajkov AN. Konvergentnoe upravlenie i podderzhka reshenij [Convergent management and decision making support] Moscow: IKAR Publisher, 2009. – 245 p.(In Russian).
[9] Vinogradov GP, Kuznecov VN. Modelirovanie povedeniya agenta s uchetom sub"ektivnyh predstavlenij o situacii
vybora. [Modeling the behavior of an agent based on subjective perceptions of a situation of choice] Iskusstvennyj
intellekt i prinyatie reshenij [Artificial intelligence and decision making] 2011; 3: 58-72. (In Russian).
[10] Vinogradov GP, Shmatov GP, Borzov DA. Formirovanie predstavlenij agenta o predmetnoj oblasti v situacii vybora. [The formation of preception of the the agent of the domain in a situation of choice] Programmnye produkty i
sistemy [Software and System] 2015; 2(110): 83–94. (In Russian).
[11] Lepskij VE. Evolyuciya predstavlenij ob upravlenii v kontekste nauchnoj racionalnost. Filosofiya upravleniya:
metodologicheskie problemy i proekty. [The evolution of ideas about how to manage in the context of scientific rationality] Eds.: Arshinov VI, Rozin VM. – Moscow: IFRA Publisher, 2013: 68-99. (In Russian).
[12] Novikov DA. Matematicheskie modeli formirovaniya i funkcionirovaniya komand. [Mathematical models of the
formation and functioning of commands] Moscow: Fizmatlit Publisher, 2008. – 184 p. (In Russian).
[13] Vinogradov GP. Metody i algoritmy prinyatiya reshenij v avtomatizirovannykh sistemakh upravleniya proizvodstvami s nepreryvnoj tekhnologiej na osnove sub"ektivnykh predstavlenij [Methods and algorithms for decisionmaking in the automated control system with continuous technology based on subjective perceptions] Tver: TGTU
Publisher, 2013. – 256 p. (In Russian).
________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ Ƚɟɧɧɚɞɢɣ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢɱ, 1948 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɜ 1971 ɝ. ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, ɞ.ɬ.ɧ. (2013). ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɱɥɟɧ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ȼ
ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɦɧɨɝɨɚɝɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Vinogradov Gennadiy Pavlovich, 1948 b. He graduated in 1971 the Faculty of Chemical Engineering of the Kalinin Polytechnic Institute, Ph.D. (2013). Professor, Department of Computer
Science and Applied Mathematics, Tver State Technical University; member of the Russian
Association for Artificial Intelligence. The list of scientific works of more than 200 works in
the field of decision theory, multi-agent systems.
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ Ƚɟɧɧɚɞɶɟɜɧɚ, 1979 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥɚ Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ⱥɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ.
Vinogradova Natalia G., 1979 b. He graduated in the city of Tver State Technical University.
Postgraduate Tver State Technical University. The list of scientific works of three publications
in the field of self-organizing innovative environments.
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О.П. Кузнецов, В.С. Суховеров
ɍȾɄ 004
ɈɇɌɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɉɈȾɏɈȾ Ʉ ɈɐȿɇɄȿ ɌȿɆȺɌɂɄɂ
ɇȺɍɑɇɈȽɈ ɌȿɄɋɌȺ
Ɉ.ɉ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ1, ȼ.ɋ. ɋɭɯɨɜɟɪɨɜ2
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
1
[email protected], [email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɂɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɢ:
«Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ», «ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ», «Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ», ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɺ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɟɧ ɬɟɦɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɱɺɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɦ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ» - ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ «Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ» ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɚ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ,Ɉ.ɉ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ /
Ɉ.ɉ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, ȼ.ɋ. ɋɭɯɨɜɟɪɨɜ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ.6, ʋ1(19). – ɋ. 55-66. –
DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-55-66.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ –
ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ [1], ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ – ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
(ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɢɥɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ (ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɸ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɟ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
(ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ – ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ – ɩɪɢɺɦ
ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɇɟɨɬɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ – ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Онтологический подход к оценке тематики научного текста
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ; ɬɚɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
1
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: 1) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ 2)
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
ɉɨɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ1 ɢ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ,
ɤɭɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ. Ɉɛ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɧɟ ɢɞɺɬ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɡɚɞɚɱ:
1) ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ, ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɦɢ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ;
2) ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ: ɩɪɢɺɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ 1 ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ: ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢɬɶ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ; ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ – ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ
ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɭ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ 2 ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ: ɨ ɩɪɢɺɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ; ɨ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɩɪɢɫɥɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɭ; ɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɬ.ɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɨɛɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ), ɬɨ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɦɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ ɢɯ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɍɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ: ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ
ɥɢɰɨɦ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [2] ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ:
1) ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ;
2) ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ;
1
ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ ɋ.ȼ.,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ (ɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ) ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢɦ. ɪɟɞ.
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
О.П. Кузнецов, В.С. Суховеров
3) ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɭɦɟɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɶ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ;
4) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɥɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩ.2 (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ) – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ; ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩ.3 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ: ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ-ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ
ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ-ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ: ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɟɧ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [3]).
əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ? ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ – ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ, ɬɨ
ɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ (ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ,
ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢɫɥɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ), - ɧɟɬ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
(ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ) ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
2
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɺɧɧɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ [4, 5]. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [6]. Ɉɧ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɥɹ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɢ – ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ.
Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ,
ɬ.ɟ. ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ – ɷɬɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ,
ɝɞɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɞɜɟ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɜɢɫɹɱɢɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ «ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ», ɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ – ɷɬɨ ɥɢɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ (ɜɢɫɹɱɚɹ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɠɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ «ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɤɥɚɫɫ».
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ:
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
57
Онтологический подход к оценке тематики научного текста
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɡɚɹɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. ɑɟɦ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɬɟɦ
ɬɨɱɧɟɟ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ) ɨɧ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ.
Ɍɚɤ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ (ɍȾɄ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɊɇɎ, ɊɎɎɂ ɢ
ɞɪ.). Ɍɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɢ, ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬ. ɋ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɨ ɱɺɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɞɟɥɨ
ɨɛɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦ. ȼ
ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ: ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚɯ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɋɬɚɬɶɹ, ɩɪɢɫɥɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ) ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ: ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ: ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ
(ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ) ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɷɬɢɦ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹɦ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɚ.
ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ.
ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ – ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ).
ɋ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɦɟɠɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ. ɂɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ:
«ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ», «ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ» ɢɥɢ «ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ», «ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ». ɗɬɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, - ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ-ɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ. ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ-ɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɚ-ɩɨɞɬɟɦɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ-ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ-ɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ-ɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼɫɟ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧ. ȼɢɫɹɱɢɦɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ-ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ.
ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɜɢɫɹɱɢɦɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ (ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɹɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɚɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ
ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ: ɜ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɜɹɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɹɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɯ, ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɝɪ, ɝɞɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ
ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɚ-ɩɨɞɬɟɦɚ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɚ
58
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
О.П. Кузнецов, В.С. Суховеров
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɚ-ɬɟɪɦɢɧ – ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ» ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ», ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ «ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ».
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ. Ɍɚɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧ
«ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɬɟɦɟ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, –
ɞɪɟɜɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɂɝɪɚ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɝɪ
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
Ʉɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɢɝɪɵ
ɇɟɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɢɝɪɵ
ɂɝɪɚ ɜ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɇɷɲɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɝɪ
3
Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚɭɤ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɭɝ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɟɺ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɉɪɈ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ: ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɤ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚɭɤ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ «Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ», ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ – ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ. Ʉɭɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɭɡɤɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɶɢ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɬɨ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɺɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ «Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ» ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɭɬɺɦ «ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ» ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ
ɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ, ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɺɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ. Ɉɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɤ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ «ɛɟɡɥɢɤɢɟ» ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ «ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ», «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ»,
«ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ», ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
59
Онтологический подход к оценке тематики научного текста
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ: «ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ Ʌɹɩɭɧɨɜɚ», «ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ʌɚɝɪɚɧɠɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ». Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, - ɷɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ – ɧɟɬ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ: «ɢɝɪɚ», «ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ». Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ
ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɨɪɝɪɚɮ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɨɜ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɹ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ
ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɍɠɟ ɧɚ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ. ɉɨɞ «ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɦɢ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦɢ», ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ «Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ», «Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ», «ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ», «ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ» ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɨɞ «Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ» – ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ «ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ», «Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ», «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ», «Ɋɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ», ɢ ɞɪ.
ɇɚɭɤɢ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ
Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ȼ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ: ɢɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
О.П. Кузнецов, В.С. Суховеров
4
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɩɨɞɫɱɺɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ
ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɦɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɬ.ɟ. «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ» ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ,
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ – ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ; ɝɥɚɝɨɥ –
ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɚɯ. ɗɬɚ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ «ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ».
ȼ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ —
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ, ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ [7]. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ (ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: ɬɪɺɯɫɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ «ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɵ:
(ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧ((ɨɟ)|(ɨɝɨ)|(ɨɦɭ)|(ɵɦ)|(ɨɦ))(\s|(\s\s))
ɥɢɧɟɣɧ((ɨɟ)|(ɨɝɨ)|(ɨɦɭ)|(ɵɦ)|(ɨɦ))(\s|(\s\s))
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢ((ɟ)|(ɹ)|(ɸ)|(ɟɦ)|(ɢ))).
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɚɦ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɟɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ
ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ P(d) ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ d ɜɜɟɞɺɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ.
Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ N ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ; ɜ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ Kd ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ; ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɵ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ sim i-ɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɜ m-ɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
sim = 0, ɟɫɥɢ i-ɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ m-ɣ ɬɟɦɟ; ɢɧɚɱɟ
sim = 1/ ci , ɝɞɟ ci – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ i-ɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ m-ɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ. ɗɬɚ
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ m-ɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ Sm = 6Kdi=1 sim .
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ Sd ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ d ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɪɚɜɧɚ Sd = 6Nj=1 Sj .
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ Rm(d) ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ d m-ɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ m-ɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ Sd :
Rm (d) = Sm/Sd .
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ P(d) = (R1(d), R2(d), …, RN(d)).
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
61
Онтологический подход к оценке тематики научного текста
ɉɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ.
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ d ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ 15 ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ {1, 2, …, 10} ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɟɦɟ 1,
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ {9,…, 15} ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɟɦɟ 2. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ {6, 7, …, 10} ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ 4 ɪɚɡɚ;
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ – 2 ɪɚɡɚ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ s11 = … = s81 = 1; s91 = s101 = 1/2; s111 = … = s151 = 0;
s12 = … s72 = s82 = 0; s92 = s102 = 1/2; s112 = … = s152 = 1.
S1 = (s11 + … + s51)2 + (s61 +…+ s101)4 = 52 + 34 + (0,5 + 0,5) 4 = 26.
S2 = (s91 + s101)4 + (s111 + … + s151)2 = (0,5 + 0,5) 4 + 52 = 14.
R1(d) = 26/(26+14) = 0,65; R2(d) = 14/(26+14) = 0,35; P(d) = (0,65; 0,35; 0;….; 0).
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɟɦɟ – ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɚ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦ
ɬɟɦɚɦ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ.
5
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ Protégé [8]. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɭɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ,
ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɤɧɢɝɢ Excel, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ-ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɬɟɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ-ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɉɪɈ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Python,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɢ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ;
ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɤɧɢɝɭ Excel
(ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3).
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɉɪɈ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɥɟɦɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ,
ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ [7], ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ
(ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ).
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ
ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɪɢɤ ɢɡ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ
«Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ».
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɭɛɪɢɤ – «ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ». ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɨɤɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ) ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɬɟɦɚɦ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ «ɇɚɭɤɢ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ».
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ȼɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
62
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ɉɤɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ
ɀɢɪɧɵɦ ɤɭɪɫɢɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 10%.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚ – «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ». Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ: ɟɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ», ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. ȼ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ
ɨɛɴɺɦɨɦ 16-62 kB ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ 50 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
(ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5), ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ 100 ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ 700
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. ɇɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɦɟɧɟɟ 50 ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ
ɧɺɦ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ-ɫɯɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5). ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ – ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ; ɨɛɴɺɦɵ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ; ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɨɤ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ» ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɪɬɟɠɢ ɬɟɦ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6). Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ – 73,5Ə - ɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɬɪɺɯ ɬɟɦ
ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ: «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ», «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ» ɢ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ». ɇɚ ɝɪɚɮɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɉɪɈ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ,
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Онтологический подход к оценке тематики научного текста
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɠɧɨɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
«Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ».
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ»
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6 – ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɢɡ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ»
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɉɪɈ
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɨ
ɬɟɦɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɺ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɝɢɩɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɟɺ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[1] ɂɥɶɜɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ / Ⱦ. ɂɥɶɜɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿ. ɑɟɪɧɹɤ // Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. 2014, ʋ1. - ɋ. 51-53.
[2] Draganidis F., Mentzas G. Competency based management: a review of systems and approaches/ Information
Management & Computer Security, 2006, Vol. 14, No. 1, P. 51-64.
[3] Ɂɚɧɢɧɚ, Ʌ.ȼ., Ɇɟɧɶɲɢɤɨɜɚ ɇ.ɉ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ. – Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ Ⱦɨɧɭ: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ, 2003. –
288 ɫ.
[4] Euzenat J., Shvaiko P. Ontology matching. – Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. - 332 p.
[5] Rogushina J., Gladun A. Ontology-based competency analyses in new research domains / Journal of Computing
and Information Technology. V.20, N. 4, 2012. – P.277-293.
[6] Ʉɪɸɤɨɜ, Ʉ.ȼ. Ɉ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ / Ʉ.ȼ. Ʉɪɸɤɨɜ, Ɉ.ɉ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ,
ȼ.ɋ. ɋɭɯɨɜɟɪɨɜ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ III-ɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ (OSTIS-2013,
Ɇɢɧɫɤ). Ɇɢɧɫɤ, ɍɈ "Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ"
(ȻȽɍɂɊ), 2013. - ɋ.159-162.
[7] Ɏɪɢɞɥ Ⱦɠ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, 3-ɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ. – ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. – ɋɉɛ.: ɋɢɦɜɨɥ_ɉɥɸɫ, 2008. – 608 ɫ.
[8] Smith M.K., Welty C., McGuinness D.L. OWL Web Ontology Language Guide, 2004. https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
A ONTOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE SUBJECT
MATTER OF SCIENTIFIC TEXT
O.P. Kuznetsov1, V.S. Sukhoverov2
Institute of Control Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
1
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The paper proposes an approach to determination the subject matter of scientific text, using the domain ontology. It
presents the original principle of building applied sciences ontologies, in which the ontology tree contains three required
branches: the "Fundamental theory", "Applied theory", "Applications". Topics are classes of the ontology and terms of
the matching topics are instances of classes. We describe the structure of the control theory ontology and present
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
65
Онтологический подход к оценке тематики научного текста
fragments of this ontology and its dictionary. It is assumed that the scientific text relevant to the topic, if it contains
terms of this topic. A method is proposed for evaluating of the degree of scientific text relevance to different topics
based on counting the number of the terms occurrences of these topics in the document. The result of this method is the
“the document profile” – vector of document relevance to ontology topics. We describe the automatic system for
analysis the subjects of scientific texts from the field of the control theory and practice developed on the basis of the
proposed approach. The linguistic problems of the terms search are considered. We present some statistics after
processing of thematic sections of the journal "Automation and Remote Control" and an example of building a profile
for selected article. Possible directions to improve the estimates of relevance are noted.
Key words: ontology, competence, relevance, topic, term, document profile, control theory.
Citation: Kuznetsov O.P., Sukhoverov V.S. A ontological approach to determining the subject matter of scientific text.
Ontology of designing. 2016; 6(1): 55-66. DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-55-66.
References
[1] Il'vovskij D., Chernyak E. Sistemy avtomaticheskoi obrabotki tekstov [Systems of automatic processing of texts]
//Otkrytye sistemy. 2014, ʋ1: 51-53. (In Russian).
[2] Draganidis F., Mentzas G. Competency based management: a review of systems and approaches/ Information
Management & Computer Security, 2006, Vol. 14, No.1: 51-64.
[3] Zanina LV., Men'shikova NP. Osnovy' pedagogicheskogo masterstva. [Fundamentals of pedagogical skills] –
Rostov-na Donu: Feniks, 2003.
[4] Euzenat J., Shvaiko P. Ontology matching. – Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. 332 p.
[5] Rogushina J., Gladun A. Ontology-based competency analyses in new research domains / Journal of Computing
and Information Technology. V.20, N. 4, 2012: 277-293.
[6] Kryukov KV., Kuznetsov OP., Sukhoverov VS. O ponyatii formal'noj kompetentnosti nauchnykh sotrudnikov [On
the notion of formal competence of research staff] / Materialy III-j mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-tekhnicheskoj
konferentsii (OSTIS-2013, Minsk). Minsk, UO "Belorusskij gosudarstvennyj universitet informatiki i
radioelektroniki" (BGUIR), 2013: 159-162. (In Russian).
[7] Friedl Jeffrey EF. Mastering Regular Expressions, 3rd Edition – O'Reilly Media, 2006.
[8] Smith MK., Welty C., McGuinness DL. OWL Web Ontology Language Guide, 2004. https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ Ɉɥɟɝ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱ. 1936 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɆȽɍ ɢɦ. Ɇ.ȼ.Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ (1958 –
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ, 1966 - ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ). Ʉ.ɬ.ɧ. – 1965,
ɞ.ɬ.ɧ. -1983, ɩɪɨɮ. 1998. Ɂɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ.
ȼ.Ⱥ.Ɍɪɚɩɟɡɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɊȺɇ. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ɑɥɟɧ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ «Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ»,
«ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ», «ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ». Ⱥɜɬɨɪ 143
ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɢ 3 ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ.
Kuznetsov Oleg Petrovich (b.1936) graduated from Moscow State University in 1958
(philosophy department) and 1966 (mathematics and mechanics department). Head of
department at Institute of Control Sciences V.A.Trapeznikov Academy of Sciences. Chairman
of Scientific Council of Russian Association of Artificial Intelligence. He is author 143
scientific articles and 3 monographies.
ɋɭɯɨɜɟɪɨɜ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢɱ. 1945 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɆɅɌɂ (1970 – ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɱɟɬɧɨ-ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ). Ʉ.ɬ.ɧ. – 2004. ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ. ȼ.Ⱥ.Ɍɪɚɩɟɡɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɊȺɇ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 ɫɬɚɬɟɣ.
Sukhoverov Victor Stepanovich (b. 1945) graduated from the Moscow State Forest University
Faculty of Computer Sciences in 1970, PhD (2004). Senior researcher of Laboratory of
Intellectualization Methods of Discrete Processes and Control Systems – V. A. Trapeznikov
Institute of Control Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences. He is author and co-author of
more than 50 publications.
66
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.В. Микони
ɍȾɄ 557.97
Ɉ ɄɅȺɋɋȿ, ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ɂ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ,
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɟɺ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ, ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ. ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɹ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ. Ɉ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ / ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ.6, ʋ1(19). – ɋ. 67-80. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-67-80.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [1] ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ «ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ» ɢ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ
ɬɟɦɭ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɉɪɈ), ɢɛɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɀ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɦɚɪɤɭ «ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ».
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ)» ɧɚɲɥɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ [2-5], ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɺɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ.
1) Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ «ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ (ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ» [2].
2) Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ (ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ) ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɯɟɦ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰ) ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ» [3].
3) Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ «ɨɛɳɟɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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О классе, классификации и систематизации
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ» [4].
4) Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ «ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ, ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ (ɪɨɞ,
ɜɢɞ, ɩɨɞɜɢɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)» [5].
ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ «ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɢ «ɫɜɹɡɶ». ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ
ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ – ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ) ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ). Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɜ [2, 3] ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ [2]
ɢɦ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɚ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ – ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ [2, 3] ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ.
ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ) ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɍȾɄ). ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ [2] ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɧɢɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ [5] ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɨɬɞɟɥɺɧ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ [2] ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ [5] ɫɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ [4] ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ (ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ?), ɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɟɺ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ.
ɇɚɞɺɠɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ [2] ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɨ». ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɟɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
1
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɉɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ [6]:
(1)
A = {x ~Pr (x)} ɢɥɢ A = {x : Pr (x)}.
68
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.В. Микони
ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ x ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ A ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Pr, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ. ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɚ Pr (x) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ x ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ Pr. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬ Pr (x) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ A1. Ɉɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ x ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ A ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ A: Pr: A o {0, 1}. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0 (ɥɨɠɶ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ x A, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 1
(ɢɫɬɢɧɚ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ x A.
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɧɟ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ. ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢ̗ɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɭɪɫɢ̗ɜɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ
ɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ x ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ A ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ A ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ n >1 ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ:
(2)
­° n
½°
A ® x : Pr j ( x)¾ .
°̄ j 1
°¿
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (2) ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ n ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ A. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ «Ɉɬɥɢɱɧɢɤ», ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ «Ɉɬɥɢɱɧɨ» ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ n ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ «Ɍɪɨɟɱɧɢɤ» ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ:
(3)
­ n
½
A ® x : Pr j ( x)¾ .
¯ j1
¿
ɂɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ µAµɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ A ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɺɦ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ [7].
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɉɪɈ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɸ, ɭɱɺɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɩɨɡɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ (ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ). ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɭɱɺɧɵɣ»
ɡɚɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ:
ɍɱɺɧɵɣ (x) = {Ɂɧɚɸɳɢɣ (x), ɉɨɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ (x), ɉɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ (x)}.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ x, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɱɺɧɵɦ. Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɭɱɺɧɵɣ» ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɦɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (2):
ɍɱɺɧɵɣ (x) = { x µɁɧɚɸɳɢɣ (x) ɉɨɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ (x) ɉɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ (x)}.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɉɪɈ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ
ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɨɬ
ɧɟɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ? ɗɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ cj j-ɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (2) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
(4)
A
^x : Pr ( f (x), c )`
j
j
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɭɱɺɧɵɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɞɨ ɫɨɪɨɤɚ ɥɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (4) ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
1
ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (1) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
69
О классе, классификации и систематизации
Ɇɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɭɱɺɧɵɣ (x) = { x µPrd (ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɭɱɺɧɨɝɨ (x)), 40}.
ɍɱɺɧɵɣ, ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɺɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ ɡɪɟɥɵɦ. ɇɨ ɡɪɟɥɵɣ ɭɱɺɧɵɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɧɟɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ, ɚ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɭ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɭɱɺɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɺɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɺɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ
ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɺ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɭ (4) ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ (1), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɧɚ n ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ:
n
½°
­°
A ® x : Pr ( f j ( x), c j )¾ .
(5)
°¿
°̄ j 1
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ cj ɧɚ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ j-ɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ [8].
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ m>1 ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ, ɚ k-ɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, k
1, m , ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ [ckj,min, ckj,max] ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ j-ɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ,
j 1, n . Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ m. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ k-ɦ ɢ l-ɦ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɲɤɚɥɟ j-ɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɱɺɬɤɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ:
[ckj,min, ckj,max] [clj,min, clj,max]z.
ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ x ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ [clj,min, ckj,max] ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ j-ɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ [9]. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɺ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ Pjk(x) k-ɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨ j-ɭ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ x ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ k-ɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨ n ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ [8]:
(6)
ȝ k ( x)
n
¦ w ȝ ( x), k 1, m .
j
jk
j 1
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6) wj ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɜɟɫ (ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ) j-ɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɯ ɜɟɫɚ ɪɚɜɧɵ wj=1/n.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ x k-ɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɨ n ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ (Pk(x)[0, 1]), k 1, m , ɤɥɚɫɫ h*, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ x ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ:
*
(7)
h arg (max ȝ ( x)) .
k
k
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ (7) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ x ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ Pk(x) ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɤɚɥɟ [0, 1], ɞɥɹ ɟɺ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ h* ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɲɤɚɥɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Pk(x) > 0,5.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ (7) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ h*:
*
(8)
h {x : arg (max ȝk ( x))}
k
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ – ɨɬ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ j-ɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
70
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.В. Микони
ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɈ.
ɉɪɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɜ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ F(x1,…,xn), ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ x ɤɥɚɫɫɭ A ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
A x : Pr d ( F ( x1,..., x n), 0) .
(9)
^
`
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɭɫɨɱɧɨ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ F(x1,…,xn) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ (9)
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɰɢɸ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ A.
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
x : Pr d (d ( x, c k ), d k , max) .
(10)
Ak
^
`
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (9) ck – ɷɬɨ ɬɨɱɤɚ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɡɚ ɰɟɧɬɪ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ) k-ɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, d(x, ck) –
ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɷɜɤɥɢɞɨɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ x ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ
k-ɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, dk,max – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ k-ɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ (9) ɡɚɞɚɺɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ck ɢ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ dk,max.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1) ɤɥɚɞɺɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ O-ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ [10]. Ɉɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ O-ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ d ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ W ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ⱦɜɚ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ O-ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɟɜɤɥɢɞɨɜɚ ɜ O-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ2. ɋ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ Ʉɪɭɫɤɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɉɪɢɦɚ [6]
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ (ɨɫɬɨɜ) ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ O-ɝɪɚɮɚ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ Oɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɜ O-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ O-ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɟ
ɫɝɭɫɬɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɚɦɢ.
2
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ [2]. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ:
1) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
a. ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ;
b. ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ;
2
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (10) d-ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ O-ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
71
О классе, классификации и систематизации
2) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ
a. ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ;
b. ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ;
3) ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
a. ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ;
b. ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ, ɚ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ – ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ. Ʉɚɤ
ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɢ ɫɦɟɧɹɹ
ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢ ɬɟ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
Ʉ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ (ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩ). ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɟɺ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɺ ɤ
ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ, ɭɞɟɥɢɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɟɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
3
Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ–ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ. Ɉɧɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɞɨ-ɜɢɞɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɢɦ (ɪɨɞɨɜɵɦ) ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ (ɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ) ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ
ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Ⱥ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ȼ1 ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ3 ȼ [11]:
(11)
ȼ1Ⱥ =Ⱥ ȼ1
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ȼ1Ⱥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Ⱥ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ȼ1 ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (11) ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (11):
(12)
ȼ1Ⱥ =Ⱥ ȼ1
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȼ1 ɢ ȼ2, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɨɛɴɺɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ:
(13)
ȼ1Ⱥ ȼ2Ⱥ = ,
ɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɞɚɺɬ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Ⱥ (ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ):
(14)
ȼ1Ⱥ ȼ2Ⱥ = Ⱥ.
3
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ.
72
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.В. Микони
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ), ɬɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ (ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɵɦ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ: ȼɏ Ʉ ȼɕɏ Ʉ = Ʉ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ȼɏ Ʉ ɢ ȼɕɏ Ʉ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ (Ʉ).
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ (2), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ A, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ n ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɪɢ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ A.
Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ: ȼɏ Ʉ Ɉɉ Ʉ
ȼɕɏ Ʉ = Ʉ, ɝɞɟ Ɉɉ Ʉ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ «ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ» ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ «ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ» ɢ «ɜɢɞ ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ»,
ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɭ Ⱦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ, ɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɭ ɇɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – ɧɚ
ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ N >2 ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɡɚ k = ]log2N[ ɲɚɝɨɜ4 [8]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ [11].
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
Ɇɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɤɟɬɚɯ ɝɪɚɮɵ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɚ ɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɫ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ [8]. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ [12].
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ [13,
14]. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɺɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ «ɨɛɳɟɟ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ». Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ [15] ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ (əɈɉ).
4
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ ] [ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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О классе, классификации и систематизации
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɟɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɺ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɉɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ [1] ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ» ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [1] ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜ
ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (1), ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ. ɉɨɹɫɧɢɦ ɷɬɭ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɨɬɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɝɚ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ.
Ɋɟɱɶ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ (ɐɍɑ). ȿɦɭ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɺ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ (ɉɪɑ). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ (ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɬɜɭɟɬ) ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ⱥ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɦɟɪɭ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɟɳɺ
ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɢ (ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɇɑ).
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ (2), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ:
ɐɍɑ (x) = { x µɉɪɑ (x) ɇɑ (x)}.
ɗɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɬɜɭɸɬ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ). Ɇɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɶ (ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ).
ɇɭɠɧɨ ɟɳɺ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɠɟɤɬɺɪɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɇɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɞɟɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜ [5], ɧɚ ɧɚɲ
ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ/ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ–ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ».
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ – ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ.
4
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (9) ɢ (10) ɢ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɝɭɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ (ɬɚɤɫɨɧɚɦɢ) ɜ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɜ) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɜ n-ɦɟɪɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ [10]. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
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С.В. Микони
ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɧɟɱɺɬɤɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (8). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (5), ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
(6), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɱɺɬɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
ȼ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ. Ⱥɪɯɟɬɢɩ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟɦ, ɝɨɥɨɜɨɣ, ɤɪɵɥɶɹɦɢ, ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɨɝɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ «ɰɟɥɨɟ-ɱɚɫɬɶ».
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɦɟɪɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ [16]. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɟɪɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ – ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ. Ɍɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩ. ɂ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
ɑɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɦɟɪɨɧɵ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɦɟɪɨɧɵ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɧɚ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɵɥɨ, ɤ ɩɬɢɰɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ
ɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɭɸ ɦɵɲɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɭ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɟɪɨɧɚɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ / ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɧɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɧɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɜ
ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩ «ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ», ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ, ɧɨɝɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ (ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɥɺɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɤɪɵɥɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɛɢɧɨɣ ɩɢɥɨɬɚ,
ɤɨɪɩɭɫ – ɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɟɦ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɲɚɫɫɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹ ɫ
ɩɬɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ.
ɂɞɟɹ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ (ɛɭɤɜ, ɰɢɮɪ ɢ ɩɪ.)
ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
5
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɉɪɈ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
1) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
a. ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ;
b. ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ;
2) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
a. ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ;
b. ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ;
3) ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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О классе, классификации и систематизации
a. ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ;
b. ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ;
4) ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
a. ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ;
b. ɝɪɚɮɨɜɚɹ;
5) ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
a. ɞɪɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ;
b. ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ;
6) ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
a. ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ;
b. ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɺɧɧɚɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚɹ ɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [12]. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɉɪɈ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɬɢɰ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɬɢɰ). ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ) ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 - Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɏ1
Ɏ2
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ
ȿ, ȼɧ
ɂ, ȼɧ
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ
ȿ, ȼɲ
ɂ, ȼɲ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɫɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ: ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ (ȿ)/ ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ (ɂ)) ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɈ (ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ (ȼɧ) / ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ (ȼɲ)). ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɚɫɟɬ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ (ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɝɪɚɮ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɚ, ɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ – ɡɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɚɮɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɥɭɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɞɜɭɦ, ɝɪɚɮ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɟɬɟɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɝɪɚɮɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɜɢɫɹɱɢɟ) ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ.
Ʉ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɈ. ɇɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɇɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
76
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.В. Микони
ɉɪɈ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɵɦ ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
6
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɩɪɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ [16] ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ «ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ». ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ [17], ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ [6]:
(15)
Ɇstr=<A, R>.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ A – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ A =AsAe,
As – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ A,
Ae – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɬɧɟɫɺɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɟ,
R – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ Rs ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ Re ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
R=RsRe.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (15) ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ɇstr ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɟɺ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɉɪɈ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ A ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ R ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ (ɨɛɳɟɟ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ (ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ), ɱɚɫɬɶ-ɰɟɥɨɟ (ɩɚɪɬɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ), ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ (ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɭɸ), ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɉɪɈ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ–ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɉɪɈ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɉɪɈ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ «ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟɨɛɳɟɟ» [18]. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɉɪɈ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɠɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ? Ⱦɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɟ–ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɚɯ (ɜɟɫɚɯ) ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɚɬɨɦɚ. ȼ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɀ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɦɚɪɤɚ «ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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О классе, классификации и систематизации
ɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ», ɚ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ «ɧɚɭɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ». Ʉɚɠɭɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɛɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɲɤɚɥɭ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ
ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɥɨɯɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ. Ɉɧ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ,
ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɚɦ ɫɟɛɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ, ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɦɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ / ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɟɣ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ
ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɢ ɬɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ. ɇɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɟɺ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ «ɨɛɳɟɟ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ» ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɉɪɈ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɯ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɉɪɈ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɚ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɊȺɇ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ 0073-2015-0007) ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɵ ʋ 0073–2014–0009.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ (ɬɨɦ 5, ʋ 4, 2015, ɫ. 456).
78
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
С.В. Микони
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[1] Ɋɟɡɧɢɤ, ɘ.Ɇ. Ʉ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɢɪɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
/ ɘ.Ɇ. Ɋɟɡɧɢɤ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2015. – Ɍ. 5, ʋ4(18). – ɋ. 450-462. doi: 10.18287/2223-95372015-5-4-450-462.
[2] Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ɏ.ȼ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɚ. ȼ 5-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ. – Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. 1960-1970.
[3] Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ. Ƚɥ. ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ: Ʌ.Ɏ. ɂɥɶɢɱɺɜ, ɉ.ɇ. Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ, ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɺɜ,
ȼ.Ƚ. ɉɚɧɨɜ. – Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. 1983.
[4] ɇɨɜɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ. ɋ. ɋɬɺɩɢɧɚ. ȼ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɵɫɥɶ. 2001.
[5] Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ: ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɜɢɧɚ. – Ɇ.: Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ. 2004.
[6] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɚ: ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɝɪɚɮɵ. – ɋɉɛ.:
Ʌɚɧɶ, 2012. 192 ɫ.
[7] ɋɬɚɬɶɹ «ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ». Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ. ɬ. 25. –Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ȼɋɗ, 1976. - ɋ. 473-474.
[8] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɋɉɛ.: Ʌɚɧɶ, 2015. – 448 ɫ.
[9] Zadeh, L.A. Toward perseption-based theory of probabilistic reasoning with imprecise probabilities // Cɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɩɨ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ SCM’2003. –ɋɉɛ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ
«ɅɗɌɂ», 2003, C. 69–75.
[10] Ɂɚɝɨɪɭɣɤɨ, ɇ.Ƚ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. – ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, 1999. – 270 ɫ.
[11] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɋɉɛ.: ɉȽɍɉɋ, 2000. – 154 ɫ.
[12] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ., ɏɨɞɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɋɉɛ.: ɉȽɍɉɋ, 2011. –
142 ɫ.
[13] Ʌɨɬɬɟ, Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, 1961. – 157 ɫ.
[14] ɋɥɨɠɟɧɢɤɢɧɚ, ɘ. ȼ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. - Ɇ.: Ʉɧɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɨɦ «Ʌɢɛɪɨɤɨɦ», 2013. 120 ɫ.
[15] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ ɋ.ȼ., ɑɚɯɢɪɟɜɚ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ // ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. ɋɟɪ.2. 1987. ʋ 1. – ɋ. 23-27.
[16] ɒɪɟɣɞɟɪ, ɘ.Ⱥ., ɒɚɪɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. – Ɇ.: Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ, 1982. – 151 ɫ.
[17] Ȼɟɪɬɚɥɚɧɮɢ, Ʌ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ // ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. – Ɇ.:
ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, 1969. – ɋ. 23–82.
[18] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ // Ɍɪɭɞɵ IV-ɣ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ». – ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɑȽɍ, 2011, Ɍɨɦ 2, – ɋ.39-42.
________________________________________________________________________________
ABOUT THE CLASS, CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATIZATION
S.V. Mikoni
St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
[email protected]
Abstract
We consider a few classification definitions and explanations in domestic sources. It detected the ambiguity of the classification term. He refers to both the process and its result. It is proposed to call these concepts are different terms. In
order to eliminate a number of uncertainties in the interpretation of classification, its methods and systematization of
knowledge offered to attract mathematical models of class and system. The models of the formation of classes, used by
different methods of classifying objects are considered. Classifying methods properties and classifications obtained on
the basis of classifying methods are systematized. Mathematical model of dividing the volume of the concepts is discussed. Wrong choice of the class model is shown on a concrete example. Inductive methods of classifying objects and
archetype method are considered. The system model is used to distinguish the processes of classification and systematization. It is illustrated by the example of the Mendeleev periodic system of chemical elements. Classification concepts
are refined.
Key words: model, class, classification, periodic table, system, systematization, concept division, taxonomy.
Citation: Mikoni SV. About the class, classification and systematization. Ontology of designing. 2016; 6(1): 67-80. DOI:
10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-67-80.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
79
О классе, классификации и систематизации
References
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Konstantinov] V 5-ti tomakh. –M.: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. 1960-1970. (In Russian).
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[6] Mikoni SV. Diskretnaya matematika dlya bakalavra: mnozhestva, otnosheniya, funktsii, grafy. [Discrete Mathematics for Bachelor: sets, relations, functions, graphs]. SPb .: Lan, 2012. 192 p. (In Russian).
[7] Stat'ya «Ponyatie» [Article "Concept"]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. m. 25 - M .: Publishing House of the
TSB, 1976: 473-474. (In Russian).
[8] Mikoni SV. Teoriya prinyatiya upravlencheskih reshenij: Uchebnoe posobie [Theory of administrative decision
making: A Tutorial] –SPb.: Lan', 2015. – 448 p. (In Russian).
[9] Zadeh LA. Toward perseption-based theory of probabilistic reasoning with imprecise probabilities // Cbornik
dokladov Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii po mjagkim vychislenijam i izmerenijam SCM’2003. – SPb.: Izd-vo SPbGEhTU «LEhTI», 2003: 69–75.
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analisys] –Novosibirsk: Izd-vo instituta matematiki, 1999. – 270 p. (In Russian).
[11] Mikoni SV. Modeli i bazy znanij. Uchebnoe posobie. [Model and Knowledge Bases. Tutorial]. – SPb.: PGUPS,
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Tutorial] – SPb.: PGUPS, 2011. –142 p.
[13] Lotte DS. Osnovy postroeniya nauchno-tehnicheskoj terminologii [Bases of creation of scientific and technical
terminology] – M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1961. – 157 p. (In Russian).
[14] Slozhenikina YV. Fundamentals of terminology. M.: Book House "LIBROKOM", 2013. 120 p. (In Russian).
[15] Mikoni SV, Chahireva AL. Formalizovannyi yazyk dlya opredeleniya ponyatii [The formalized language for definition of concepts] // Nauchno-tehnicheskaya informaciya. Ser. 2. 1987. ʋ 1: 23-27. (In Russian).
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analysis] // Trudy IV-j Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii «Sistemnyj analiz i informacionnye tekhnologii», –
Cheljabinsk: Izd-vo ChGU, 2011. Vol 2: 39-42. (In Russian).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ ȼɢɬɚɥɶɟɜɢɱ, 1936 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɦ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɚ ɜ 1963 ɝ., ɞ.ɬ.ɧ. (1992), ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ (1994), ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɊȺɇ. ɑɥɟɧ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 270 ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 2 ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ 7 ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ, ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
Mikoni Stanislav Vitalievich (b. 1936) graduated from the Obraztsov Institute of Engineers of
Railway Transport (Leningrad) in 1963, D. Sc. Eng. (1992). Professor (1994). He is Russian
Association of Artificial Intelligence member. He is author and co-author of more than 270
publications in the field of technical diagnostic, discrete mathematic, system analyses, artificial
intelligence, decision making theory.
80
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Е.М. Кочнева
ɍȾɄ 159.9.07
ɋɈɉɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɉɈɇəɌɂɃ ɉɊɈȿɄɌ, ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ
ɂ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼɈɑɇȺə ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ: ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ,
ɗɌɂɆɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɂ ȽɇɈɋȿɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɋɉȿɄɌɕ
ȿ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɱɧɟɜɚ
ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. Ʉɨɡɶɦɵ Ɇɢɧɢɧɚ
(Ɇɢɧɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ), ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ», «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ»
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɨɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɝɧɨɫɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢ «ɩɥɚɧ» («ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ») ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ «ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ».
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ʉɨɱɧɟɜɚ, ȿ.Ɇ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɝɧɨɫɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ / ȿ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɱɧɟɜɚ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ.6, ʋ1(19). – ɋ. 81-94. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-8194.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
«Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ» [1]. ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɣ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ «ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ» ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ», ɧɨ ɢ «ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɟɺ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ» [2, ɫ. 7].
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɚ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ «ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɭ» ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ». ȼɨɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɜ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ [3].
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
81
Сопоставление понятий проект, проектирование и проектировочная деятельность...
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ [4], ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ, «ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɺɪɧɭɬɨɦ, «ɫɧɹɬɨɦ» ɜɢɞɟ ɜɫɺ ɰɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ
«ɦɭɤɚɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ» ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɜ ɛɵɥɵɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɨɬɜɚɠɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢɫɬɢɧ ɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɦɢɪɟ» [1]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ: «ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ), ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
«ɫɬɢɦɭɥ-ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ» (ɛɢɯɟɜɢɨɪɢɡɦ), ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ (ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ), ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɫɟɧɫɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ (ɀ. ɉɢɚɠɟ), ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ
(Ʌ.ɋ. ȼɵɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ)» [1].
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ», «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»
ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ». Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɺɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ:
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ;
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ «ɨɛɪɚɡ» ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
1
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ȼ ɍɩɚɧɢɲɚɞɚɯ (ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɂɧɞɢɢ), ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ: ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɢ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɨɪɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɍɩɚɧɢɲɚɞɚɯ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ). «ɉɨɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɸɬ … ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ, ɧɚɭɤɭ ɱɢɫɟɥ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ, ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɥɨɝɢɤɭ, ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ» [5].
ȼ Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ – Ʌɚɨ-ɐɡɵ, Ʉɨɧɮɭɰɢɣ, ȼɚɧ ɑɭɧ ɢ ɞɪ. - ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɥɢ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ («ɫɭɞɶɛɵ») ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɇɨ-ɐɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɦɨɢɫɬɵ (IV—III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ «ɫɭɞɶɛɵ» ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ [5].
Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɥ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɺ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɟ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ [6].
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ:
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ; «Ȼɨɝ ɜɫɟɦɨɝɭɳ ɢ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ» (Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧ) [5, ɫ. 581-605]; ɪɚɡɭɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧ ɜɟɪɟ,
82
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Е.М. Кочнева
ɜɟɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ (Ɏɨɦɚ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ) [5, ɫ. 823-862]; ɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɨɞɱɺɪɤɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɂ.ɋ. ɗɪɢɭɝɟɧ) [5, ɫ. 787-794]; ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɵ
ɨɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ (ɍ. Ɉɤɤɚɦ) [5, ɫ. 890-907];
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ Ȼɨɝɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɝɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ (ȿɡɧɢɤ Ʉɨɯɛɚɰɢ
[5, ɫ. 631-633]; ɂ. Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɢɧ [5, ɫ. 621-626]) ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɮɚɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɥɢ
ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɜɨɥɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɜɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɤɬ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ;
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɩɵɬ (ɨɩɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ) ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ
(Ⱦ. Ⱥɧɚɯɬ [5, c. 634-639]; Ɋ. Ȼɷɤɨɧ [5, c. 862-877]).
ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɚɹ
ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɟɦɧɚɹ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ, ɥɸɛɨɜɶ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (Ⱦɚɧɬɟ Ⱥɥɢɝɶɟɪɢ, Ⱦɠ. Ȼɪɭɧɨ, ɇ.
Ʉɭɡɚɧɫɤɢɣ, Ɇ. Ɇɨɧɬɟɧɶ, Ɏ. ɉɚɬɪɢɰɢ, Ɏ. ɉɟɬɪɚɪɤɚ, ɗ. Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦɫɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ɘɦ ɢ ɞɪ.) [7].
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɥɸ, ɦɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ «ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ
ɬɜɨɪɰɨɦ». Ɍɚɤ Ɍ. Ɇɨɪ ɜ «ɍɬɨɩɢɢ» ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɚ, ɤ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧ «ɩɢɬɚɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ» [7, ɫ. 97-112]. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɦɟɟɬ
«ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ» (Ʌ. Ȼɚɥɥɚ) [7, ɫ. 77-84]. Ⱥ ɜ «Ƚɨɪɨɞɟ
ɫɨɥɧɰɚ» Ɍ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɟɥɥɵ [7, ɫ. 184] ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ «ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬ». ɗ. Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦɫɤɢɣ [8] ɦɟɱɬɚɥ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ, Ɇ. Ɇɨɧɬɟɧɶ [7, ɫ. 137-141] ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɥ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɞɬɢ ɫɥɟɩɨ ɡɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɂ.ɋ. ɉɟɪɟɫɜɟɬɨɜ [7, ɫ. 135137] ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ:
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɫɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ – ɞɟɥɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɧɟɺ, ɛɵɥ Ɇ.Ɏ. Ⱥɪɭɷ (ȼɨɥɶɬɟɪ), ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ
«Ɉɫɦɟɥɶɬɟɫɶ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ» [7, ɫ. 545-558];
ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɟɪɤɥɢ [7, ɫ. 507-530], ɉ.Ⱥ. Ƚɨɥɶɛɚɯ [7, ɫ. 665-685],
Ⱦ. ɘɦ [7, ɫ. 574-609];
Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ƚɟɥɶɜɟɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [7, ɫ. 621-635];
ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ƚɨɥɶɛɚɯ [7, ɫ. 665-685], ɀ.Ɉ. ɞɟ Ʌɚɦɟɬɪɢ [7, ɫ. 609-621],
ɒ.Ʌ. Ɇɨɧɬɟɫɤɶɟ [7, ɫ. 536-545].
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XIX ɜɜ. ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɞɟɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ (Ƚ.ȼ.Ɏ. Ƚɟɝɟɥɶ, ɗ. Ⱦɟɦɛɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ. Ɋɭɝɟ, Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɏɟɣɟɪɛɚɯ, ɂ.Ʉ. Ɏɢɯɬɟ,
Ⱥ. ɐɟɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɏ.ȼ.Ƀ. ɒɟɥɥɢɧɝ, Ɇ. ɒɬɢɪɧɟɪ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ) [9].
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ
(Ⱥ. Ɋɭɝɟ, ɂ.Ʉ. Ɏɢɯɬɟ, Ɏ.ȼ.Ƀ. ɒɟɥɥɢɧɝ). ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥ. Ɋɭɝɟ ɩɢɫɚɥ: «ɋɚɦɨɰɟɥɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨ, ɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ» [9, ɫ. 414].
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɦɢɪ» (Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɏɟɣɟɪɛɚɯ) [9,
ɫ. 440-490].
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
83
Сопоставление понятий проект, проектирование и проектировочная деятельность...
Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɺ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ (Ƚ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ɗ. Ⱦɟɦɛɨɜɫɤɢɣ) [9, ɫ. 428-440].
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ
XIX ɜ. ɞɨ XX ɜ., ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɤɨɥ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ
ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɟɺ [10].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɨɛɳɚɹ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɨɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ:
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ («ɍɩɚɧɢɲɚɞɵ», Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɂɧɞɢɹ);
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ Ȼɨɝɚ, «ɜɫɺ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ» (ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ);
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɡɭɦɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɗɩɨɯɚ ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɗɩɨɯɚ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ);
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ
XIX ɜɜ.);
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
(ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɢ ɞɨ XX ɜ.).
2
Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɂɧɞɢɢ (IX—VI ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ Ʉɢɬɚɹ (IV—III
ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ.). «ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ... ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɤɭ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɭɡɧɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɝɥɢɧɵ,
[ɢɛɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɟ] ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ — ɥɢɲɶ ɢɦɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɠɟ — ɝɥɢɧɚ; …(ɑɯɚɧɞ. VI. 1.4—6)»; «[ȼɫɟ] ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɨ. Ɉɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭ... ȼɟɞɶ ɩɨɧɵɧɟ [ɜɫɟ] ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ (Ȼɪɢɯɚɞ. I. 4. 7.).» [5, ɫ. 89]. «ɉɨɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɜɟɳɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ
ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɢ (ɝɥ. «ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ Ʉɚɧɨɧɭ», ɱ. I)» [5].
ɉɟɪɜɨɣ «ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ» ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɋ.Ⱦ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɗɦɩɟɞɨɤɥɚ, Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɢɬɚ ɢ ɗɩɢɤɭɪɚ [11].
Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɜɺɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ [1].
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ (Ɏ. Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥɜɢɰɟɧɧɚ, Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɧɚɧɫɤɢɣ, ɍ. Ɉɤɤɚɦ
ɢ ɞɪ.). «Ɉɛɪɚɡ – ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ» (ɍ. Ɉɤɤɚɦ) [5, ɫ. 899].
ɉɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɨɩɵɬɚ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ ɷɩɨɯɢ ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (Ɍ. Ʉɚɦɩɚɧɟɥɥɚ, Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɞɚ ȼɢɧɱɢ, ɇ. Ʉɭɡɚɧɫɤɢɣ,
Ɍ. Ɇɨɪ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ Ⱦ. ɘɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥ ɢɞɟɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɩɢɢ, ɫɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɦɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɤɨɧɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ [7, ɫ. 574-609].
ɂ. Ʉɚɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, «ɜɵɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ,
ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɭ-
84
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Е.М. Кочнева
ɞɨɤ» ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ (ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɥ) ɨɛɪɚɡ ɤɚɤ: «ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɝɨ»; «ɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɝɨ»; «ɜɢɞ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ» [9, ɫ. 124].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ «ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ» ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɇɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ «ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ɂɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɨɬɢɜ, ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ,
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ – ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ» [1].
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ƚ.ȼ.Ɏ. Ƚɟɝɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ (ɨɛɪɚɡɚ) ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ; ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ) [9, ɫ. 282-394];
ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɍ.ɏ. Ʉɢɥɩɚɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [12]; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱦ. Ⱦɶɸɢ ɢ ɍ.ɏ. Ʉɢɥɩɚɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɧɨɫɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
3
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ»
ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ:
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»:
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ
(ȿ.ɂ. ɂɫɚɟɜ [13], ȼ.ɂ. ɋɬɪɟɥɤɨɜ [15]);
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ (ɋ.Ⱥ. ɀɟɦɭɥɢɧ [14, ɫ.63-89], ɇ.Ƚ. Ɂɜɟɪɟɜɚ [14, ɫ. 151-182], ɂ.ɇ. Ʉɪɨɬɤɨɜɚ [14, ɫ. 118-150],
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ [14, ɫ. 37-62], Ƚ.ȿ. Ɇɭɪɚɜɶɟɜɚ [14, ɫ. 7-36] ɢ ɞɪ.);
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ (ɘ.ɇ. ȿɦɟɥɶɹɧɨɜ [16]);
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɚ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ȼ.Ⱥ. əɫɜɢɧ [17]);
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɱɟɜ [18])
ɢ ɞɪ.;
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» (ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ;
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» (ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɬɢɜɵ,
ɰɟɥɢ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɧɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ», ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ
ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ, ɤɚɤ «ɪɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ», ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ȼ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɺɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɢɝɪɨɜɚɹ, ɭɱɟɛɧɚɹ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɦɨɬɢɜɵ (ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ); ɰɟɥɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ); ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ [19, ɫ. 166-169].
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
85
Сопоставление понятий проект, проектирование и проектировочная деятельность...
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ «ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ», ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
«ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ».
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ (ɰɟɥɶ, ɦɨɬɢɜɵ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ).
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ, ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ:
ɨɛɪɚɡ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɚɦ, ɢ ɬɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ;
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɦ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢ ɬɚɦ, ɢ ɬɚɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ [20].
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ɭɪɨɜɧɸ) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ [21-23]. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɺ ɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ «ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ».
4
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɋɥɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ I, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVII – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ II ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɧ,
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɦɵɫɟɥ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ XVIII – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜɜ. ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ
«ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ, ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ», ɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɜɜ. – ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɝɨɥɢɛɨ» [24,c. 70].
ȼ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ [25, ɫ. 628] ɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ:
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ
ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ, ɦɚɤɟɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.;
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ;
ɡɚɦɵɫɟɥ, ɩɥɚɧ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɨɞɱɺɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ «ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ» ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [26].
ȼ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɱɺɬɵ, ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ, ɦɚɤɟɬɵ, ɫɦɟɬɵ, ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ) ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶ86
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Е.М. Кочнева
ɧɨɟ (ɷɫɤɢɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ) ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ) ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ) ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ [27].
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɺɬɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢ, ɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ, ɧɟɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɚ (ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ) ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ» [28].
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ. ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ.
5
ɋɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ», «ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»
ɢ «ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨ-ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɚɜɬɨɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ», ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɱɺɬɤɢɟ ɞɟɦɚɪɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ [29].
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ»
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ. ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢ «ɩɥɚɧ». ȼ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɩɥɚɧ» [25].
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (ɉ.ə. ɑɟɪɧɵɯ) [24, ɫ.38;70]. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɥɚɧ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ», ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ.
ɋɥɨɜɚ «ɩɥɚɧ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ.
ȼ «Ⱥɪɯɢɜɟ» Ʉɭɪɚɤɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 1710 ɝ. («ɭɱɢɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɩɨɞɚɥ ɬɚɣɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɬɭ»), ɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɩɥɚɧ» (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ «ɩɥɹɧ») ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 1713 ɝ.
ɋ 1765 ɝ. ɜ ɛɭɦɚɝɚɯ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ II ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ».
ɋ 1847 ɝ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɣ» ɢ «ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɣ».
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Сопоставление понятий проект, проектирование и проектировочная деятельность...
ɉɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ «projectus» – ɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ; «projacio» – ɞɟɪɠɭ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɸ, ɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɸ, ɛɪɨɫɚɸ. ɉɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɥɨɜɚ «ɩɥɚɧ» ɟɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ «planum» – «ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ», «ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ», ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ «planus» – «ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ», «ɪɨɜɧɵɣ» [30, ɫ. 471; 495].
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ
«ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» ɢ «ɩɥɚɧ», ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ.
«Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ» (ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ modulus – ɦɟɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɫɯɟɦɚ,
ɱɟɪɬɟɠ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɩɥɚɧ, ɤɚɪɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚ),
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɝɨ «ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ», «ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ» [30, ɫ. 392].
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɫɬɶ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ [31,c. 278]. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɦɨɞɟɥɶ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.);
ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.);
ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.);
ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɨɱɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ, ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ)
ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
ɇɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɦɨɞɟɥɶ» ɩɨɜɥɟɤɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ». ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ Ⱦ.ɇ. ɏɨɪɚɮɚɤɫ, ɢ
ɨɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ [32]:
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ;
ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ;
ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ.Ⱥ. əɫɜɢɧ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ.
«ɋɦɵɫɥ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ, ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ» [17, ɫ. 33].
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Е.М. Кочнева
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ƚ.ȿ. Ɇɭɪɚɜɶɟɜɨɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ: ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɞɥɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; ɦɨɞɟɥɶ – ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɳɺ ɧɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɟɡɧɨɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ [14, ɫ. 7-36].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [26]. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ.
6
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ»
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ «ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ» [33] ɪɹɞ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢɹ [ɥɚɬ. anticipatio] – 1) ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ; ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɱɺɦ-ɥɢɛɨ; 2) ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ [30, ɫ. 52].
Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɉ.Ʉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [19, ɫ. 40].
Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɱɺɦ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ.
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ, ɧɟɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ; ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ; ɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ; ɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ [34, ɫ. 58].
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɨɡɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɚɦɢ [29, ɫ. 111].
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Сопоставление понятий проект, проектирование и проектировочная деятельность...
Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ [ɚɧɝɥ.reflexion] – ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [19, ɫ. 569].
ɉɪɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɡ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
«ȼ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ) ɜɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ (ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ) ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ?», «ɉɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɬɶ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ?» [35, 36].
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ 37.03.01;
44.03.01; 44.03.02 ɢ ɞɪ.;
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ «ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ», ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɨ-ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ», ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [37];
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ;
ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [38, 39] ɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɺɠɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ [40].
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ (85%) ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɫɬɚɥ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɋ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ». Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, «ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɫɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ… ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɥɢɲɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ» [37, ɫ. 506].
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ (ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ):
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ;
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ;
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ;
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɺ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[1] ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ / Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɇ.Ƚ. əɪɨɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ / PSYLIB «ɋɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ» – http://goo.gl/DMvlDK (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 10.03.16).
90
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Е.М. Кочнева
[2] Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɇ.Ɇ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ / ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. –
2013. - ʋ1 (7). – C. 7-25.
[3] Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ, ɋ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ / ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɢɤɨɧɢ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. –
2015. - Ɍ.5, ʋ4 (18). – C. 472-484. doi: 10.18287/2223-9537-2015-5-4-472-484
[4] Ɏɟɥɶɞɲɬɟɣɧ, Ⱦ.ɂ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ȼȺɄ Ɇɢɧɨɛɪɧɚɭɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ - http://goo.gl/EK0Dgm (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 11.03.16).
[5] Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɜ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ: Ɍ.1, ɱ.1-2. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ // ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ «Koob.ru» – http://www.koob.ru. (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 11.03.16).
[6] Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ Ɇɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɤɚ // ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ «Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɪɶ.Ɋɭ» – http://goo.gl/WnnHJF.
[7] Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɜ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ: Ɍ.2 ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɩɨɯɢ ȼɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɩɨɯɭ
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ. // ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ «Koob.ru» – http://www.koob.ru. (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 10.03.16).
[8] ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ «ȼɢɤɢɩɟɞɢɹ» - https://goo.gl/kZaTFo. (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 11.03.16).
[9] Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɜ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ: Ɍ.3. Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII ɜ. — ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɟɣ XIX ɜ. // ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ «Koob.ru» – http://www.koob.ru (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 10.03.16).
[10] ɋɩɢɪɤɢɧ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɋɩɢɪɤɢɧ – Ɇ.: Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ, 2006. – 736 ɫ.
[11] ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ, ɋ.Ⱦ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ/
ɋ.Ⱦ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, 1985. – 232 ɫ.
[12] Ʉɢɥɩɚɬɪɢɤ, ɍɢɥɶɹɦ ɏɟɪɞ / ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ «ȼɢɤɢɩɟɞɢɹ» - https://goo.gl/1yF46A. (Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 10.03.16).
[13] ɂɫɚɟɜ, ȿ.ɂ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ / ȿ.ɂ. ɂɫɚɟɜ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ. – 1997. – ʋ6. – ɫ. 48-57.
[14] ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ: ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / ɩɨɞ
ɪɟɞ. Ƚ.ȿ. Ɇɭɪɚɜɶɟɜɨɣ – ɒɭɹ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɒȽɉɍ», 2009. – 229 ɫ.
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________________________________________________________________________________
COMPARISON OF CONCEPT DESIGN, DESIGNING AND PROJECT
ACTIVITY: HISTORICAL, ETYMOLOGICAL AND
EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASPECTS
E.M. Kochneva
Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University Kozma Minin (Mininsky University), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
[email protected]
Abstract
The article compares the concept of «project», «design» and «designing activity» to refer to their conceptual space, the
disclosure of their use in different sciences; it is implicit confirmation of the presence of the structural components of
the design in a variety of philosophical and psycho-pedagogical teachings about the nature of mental activity of the person and type of his cognitive activity-activity. Based on analysis of the works of philosophers from different historical
periods in the article marked an ontological and epistemological aspects of the subject as an advanced display design
and future generation; identify and define the basic terminology necessary for the definition of the concepts of psychological analysis. Based on the analysis of historical and etymological conditioning using the terms «project» and «plan»
(«design» and «planning») in the Russian language are designated essential differences in the use of these concepts and
show that the design of the process within the planning activity is a specific form of manifestation prognostic human
functions. The article presents the concepts that the author proposed to include in the «Dictionary designer».
Key words: project, design, designing activity, psychological activity of man, image, category analysis.
Citation: Kochneva EM. Comparison of concept design, designing and project activity: historical, etymological and
epistemological aspects. Ontology of designing. 2016; 6(1): 81-94. DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-81-94.
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________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ
Ʉɨɱɧɟɜɚ ȿɥɟɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɧɚ , 1958 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥɚ Ƚɨɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɦ. Ɇ. Ƚɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ (ȽȽɉɂ, ɧɵɧɟ ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. Ʉ. Ɇɢɧɢɧɚ – ɇȽɉɍ ɢɦ. Ʉ. Ɇɢɧɢɧɚ), ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɜ 1981 ɝ., ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ 1989 ɝ.; ɤ.ɩɫɢɯɨɥ.ɧ. (2004). Ⱦɨɰɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɇȽɉɍ ɢɦ. Ʉ. Ɇɢɧɢɧɚ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80 ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Kochneva Elena Mikhaylovna (b. 1958) graduated from the Gorky State Pedagogical Institute
in 1981, PhD (2004). She is associate professor of social and organizational psychology in the
Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named Kozma Minin (Mininsky University).
She is the author of over 80 publications in the field of psychology of professional self-determination and design of
professional activity.
94
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
И.С. Заяц
ɍȾɄ 72.01:72.025.4
Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɄ ɄȺɌȿȽɈɊɂə ȺɊɏɂɌȿɄɌɍɊɕ
ɂ.ɋ. Ɂɚɹɰ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ,
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ «ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ» ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ: ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɟ; ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ;
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ; ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɵ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ɂɚɹɰ, ɂ.ɋ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ / ɂ.ɋ. Ɂɚɹɰ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ.6, ʋ1(19). – ɋ. 95-105. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-95-105.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ [1] ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [2, ɫ. 49]. ɇɨ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɟɺ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɟɺ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɟɺ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ,
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɤ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢɯ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ: ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ,
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɺ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹ. Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɹɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ
ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
95
Движение как категория архитектуры
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ
ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ [3]. Ɍɟɤɫɬɵ ȼɢɬɪɭɜɢɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ȼɢɬɪɭɜɢɸ Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ʌɨɫɟɜ [4]. ȼ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ Ʌɭɤɪɟɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ-ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɹɫɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ [5, c. 34, 45, 53].
«ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɠɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɜ ɦɨɪɹɯ, ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɯ
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ; ɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɶ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ȼɟɳɢ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɶɢ,
ɇɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ,
ɂɛɨ ɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ ɫɬɢɫɧɭɬɨɣ ɜɫɸɞɭ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɳɢ
ȼɫɺ ɠ, ɤɚɤ ɭɜɢɞɢɲɶ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵ ɬɟɥɨɦ:
Ɍɚɤ, ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɤɚɦɟɧɶɹ ɩɟɳɟɪ ɫɨɱɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɚɹ ɜɥɚɝɚ
ȼɨɞ, ɢ ɫɥɟɡɹɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɜɫɸɞɭ;
ȼɫɸɞɭ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɭ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɚ;
Ⱦɚ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ, ɢ ɩɥɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɺ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ,
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɩɨɜɫɸɞɭ,
ȼɜɟɪɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɭ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɬɤɚɦ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚɹ;
Ɂɜɭɤɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɞɜɟɪɢ,
ȼɧɭɬɪɶ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɹ; ɦɨɪɨɡ ɞɨ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɣ» [5, c. 36].
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ Ɋɟɧɟɫɫɚɧɫɚ [6].
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ «ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɬɟɥɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɦɨɦ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɟɪɺɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɭɦ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ» [7]. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɨɩɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ,
ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɹ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɣɧɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ [8]. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɵ [9]. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ: ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɥɨɝɢɤɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ; ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɢ
96
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
И.С. Заяц
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɞɢɤɬɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɹɫɟ.
1
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ [10] ɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ [11, 12], ɥɢɛɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ [13]. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɟɺ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɟɺ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɺ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɷɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɬɚ «ɜɫɺ
ɬɟɱɟɬ, ɜɫɺ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ» [14]; ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɨɦ - ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.
«ə ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɚ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ», - ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɩɢɫɚɥ
ɉɥɚɬɨɧ [15].
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ – ɤ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɦɟɧɟ
ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ – «…ɷɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ» [16], ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
2
2.1
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ [17], ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɸ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɚɬɢɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɟ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɟɜɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɪɟɦɹ1 – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ: ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɪɟɤɭ [14], ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ, ɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
1
Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ȼɵɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɹ,
Ƚɭɫɫɟɪɥɹ ɢ ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪɚ» (2001) ɩɪɢɜɺɥ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪɚ ɨɛ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ: «Ɇɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɷɬɭ ɧɚɭɤɭ … ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ...
ȼɫɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɭɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȿɺ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ — ɷɬɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ
ɫɜɟɬɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ Veritas temporalis». Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦ.ɪɟɞ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
97
Движение как категория архитектуры
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɦɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ, «ɡɚɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ» ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɚɯ,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚ, ɝɞɟ
ɨɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ:
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1). ɉɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɢ,
ɧɨ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɞɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɢ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ, ɢ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ
ɛɢɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ [18].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 - ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ – ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɚ
ɧɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɺ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ (III ɜɟɤ ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ) ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ (I ɜɟɤ ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜ Ɋɢɦɟ) ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɨɜɥɟɤɥɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰ,
ɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 20 ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ,
ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ VII ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɟɬɪɹɧɵɯ
ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ VII ɜɟɤɟ ɛɚɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɭ
ɫɤɜɨɡɧɹɤɚ; c IX ɜɟɤɚ ɤɨɡɥɨɜɚɹ, ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜɤɚ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɚɹ - ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɫɬɨɥɛɟ; ɚ ɫ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɲɚɬɪɨɜɚɹ, ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɚɹ - ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ
«ɲɚɩɤɨɣ».
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 - ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɇɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɪɵ, ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɇɟɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɜ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
98
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
И.С. Заяц
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɚɤɜɟɞɭɤɢ, ɚɦɮɢɬɟɚɬɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɳɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɯɪɚɦɵ ɢ ɠɢɥɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɲɟɞɟɜɪɚɦɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
2.2
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ: ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɛɟɝɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɢ
ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɛɟɪɺɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɞɢɤɬɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3). Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɟɬɪɚ
ɢ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
(ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ) ɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ (ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ.
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɦ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɭɚɪɨɜ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɥɨɬɤɨɜ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɺɦɨɜ,
ɭɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɵɲ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ, – ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɯɢɣ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 - ɋɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
99
Движение как категория архитектуры
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ - ɫɬɢɯɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɧɚɭɱɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɦɢ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɢ ɢɳɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ.
2.3
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ [19] ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ – ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ. ɗɬɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,
ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɟ
ɢ ɪɭɤɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. «…Ɇɢɪ
ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɦɢɪ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. Ɇɵ
ɨɛɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɧɚɲ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɱɟɪɩɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬ, ɭɠɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ. ɋɨɡɧɚɟɦ ɦɵ ɷɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɧɚɲɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ
ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ» [13, c. 253].
Ɏɪɷɧɫɢɫ Ⱦ. ɑɢɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ,
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ,
ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɢ, ɯɨɥɥɵ, ɝɚɥɟɪɟɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ [13, c. 255].
ɉɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨ
ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ, ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɚɜɟɫɵ, ɛɚɥɤɨɧɵ,
ɩɨɪɬɢɤɢ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɹ. Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɩɚɧɞɭɫɵ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɬɦ ɜ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɬ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ. ɍɥɢɰɵ, ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɱɟɝɨ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵ, ɧɨ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɏ. ɑɢɧɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ, ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɵɟ, ɫɟɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ
[13, c. 279].
ɂɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ [2, c. 98].
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɰɟɥɶ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
2.4
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ, ɥɢɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɪɢɬɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɟɣ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ. ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ
100
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
И.С. Заяц
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɳɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɵ. «ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
«ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ» ɜɟɳɟɣ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɚɹ
ɬɨɱɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ» [2, c. 52].
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ, ɜɯɨɞ
Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 - Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. «…ȼɫɹɤɚɹ ɬɪɺɯɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ
ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɯɨɞɟ
ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ; ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ» [2, c. 416].
ɋɦɟɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɭɥɢɰɵ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ
ɫ ɚɛɪɢɫɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ
ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɟɤ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5).
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
101
Движение как категория архитектуры
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 - Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
2.5
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɨ ɢ
ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ, ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ,
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɢɬɦ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ [20]. Ɇɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ
ɛɟɝɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ, ɢɥɢ ɨ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɜ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ:
ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ,
ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɨɟ,
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɶɧɨɟ,
ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɮɨɪɦ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɸɚɧɫɨɜ [21].
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɦ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɫ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ,
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɟɺ ɮɨɪɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ [2]. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6 - Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
102
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
И.С. Заяц
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɛɵɬɢɹ – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ȼ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɥɹ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ,
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɲɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɪɢɬɦɚ, ɦɟɬɪɚ, ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɮɨɪɦɵ – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ – ɨɛɪɚɡɚ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɺɦɵ. Ɉɧɨ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ
ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɥɹɯ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
Ƚɚɛɪɢɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. – Ɇ.: Ⱥɝɪɚɮ, 2002. – 864 ɫ.
ɇɟɤɪɚɫɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. – Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1994. – 480 ɫ.
ȼɢɬɪɭɜɢɣ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɶ ɤɧɢɝ ɨɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. – Ɇ.: «Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ-ɋ», 2006. – 328 ɫ.
Ʌɨɫɟɜ, Ⱥ. Ɏ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɧɧɢɣ ɷɥɥɢɧɢɡɦ. / ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ. – Ɍɨɦ V. – Ɇ.:
«ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ», 1979. – 494 ɫ.
[5] Ʌɭɤɪɟɰɢɣ. Ɉ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ. / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɥɚɬ. Ɏ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. - Ɇ.: ɏɭɞɨɠ. ɥɢɬ. 1983. - 383 ɫ.
[6] Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɇɨɜɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. / Ⱥɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ. – Ɋɟɞ. Ⱥɡɢɡɹɧ ɂ.Ⱥ. –
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[7] Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬɢ, Ʌɟɨɧ-Ȼɚɬɬɢɫɬɚ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɶ ɤɧɢɝ ɨ ɡɨɞɱɟɫɬɜɟ. / ɜ 2-ɯ ɬ. - ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. Ƚ. Ƚɚɛɪɢɱɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɉɟɪ.
ȼ.ɉ. Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ, ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ – ɩɟɪ. Ɏ.Ⱥ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. – Ɇ.: ɢɡɞ. ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡɧɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, - 1935-1937. – Ɍ.1. - 427 ɫ.
[8] ɋɨɦɨɜ, Ƚ.ɘ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. / Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ.
ɉɨɞ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ʌ. ɂ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɥɨɜɨɣ. - Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. - Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1986. - ɫ. 44-56.
[9] Ƚɥɢɤɢɧ, ə.Ⱦ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ / ə.Ⱦ. Ƚɥɢɤɢɧ. – Ʌ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1979. – 96 ɫ.
[10] Ʌɟɞɟɧɟɜɚ, Ƚ. Ʌ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ: ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ. – Ɍɚɦɛɨɜ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɍɚɦɛ. ɝɨɫ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ,
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[11] ɏɚɧ-Ɇɚɝɨɦɟɞɨɜ, ɋɟɥɢɦ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɚ. // Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ɋɚɧɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ. –
7. ɂ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜ – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. –
http://alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/khan_archi/khan_archi_1_049.html - (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 30.04.2015).
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[14] ɋɥɨɜɚɪɢ
ɢ
ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɢ
ɧɚ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɟ.
Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ
ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ.
Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɬ.
–
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20.06.2015).
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[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
103
Движение как категория архитектуры
[20] ɂɛɪɚɝɢɦɨɜ, ɂ.Ⱥ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. / ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. - 2013. ʋ 35 (326). - Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. - ȼɵɩ. 85. ɋ. 143–148.
[21] Ⱥɪɧɯɟɣɦ, Ɋ. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ. / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. ȼ. ɇ. ɋɚɦɨɯɢɧɚ; ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ.
ȼ.ɉ. ɒɟɫɬɚɤɨɜɚ. - Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1974. - 386 ɫ.
_________________________________________________________________
MOVEMENT AS A CATEGORY OF ARCHITECTURE
I.S. Zayats
Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Saint Petersburg, Russia
[email protected]
Abstract
This article will introduce and provide a definition of "movement" as a category of architecture in the context of these
traditionally accepted: form, mass, space and character. The philosophical concept of movement is directly reflected in
architectural creation, as the result of historical changes in society, technological progress and the development of
building technologies. Depending on the different characteristics of movement in architecture, various types of
movement are introduced and described: global movement of time and historical processes; objective movement of
natural elements both in nature and architectural space; subjective or functional movement, reflecting the practicability
of architecture; relative movement based on the specifics of visual characters and associative movement in architectural
composition. Each type affects the formation of the architectural character of the space or building and identifies the
function of patterns in shaping the relationship with time, movement of natural elements, architectural space and human
perception.
Key words: the architectural theory, categories of architecture, morphogenesis, the types and characteristics of
movement in architecture.
Citation: Zayats IS. Movement as a category of architecture. Ontology of designing. 2016; 6(1): 95-105. DOI:
10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-95-105.
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kompozitcii v sovetskou arkhitekture. Pod nauchnoi red. L. I. Kirillovoi. - Glava 3. Printcipi I sredstva kompozitcii
v sovremennoi arkhitekture. - Ɇ.: Stroiizdat, 1986: 44-56.(In Russian).
[9] Glikin YaD. Ɇɟtɨdi arkhitekturnoi garmonii. [Methods of architectural harmony]. – L.: Stroiizdat, 1979. – 96 p.
(In Russian).
[10] Ledeneva GL. Teoriya arkhitekturnoi kompozitcii: kurs lektcii. [The architectural composition theory: lectures
course]. – Ɍɚɦbɨv : Izd-vo Ɍɚɦb. gɨs. tekhn. Un-ta, 2008. – 80 p.(In Russian).
[11] Khan-Magomedov Selim. Arkhitektura sovetskogo avangarda. [The Soviet avant-garde architecture] // Kniga
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И.С. Заяц
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arkhitekture. – http://alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/khan_archi/ - (valid on 30.04.2015). (In Russian).
[12] Arnheim R.The dynamics of architectural form. 30th Anniversary Edition. ISBN-13: 978-0520261259.
[13] Fransis DK Chin. Architecture. Form, Space and Order. 3rd Edition. ISBN-13: 978-0471752165.
[14] Slovari
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ
Ɂɚɹɰ ɂɧɧɚ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɧɚ, 1961 ɝ. ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥɚ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɦ. Ɇ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɚ (1984 ɝ.), Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɸ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɢ (ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1994 ɝ.). Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ (2007 ɝ.). Ⱦɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪɚɧɬ,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ-ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɬɨɪ, ɱɥɟɧ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ,
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ 40 ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
Zayats Inna Sergeevna, (b. 1961). Graduated the Leningrad’s Polytechnic Institute n. M. Kalinin
(1984), Academy of Restoration (Moscow, 1994). PhD in Architecture, Associate Professor at the
Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, doctoral candidate, an architect-restorer, the
member of the Union of Architects of Russia. Scientific interests: the theory, history and methods of restoration, the
theory of architecture, historical aspects of sustainable architecture. The author of 40 papers, a monograph and more
than 30 restoration researches and projects.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
105
Эвергетика и онтологии управления
ɍȾɄ 332.1
ɗȼȿɊȽȿɌɂɄȺ ɂ ɈɇɌɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə1
Ɇ.Ɋ. Ⱥɪɩɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ
Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɦ. Ʉ.ɗ. ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʉɚɥɭɝɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
[email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ɍɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɚɤ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ.
ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: Ⱥɪɩɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ, Ɇ.Ɋ. ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ / Ɇ.Ɋ. Ⱥɪɩɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. – 2016. – Ɍ.6, ʋ1(19). – ɋ. 106-124. – DOI: 10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1106-124.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ» [1- 5]. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ
1
ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ – ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ,
ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ: «ɧɚ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ?», «ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ?», «ɤɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɪɚɞɢ ɱɟɝɨ
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ?», «ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ?» ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ Ɇ.Ɋ.Ⱥɪɩɟɧɬɶɟɜɨɣ. ɉɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ
«Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɺɧɧɵɦ «ɫɥɢɹɧɢɸ» ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɛɵɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɟ, ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ; ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ «ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɣ» ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦ.ɪɟɞ.
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.Р. Арпентьева
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ «ɜɚɠɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ» ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɬɚ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ [6-10]. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨ ɛɵɬɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ «ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ» ɢ «ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ» ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ.
1
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɥɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɟɸ ɹɡɵɤ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ) ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ, ɚ ɛɵɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɷɥɢɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ) ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȿɺ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚ-ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ, ɬɪɚɧɫɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ «ɞɢɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ» ɢɥɢ «ɞɢɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ», ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XX –
XXI ɜɟɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɞɚɱ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ – ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɤɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɫɺ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ
ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɢɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ («ɤɪɢɩɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ») «ɥɢɮɬɨɜ», ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɞɚɭɧɲɢɮɬɢɧɝɚ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ - ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɦɟɪ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ. ɉɹɬɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ – ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɟɺ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Эвергетика и онтологии управления
Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ «ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɫ «ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ»
ɢ «ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ» ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦɢ.
2
ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɫɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ - ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [11, 12].
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ (ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ). ɂɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ2. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ «ɰɟɧɬɪɚ» ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ «ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ» ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [12]. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ (ɢɧɧɨɜɚɬɢɤɟ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɺɫɬɤɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ, ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɦ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɟ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɨɦ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɨɣ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
«ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ», ɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɚ – ɷɬɨ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ ɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɠɢɜɺɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ [11].
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɦ – ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ
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ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɢɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɭ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɜ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɟɺ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɺ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦ.ɪɟɞ.
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М.Р. Арпентьева
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ - ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ, ɦɟɬɚ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɞɟɥɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ – ɤɚɤ, ɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ – ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ, ɪɚɞɢ
ɱɟɝɨ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ [13]. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ, ɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ. ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɭɸ ɫɭɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ «ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ» ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤ «ɚɧɬɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ». Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ.
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Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ «ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
«ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ», ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɢ ɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 100% ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ, ɥɢɲɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ-ɪɚɛɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɜ
ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɡɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ»,
«ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜ» ɢ «ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɭɡ», ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɸ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ - ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ, ɜɫɟɞɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ «ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ» ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ, - ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɜɵɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɧɢɛɚɥɢɡɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚɬɶ «ɧɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ» ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɦ ɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɦ, ɫɜɨɢɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɯ.
Ɉɧɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɟɡɥɢɤɢɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ Ɋ.Ʌ. Ⱥɤɨɮɮ [14], ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ «ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ» ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ». ɗɬɨɬ
«ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ» (a man) ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ «ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ», ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ - ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ «ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ ɩɨОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Эвергетика и онтологии управления
ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɫɬɵ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ
«ɭɡɵ» ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɦ (ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ) ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɨɬɱɭɠɞɺɧɧɵɦ, ɪɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
«ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ» ɢ «ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɦɢ»). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɢ ɧɚɟɞɢɧɟ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ «ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ» - ɧɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɢɲɺɧɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ — «ɜɢɧɬɢɤ», «ɪɚɛ», ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ «ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ», ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ. ɂɧɚɱɟ – ɜ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɫɬɵ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɡɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ – ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ «ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ», ɷɬɨ - ɩɫɟɜɞɨɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ «ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ» ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ, ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ - ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ (the man) – ɨɫɦɵɫɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ - «ɤɚɥɟɣɞɨɫɤɨɩ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ» ɢ «ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ». ɂɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ «ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɭ» ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɥɨɭɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ [14]. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ. Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1).
4
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤ «ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ»
ɉɨɫɬɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ, ɟɺ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ» «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ», ɢɯ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ «ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɥɚɝɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ: ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ).
ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɛɟɡɥɢɤɨɦɭ ɯɚɨɫɭ «ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ»
ɬɨɥɩɵ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɛɟɡɥɢɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ʉ. ɉɨɥɚɧɶɢ3, ɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ «ɩɨɢɫɤ «ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ», ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ», ɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɪɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɨɫɬɢ), ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧ3
Ʉɚɪɥ ɉɨɥɚɧɶɢ (1886-1964) — ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦ.ɪɟɞ.
110
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.Р. Арпентьева
ɧɨɣ ɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ) ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ (ɚɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɜ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɟɫɬɶ «ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ» ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ Ʉ. ɉɨɥɚɧɶɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ [15].
Ɍɢɩ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ
Ɍɢɩ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 - Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ) ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɇɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
(ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ) ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɉɨɫɬɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
(ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ) ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɜ, «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ», «ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ
ɫɢɥɚ»
Ⱥɧɬɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ)
ɂɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɚɨɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɪɚɡɧɨɬɢɩɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ
«ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ»,
«ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ»
Ɋɚɦɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ»,
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɧɨɦɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ «ɞɢɤɢɣ» ɪɵɧɨɤ
Ƚɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ
Ɇɨɧɨɥɨɝ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɟɡɥɢɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ
ɉɨɥɢɥɨɝ, ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɚɹ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɚɫɩɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɦ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵ
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɧɢɛɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɹ
Ɏɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ,
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɢɪɚ
ɤɚɤ
«ɫɪɟɞɵ» ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ), ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɟɡɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɉɚɪɬɢɫɢɩɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ, «ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨ ɰɟɥɹɦ» ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɰɟɥɟɜɨɟ,
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɞɚɪɨɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɢ ɦɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɢɟ, ɚɧɬɢɤɨɧɫɸɦɟɪɢɡɦ
Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ
ɜɵɝɨɞ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɦɢɪɟ «ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ» ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, «ɞɢɝɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ» ɢ «ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ», ɜɵɡɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ «ɩɥɸɪɚɥɢɡɦɟ» ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɢɢ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɨɛɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. «ɋɚɣɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ» ɢ «ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ»
«ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ» ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɡɚɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɶɟ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɚɦɢɥɶɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɦɢɪɭ. Ɋɵɧɨɤ ɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɟɣ ɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɟɣ («ɬɟɧɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ», ɨɥɢɝɚɪɯɚɦɢ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɺ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ, ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɟɺ ɚɧɬɢɩɨɞ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦ, ɜɵɪɨɠɞɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɸɦɟɪɢɡɦ (ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ [15].
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ: ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɢɯ «ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɜɹОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Эвергетика и онтологии управления
ɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɢɳɟɬɭ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɦ, ɚ ɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ
ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɬ
ɭɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɬɶ. Ɇɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ «ɧɨɠɧɢɰ» ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɧɞɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɧɬɢɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɸɞɢ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ «ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ» ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɚɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ-ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ «ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ» ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ «ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ»: ɜ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ,
«ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬ» ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɠɢɜɺɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ,
ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ. ɂɯ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ - ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɱɟɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚ, ɬɨ ɤɨɦɭ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɝɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɩɵɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɵɠɢɬɶ ɢ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, «ɦɭɥɶɬɢɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ» ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [16-18]. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ» ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ.
5
ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
ȼ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ. ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ:
ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɯɨɡɹɢɧɨɦ» ɫɜɨɢɦɢ «ɪɚɛɚɦɢ» - ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɜ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ»;
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ», ɱɟɣ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ» ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ –
«ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ, «ɮɚɫɢɥɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ» ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ;
ɩɨɥɢɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ - ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ [19, 20].
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ: ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ) ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ.
ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ [21-23].
ȼ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɫɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ «ɞɨɫɬɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ»
ɞɨ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɟɬɟ112
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.Р. Арпентьева
ɜɨɝɨ, «ɤɪɚɭɞ-» ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ [21-23]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɬɨɥɩɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ: «ɭɦɧɚɹ
ɬɨɥɩɚ» ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɭɦɧɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɪɚɭɞɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ
ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ.
ɗɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɭɣɬɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɯɚɨɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɚ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ
ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ, ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ - ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɟɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ,
ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɣ
«ɷɥɢɬɵ». ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ: ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ - ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ, ɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ.
6
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ»: ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ
«ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ» ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ» ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɟɛɹ
ɢɡɠɢɥɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɧɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɧɢ ɫɚɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɪɨɬɟɫɤɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ
ɜɫɺ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɭɠɧɵ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ «ɦɚɣɞɚɧɚɦ» . ɗɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ «ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ», ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɫɢɸɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɟ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɬɢɩɨɞ «ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝɚ» ɢ «ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɧɝɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ» ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ,
ɤɚɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ
ɢɞɟɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ [24-26]. Ɉɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ «ɜɵɝɨɞɵ» ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ - ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɺɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɋɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɵ ɦɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɢɹ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɬɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Эвергетика и онтологии управления
ɰɢɢ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ʌɸɞɟɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ:
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ - ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɫɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦɭ) ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ (ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɨ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɚ ɨɛɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ: ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɞɨɜɥɟɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ,
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɟɥɹɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ
ɷɬɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɧɚɜɺɪɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ «ɫɦɟɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɤɥɚɞɨɜ», ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚɯ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɣ.
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ» ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɧɟ ɧɟɺ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ» ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɧɢɛɚɥɢɡɦɚ: ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɺ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ «ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ» ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ.
Ʉɚɞɪɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, ɞɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɞɚɭɧɲɢɮɬɢɧɝɭ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɵɣ»:
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ
ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɨɜ «ɬɨɥɩɵ» - ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ «ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɢɪɚ» (ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).
7
Ʉɨɥɥɚɩɫ ɤɨɧɫɸɦɟɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫ ɤɨɧɫɸɦɟɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ – ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɬɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.; ɞɚɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɤɚɤ «ɜɵɝɨɞɵ» ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɱɬɨ,
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɚɦɢ Ⱦɠ. Ʉɨɭɥɦɚɧɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨ [27]. Ɉɧ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɵ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɜɤɥɚɞɵ», «ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ» ɦɚɥɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ
ɞɨɛɪɵɯ ɞɟɥ» ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ «ɬɵ ɦɧɟ – ɹ ɬɟɛɟ». ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɟɜɵɩɥɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ (ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ), ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.Р. Арпентьева
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ: ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɬɟɫɧɭɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɪɭɲɢɬ ɜɫɸ ɰɟɩɶ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɳɚɟɬ (ɞɚɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɜ ɞɨɥɝɚɯ»). ɇɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ, ɥɸɞɹɦ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɜɫɺ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɟɬɫɹ:
ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ «ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ» ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [27]. Ɋɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ «ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ» «ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɨɤ». ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ «ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ» ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɨɛɦɟɧɚɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚɦɢ, «ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɤɭɫɚ», ɫɥɟɩɨɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɯɨɟ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɨɜ, «ɛɨɥɨɬɨ». ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɚɭɞ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ: ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ «ɭɦ» ɬɨɥɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɦɟɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɢ ɬɟɯ, ɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ
ɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ, ɚ ɨɩɵɬ «ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ» ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ «ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ» ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ» ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɥɸ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ «ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ» ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɡɪɵɜɭ [28,
ɫ.233]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɠɟ «ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɺɦ, ɨɬ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɟɬ:
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ «ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬ» ɧɟ
ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɲɚɹ ɜɫɺ «ɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ». ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɞɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɵ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚ ɨɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ
ɢɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
8
Ɇɟɪɢɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ - ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, - ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ: ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ [29]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɟ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɟ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɦɢ «ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ»: ɫɩɥɨɱɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɢɱɤɨɜ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɟɺ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ: ɢɦɟɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɺ ɜɵɣɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ). ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ - «ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ», ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɑɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɟɪɢɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɧɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɞɨОнтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
115
Эвергетика и онтологии управления
ɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚ, ɫɚɦɨɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɺ ɷɬɨ – ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɥɢɲɺɧɧɨɟ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɛɭɧɬɚɦ, ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɢɧɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ, ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝ
ɞɪɭɝɭ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɷɬɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ «ɫɩɚɹɧɧɵɯ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ»: ɦɨɧɨɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɢ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ) ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɥɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɬɢ. Ȼɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɠɢɬɶ «ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ», ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
9
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ
ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ - ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ - ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ: ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɧ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ, - ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ
ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɺ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ [29]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ». ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɜɧɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ–ɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɷɬɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ, ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɤɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɚɦɚɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɱɺɧɵɦɢ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ. ɋɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɦ – ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɚ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ - ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɦ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɦ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ [30, 31]. Ȼɵɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɦ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ - ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ȼɵɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ «ɬɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ»:
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ: ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ; ɨɧɚ
«ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ»;
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ
ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɭ ɢ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɦ,
ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɵɦ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ, ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɸ ɢ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ;
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɥɠɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ
ɢ ɚɦɛɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ – ɛɟɡ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɞɚɠɟ – ɛɟɡ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɚ.
ɗɬɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ «ɝɪɨɡɹɬ» ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ –
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ, ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɨɜ. «Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ» ɡɚɝɨɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ, ɜ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ, ɤ ɞɚɭɧɲɢɮɬɢɧɝɭ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɢ: ɩɪɢ-
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.Р. Арпентьева
ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ – ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ, ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, —
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɢ, ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ.
ɋɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɢ ɜɫɸ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ, ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɟɣ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɧɭɠɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɦɚɪɨɞɺɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɚɞɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ («ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ, «ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝ» ɢ «ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ» ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ).
ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ (ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɛɢɮɭɪɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ, ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ — ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ «ɡɧɚɤ» ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɦɢɪɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ-ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ — ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɧɟ ɜɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ. ȼ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɵ, ɥɸɞɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɵ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ: ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ – ɷɬɨ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ. ȿɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɨɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ: ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ
ɪɨɫɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɤɪɟɩɱɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɺɧ: ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɟɩɱɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɪɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨ-ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɺ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱥɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ (ɧɟɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɦɢɪɟ, ɷɝɨɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɸɦɟɪɢɡɦ, ɜɥɚɫɬɧɨ-ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɺɧɧɵɟ, ɥɢɲɺɧɧɵɟ
ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɟɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ - ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɥɨɱɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ – ɤɚɤ
ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ – ɥɟɠɚɬ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Эвергетика и онтологии управления
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɢɧɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ,
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ, ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ
ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɺɬ
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚ:
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ «ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ» ɢ ɦɨɧɨɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ, «ɦɨɧɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ» ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɭɞ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ «ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ».
10 ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ «ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚɦɢ» ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ
– ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɮɬɨɜ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɹɦɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɜ ɢɯ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɟɬ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɳɟɬ ɩɭɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ: ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
ɜɢɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɢɝɪɚ ɜ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɦɨɧɞɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ «ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ» ɢ «ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ»:
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨ-ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞ ɜɢɞɨɦ «ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ» ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟ ɧɚɞ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ «ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ» ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ [26-29]. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ
ɰɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɥɶɤɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɹɞ «ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ» ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɢɯ.
Ɍɚɤɨɜɚ ɬɨɥɩɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɫ ɟɺ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɭɞ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɥɚ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɫɬɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɍɱɺɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɪɟɞ118
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
М.Р. Арпентьева
ɤɨ ɢɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɩɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɭɞ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɭɩɨɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ
«ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ» ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ: ɩɨɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɥɸɛɵɟ, ɫɚɦɵɟ «ɥɭɱɲɢɟ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ «ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ».
ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɵ. ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɦɨɧɨɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ (ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɣ)
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ, ɧɚ ɟɺ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɣɬɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ȼɟɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɨɭɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ-ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ:
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚɥɶɬɪɭɢɡɦɨɦ, ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ
ɰɟɥɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɨɭɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɢɥɨɝɚ;
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɢɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɧɵɦ «ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ» ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ, ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɭɩɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ;
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɧɢɛɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ,
ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ; ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵ ɚɧɬɢɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɦɨɧɞɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ, ɤɪɢɩɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɯɨɡɹɟɜ» «ɪɚɛɚɦɢ» ɜ ɧɟɨɪɚɛɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɸ: ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ – ɧɟ
ɥɸɞɢ, ɚ ɪɚɛɵ.
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
119
Эвергетика и онтологии управления
ɉɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɺɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯɚ, ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɟɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɜɨɞɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ
ɜ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, - ɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɇɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ, - ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɭɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ - ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. ȼ ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɤɚɤ «ɩɨɫɬɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ», ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ «ɫɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ» ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, «ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ» ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢ
ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ «ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ» [32-35].
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɢɬ, ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɦɢɪ: ɚɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ «ɜɧɭɬɪɢ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ [36-38].
ȼ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ «ɡɚ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ» ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ «ɩɨɦɟɯɢ» ɢ «ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ» ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɢɫɤ
ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɟɺ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ – ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɭɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ - ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɪɫɤɭɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɨɛɪɺɥ ɫɜɨɺ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɜɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ «ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɤ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ»
[39-42].
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɘ. ɇɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ: ɧɟɪɟɲɺɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ / Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
2014. - ʋ2(12). - ɋ.8-18.
[2] Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɇ.Ɇ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɨɛɡɨɪ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ / ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ //
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[3] Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɇ.Ɇ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ / ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
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[4] Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, ɇ.Ɇ. Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ / ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɝɟɫɬ, Ɇ.Ⱦ. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ // Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. 2013. - ʋ2(8). ɋ.49-55.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________
EVERGETIC AND ONTOLOGIES OF MANAGEMENT
M.R. Arpentieva
Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Kaluga, Russia
[email protected]
Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of the three evergetical strategies in sciences searches and management of the
community development. The study develops regulations based on postnonclassical scientific rationality evergetics
from V.A. Vittikh, discusses evergetical strategies, it’s differences in managing theory and practice. The complexity of
communities and the process of their development, the proliferation of diversity management issues these communities
and their development suggest the need for developing approaches that integrate a variety of these practical problems
and develop a single, theoretical model and meta-model. These models allow not only to optimize the control method,
but to answer the question about what management is and what management is necessary for the development of communities as examples of complex, developed systems. Evergetics, proposed by V.A. The Vittikh, becomes one of such
approaches It is an example of transdisciplinary and transdiscursive approach to comprehend the essence and technologies of management. It allows to select the strategy, harmoniously implementing the values and management objectives
as a component of community development. Comparative analysis of management strategies allows to select evergetical, pseudoevergetical and unevergetical strategies, their characteristics and capabilities in managing the development
of their communities. Selected strategies phenomenologically similar to various under-moves to the study of management, reflect certain aspects of it. Practical significance of the research connected with the development of a new perspective on the nature, components and processes that involves the possibility of optimizing the management and training management of social development. Theoretical significance of the research is connected with the development of
the evergetics theory by V.A. Vittikh as an innovative metatheoretic, transdimensional approach to understanding the
control of complex systems aimed at understanding the essence of society and its development.
Key words: management ontologies management, technology, ideology, evergetics, multi-agent technology, evergetical
strategy, social service.
Citation: Arpentieva MR. Eevergetic and ontologies of management. Ontology of designing. 2016; 6(1): 106-124. DOI:
10.18287/2223-9537-2016-6-1-106-124.
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ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ
Ⱥɪɩɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ Ɇɚɪɢɹɦ Ɋɚɜɢɥɶɟɜɧɚ, 1972 ɝ.ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɢɥɚ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɦ. Ʉ.ɗ. ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ 1994 ɝ., ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɭɪɭ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɦ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ ɜ 1999 ɝ. ȼ 1999 ɝ. ɡɚɳɢɬɢɥɚ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɜ 2015 ɝ. ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦ.ɩɫ.ɧ., ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɦ. Ʉ.ɗ. ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 350 ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Arpentieva Mariam Ravilievna (b.1972) graduated from the Kaluga State Pedagogical Institute
in 1994. Graduated from postgraduate course of Moscow M. V. Lomonosov State University in
1999. He defended his candidate thesis in 1999 and doctoral thesis in 2015, doctor of psychological sciences. She is Senior researcher at Kaluga K. E. Tsiolkovsky State University, Department of psychology of
development and education. She is author more than 350 scientific articles and monographs in the field of social psychology and philosophy: understanding and comprehension in social interaction.
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№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Рекомендации авторам журнала
ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾȺɐɂɂ ȺȼɌɈɊȺɆ
Recommendations for authors of journal
«Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɟɺ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɥ,
ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ»
əɤɲɨɧɨɤ Ƚ.ɉ.,
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
Elsevier ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
ɧɢɹ1», ɝɞɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «ɗɬɢɤɚ2». Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɢɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ. Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ3,4,5, ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɦ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ
ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɚ. ȼɫɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ:
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ
«ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ» ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ);
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ (ɟɺ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ);
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ;
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭɱɺɧɵɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɺ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ.
ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɫɶ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ȼɚɲɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚ,
ɬɨ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ȼɚɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɟ ɡɚɛɭɞɶɬɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɭ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ, ɩɨ ȼɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ, ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ (ɞɥɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚ)
Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ 10-25 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ – ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ, ɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ; ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ; ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɏɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ.
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http://agora.guru.ru/display.php?conf=scientific_journal&page=item001&PHPSESSID=9c8ub5l4t4da0rmbmfs17ieur1
http://agora.guru.ru/display.php?conf=scientific_journal&page=item009&PHPSESSID=h7k85u7igh88ik1s22ra3eqet6
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Guide for Authors. - https://www.elsevier.com/journals/engineering-fracture-mechanics/0013-7944/guide-for-authors; http://health.elsevier.ru/for-authors/
4
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɉɌɗ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɤ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. - http://www.maik.ru/journals/p/pribory/rus/recom.pdf
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əɤɲɨɧɨɤ Ƚ.ɉ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ Elsevier. - http://lib.ifmo.ru/file/news/92/2.pdf
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Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
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Recommendations for authors of journal
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ (5-8 ɫɥɨɜ) - ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ
ɪɟɮɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɣɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ (120-250 ɫɥɨɜ) - ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ȼɚɲɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ.
ȼ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ6, ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ IMRAD-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɫɬɚɬɶɢ (ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ). ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ - ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɨɠɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ), ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ - ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ.
Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ. ɋɥɚɛɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɵɫɥɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ (ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ), ɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɭɸ
ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɢɞɟɸ, ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ «ɤɭɫɤɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ» ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɱɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ (1-2 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɭɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ,
ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɟɺ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɱɺɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɰɟɥɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ (ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3-ɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ), ɨɩɢɲɢɬɟ ȼɚɲɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ: ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ; ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵ, ɚ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ!
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ (ɞɨ 1 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɫɭɞɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɚɲɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ/ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ; ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɟɺ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ȼ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɣɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ȼɚɲɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɟ «ɪɚɡɞɭɜɚɣɬɟ» ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɣɬɟ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜɨɡɶɦɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20%) ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɣɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ!
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɩɨɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɥɢ, ɨɬɞɚɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝ ɜɚɦ ɜ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɩɨɧɫɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɨɜ; ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɜɚɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɞɚɜɚɥ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ȼɚɲɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɟɺ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ! ɉɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ ɢɥɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɟɺ. ɍȾȺɑɂ!
6
ȽɈɋɌ 7.32-2001. Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ: ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ / ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɭ. – Ɇɢɧɫɤ: Ɇɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, 2001. – 19 ɫ.
126
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Научные конференции
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ - 2016 - Recommended Conference
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
International Conference on Communication,
Management and Information Technology
(ICCMIT2016) www.iccmit.net
14th International Design Conference
http://www.designconference.org/
XVI ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
«ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ –
2016» ɢɦ. Ɍ.Ⱥ. Ɍɚɪɚɧ (ɂȺɂ-2016)
22-ɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ «Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝ»
http://www.dialog-21.ru/dialog2016/
XXI ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ» www.imt.isem.irk.ru
SEKE 2016: The 28th International
Conference on Software Engineering &
Knowledge Engineering
http://ksiresearchorg.ipage.com/seke/seke16.ht
ml
9th International Conference on Formal
Ontology in Information Systems
(FOIS 2016)
http://www.iaoa.org/fois2016/
ECAI 2016: 22nd European Conference on
Artificial Intelligence
http://www.ecai2016.org/
AIMSA 2016 : The 17th International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence:
Methodology, Systems, Applications
http://www.aimsaconference.org/
AIAI 2016: The 12th IFIP International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Applications and Innovations
http://conferences.cwa.gr/aiai2016/
ɉɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
ɩɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ
ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ (Ʉɂɂ-2016)
http://www.raai.org/
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɂɌɍ-2016
(ɫ ɫɟɤɰɢɟɣ «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ»)
http://www.spiiras.nw.ru/conf/itu2016/
Twentieth International Multi-Conference On
Advanced Computer Systems (ACS 2016)
http://acs.wi.zut.edu.pl/
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
April 26-29
University
of Calabria,
Cosenza, Italy
May 16-19
Cavtat, Dubrovnik,
Croatia
18-20 ɦɚɹ
Ʉɢɟɜ,
ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ
1-4 ɢɸɧɹ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
29 ɢɸɧɹ – 8 ɢɸɥɹ
ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ - Ȼɚɣɤɚɥ,
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
July 1 - 3
Redwood City,
San Francisco Bay,
California, USA
ɋɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ
ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ
Submission deadline - March 1
Notification of acceptance - March 14
Conference registration - March 30
Final paper submission - April 10
Final acceptance of papers - February 26
Publish-ready papers - March 21
Final Conference programme - April
ɉɪɢɟɦ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ - 25 ɦɚɪɬɚ
ɂɡɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ - 10 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫ 22 ɦɚɪɬɚ ɩɨ 10 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ
ɫ 28 ɦɚɪɬɚ ɩɨ 17 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
ɉɪɢɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ
ɞɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ - 25 ɦɚɪɬɚ
ɉɪɢɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ - 25 ɢɸɧɹ
Paper submission due - March 1
Notification of acceptance - April 20
Early registration deadline - May 10
Camera-ready copy - May 10
July 6-9
University of
Savoie, Annecy,
France
August 29–
September 2
World Forum
The Hague
September 7-9
Varna,
Bulgaria,
FOIS Paper Submission Deadline February 15
FOIS Notification - April 15
September 16-18
Thessaloniki,
Greece
Submission Deadline - April 20
Notification Due - May 20
Final Version Due - Jun 10
3-7 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ
ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤ,
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
4-6 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ,
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
October 19 - 21
MiĊdzyzdroje,
Poland
Онтология проектирования, том 6, №1(19)/2016
Paper Submission - April 15
Paper Notification - June 7
Early Registration Deadline - July 5
Submission deadline - April 30
Notification of acceptance - June 1
Deadline for camera-ready - June 24
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ – 30 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
ɂɡɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ – 15 ɢɸɧɹ
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ – 10 ɢɸɥɹ
Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɨɜ - 25 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
ɍɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ
ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ - 5 ɢɸɧɹ
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ -11 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ
Submission of the full paper - May 8
Notification of the paper acceptance
/rejection after review - June 12
Camera-ready - June 26
127
Scientific Conferences
XVIII Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɂ ɆɈȾȿɅɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə
ȼ ɋɅɈɀɇɕɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɏ (ɉɍɆɋɋ-2016)
20-25 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 2016 ɝ., ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɌɈɊ ɄɈɇɎȿɊȿɇɐɂɂ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɊȺɇ
Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɺɯɩɚɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɯɨɞɚ
«ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ ɑɤɚɥɨɜ»,
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ
ɋɚɦɚɪɚ-ɑɟɛɨɤɫɚɪɵɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɄɚɡɚɧɶ-ɋɚɦɚɪɚ.
ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ɄɈɇɎȿɊȿɇɐɂɂ
ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ
ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɺɬɚɦɢ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ (ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ)
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɺ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ - Ɏɟɞɨɫɨɜ ȿ.Ⱥ. ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɎȽɍɉ ȽɨɫɇɂɂȺɋ, ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
Ɂɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ - ȼɢɬɬɢɯ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɞ.ɬ.ɧ., ɂɉɍɋɋ ɊȺɇ, ɝ. ɋɚɦɚɪɚ
ɍɱɺɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ - Ɇɨɢɫɟɟɜɚ Ɍ.ȼ. ɤ.ɷ.ɧ., ɂɉɍɋɋ ɊȺɇ, ɝ. ɋɚɦɚɪɚ
ɄɈɇɌȺɄɌɇȺə ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂə
443020, ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, ɭɥ. ɋɚɞɨɜɚɹ, 61, ɂɉɍɋɋ ɊȺɇ. http://www.iccs.ru, E-mail: [email protected],
ɬɟɥ. (846) 333-27-70 - Ɇɨɢɫɟɟɜɚ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɧɚ, ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ.
ɬɟɥ. (917) 161-24-35 - ɒɭɫɬɨɜɚ Ⱦɢɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɧɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19 ɦɚɪɬɚ 2016 ɝ. ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɥɨɫɶ 20 ɥɟɬ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ (ɂɉɍɋɋ ɊȺɇ)
Ɉɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ!
ɀɟɥɚɟɦ ɞɪɭɠɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɂɉɍɋɋ ɊȺɇ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɚ ɢ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ!
ɍɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 90-ɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɈȺɈ ȺȼɌɈȼȺɁ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɂɉɍɋɋ ɊȺɇ (ɬɨɝɞɚ ɟɸ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɞ.ɬ.ɧ. ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɬɢɯ) ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ. Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɹɫɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ ɜɫɺ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ «ɩɪɨɡɨɣ» - ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɚ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɛɵɥɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ: «Ɉɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ ɋ.ȼ., 2002).
128
№1(19)/2016, v.6, Ontology of Designing
Индекс 29151
В конце 2015 года вышли в свет издания по онтологии проектирования,
подготовленные сотрудниками СГАУ и ориентированные на магистрантов
и аспирантов инженерных специальностей университетов
Излагают ся основы новой учебно-научной дисциплины: ист оки
онт ологии
проект ирования,
ее
научный
базис,
т ерминологические соглашения, принципы проект ирования,
психология проект ирования, онт ология как спецификация
концепт уализации. На основе сист емного подхода, дост ижений
информационных
т ехнологий
и
современной
философии
обосновывает ся целесообразност ь дальнейшего развит ия
онт ологического анализа начального эт апа жизненного цикла
сложных сист ем – эт апа проект ирования. В монографию вошли
мат ериалы, подгот овленные авт ором в период 2010-2015 годов
для различных международных научных конференций и
журналов, в т ом числе для нового научного журнала «Онт ология
проект ирования», созданного при участ ии авт ора в 2011 году.
Книга может быт ь полезна аспирант ам, научным сот рудникам,
инженерам и всем т ем, кого инт ересует сут ь процесса
проект ирования.
Боргест Николай Михайлович, окончил
Куйбышевский авиационный инст ит ут имени
академика С.П. Королёва (1978), к.т .н. (1985).
Профессор СГАУ, директ ор издат ельст ва
«Новая т ехника», с.н.с. ИПУСС РАН. Член
Международной ассоциации по онт ологиям и
их приложениям (IAOA), выпускающий
редакт ор научного журнала «Онт ология
проект ирования».
ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ РЕШЕНИЯ ЗАДАЧ
Важным аспект ом при проект ировании являет ся онт ологический
анализ предмет ной област и, сут ь кот орого заключает ся в
ст рукт уризации
и
классификации
сущност ей,
их
ат рибут ировании,
уст ановлении
связей,
парамет ров
и
характ ерист ик, разработ ке т езауруса. Онт ологический анализ,
помимо упорядочивания знаний о предмет ной област и, т акже
способст вует повышению качест ва проект ных работ . Курс
лаборат орных
работ
по
дисциплине
«Онт ология
проект ирования» сост оит из двух част ей. В первой част и
решают ся т иповые проект ные задачи выбора и принят ия
решений, во вт орой – осущест вляет ся онт ологический анализ
предмет ной област и на примере самолет а. В качест ве
конст рукт оров
и
редакт оров
онт ологий
используют ся
программные продукт ы Magent a (Magenta Corporation Limited) и
Protégé (Ст эндфордский университ ет
США). Цель курса
лаборат орных работ
заключает ся
в
освоении
мет ода
онт ологического анализа на примерах решения проект ных задач
по выбору т ранспорт ных сист ем и их характ ерист ик и
ст рукт уризации
предмет ной
област и
"самолет ".
Задачи
лаборат орного практ икума: ознакомит ься с современными
редакт орами и конст рукт орами онт ологий Protégé и Magent a;
получит ь навыки решения проект ных задач с помощью
онт ологических сист ем.
Боргест
978-3-659-25524-3
Николай Боргест
Елена Симонова
Дина Шустова
978-3-659-80522-6
Боргест , Симонова, Шуст ова
Авт оры мет одического пособия по учебной дисциплине для
магист рант ов "Онт ология проект ирования" сот рудники
Самарского государст венного аэрокосмического университ ет а
имени академика С.П. Королева (национальный
исследоват ельский университ ет ) профессор Боргест Николай
Михайлович, доцент Симонова Елена Вит альевна и аспирант
Шуст ова Дина Владимировна.
Онтологический
анализ решения
проектных задач на
примерах
Ontologists and designers of all countries and subject areas, join us!
Издательство “Новая техника” - Publisher «New Engineering» Ltd
Россия, 443010, Самара, ул.Фрунзе 145 - 145, Frunze Str., Samara, 443010, Russia
Ontology of Designing - v.6 №1(19)/2016 - Онтология проектирования
Николай Боргест
Введение в онтологию
проектирования
