English Grammar in Use: Учебник грамматики среднего уровня

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English
Grammar
in Use
C a m b r id g e
A self-study
reference
and practice
book for
intermediate
students of
English
THIRD
EDITION
Raymond Murphy
with answers
www.hasanboy.uz dan olindi
English
Grammar
in Use
A self-study
reference
and practice
book for
intermediate
students of
English
with answers
THIRD
EDITION
Raymond Murphy
C a m br id g e
UNIVERSITY PRESS
C A MB R I D G E UNI VERS I TY PRESS
C am bridge, N ew York, M elbourne, M ad rid , C ape Tow n, Singapore, Sao Paulo
C am bridge U niversity Press
T he E dinburgh Building, C am bridge CB2 2RU , UK
w w w .cam bridge.org
In fo rm atio n on this title: w w w .cam bridge.org/9780521532891
© C am bridge U niversity Press 2 0 0 4
T his publication is in copyright. Subject to statu to ry exception
and to the provisions o f relevant collective licensing agreem ents,
no rep ro d u ctio n o f any p art may take place w ith o u t the w ritten
perm ission o f C am bridge U niversity Press.
First published 2004
7th p rinting 2005
Printed in Singapore by K H L Printing C o Pte Ltd
ISB N -13 978-0-521-53289-1 Edition w ith answ ers
ISB N -10 0 -5 2 1 -5 3 2 8 9 -2 E dition w ith answ ers
ISBN-13 9 7 8 -0 -5 2 1 -5 3 2 9 0 -7 Edition w ith o u t answ ers
ISBN-10 0 -5 2 1 -5 3 2 9 0 -6 E dition w ith o u t answ ers
ISB N -13 978 -0 -5 2 1 -5 3 7 6 2 -9 Edition w ith C D -R O M
ISB N -10 0 -5 2 1 -5 3 7 6 2 -2 E dition w ith C D -R O M
ISB N -13 978-0 -5 2 1 -8 4 3 1 1 -9 H ardback edition w ith C D -R O M
ISBN-10 0-521-84311-1 H a rd b a c k edition w ith C D -R O M
ISB N -13 9 7 8 -3 -1 2 -5 3 4 0 8 6 -2 K lett edition w ith C D -R O M
ISBN-10 3-12-534086-1 K lett edition w ith C D -R O M
ISBN-13 978-3-12 -5 3 4 0 8 4 -8 K lett edition
ISBN-10 3 -1 2-534084-5 Klett edition
Contents
T hanks vii
To the student viii
To the teacher x
1
2
3
4
5
6
Present co n tin u o u s (I am doing)
Present sim ple (I do)
Present co n tin u o u s and present sim ple 1 (I am doing and I do)
Present co n tin u o u s and present sim ple 2 (I am doing and I do)
Past sim ple (I did)
Past co n tin u o u s (I w as doing)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Present perfect 1 (I have done)
Present perfect 2 (I have done)
Present perfect co n tin u o u s (1 have been doing)
Present perfect co n tin u o u s and sim ple (I have been doing and I have done)
H ow long have you (been) ... ?
For and since W hen ... ? and H ow long ... ? •
Present perfect an d p ast 1 (I have done and I did)
Present perfect and past 2 (1 have done and I did)
Past perfect (I had done)
Past perfect contin u o u s (1 had been doing)
17 H ave got an d have
18 Used to (do)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Present tenses (I am doing / 1 do) for the future
(I'm) going to (do)
W ill/shall 1
W ill/shall 2
I will an d I'm going ;o
Will be doing and will have done
W hen I d o / W hen I’ve done
W hen and if
26 C an. could an d (be) able to
C ould (do) and could have (done)
28 M u st and c a n ’t
29 M ay and m ight 1
30 M ay and m ight 2
31 H ave to and m ust
32 M ust m u stn 't need n ’t
33 Should 1
34 Should 2
35 H ad b etter
It’s tim e ...
36 W ould
37 C an/C ould/W ould you ... ? etc. (R equests, offers, perm ission and invitations)
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
38
39
40
41
If I do ... and If I did ...
If I knew ...
I wish I knew ...
If I had k n ow n ...
I wish I had know n ...
Wish
42
43
44
45
46
Passive I (is d one / w as done)
Passive 2 (be d one / been d one / being done)
Passive 3
It is said th a t ... H e is said to ... H e is supposed to ...
H ave som ething done
4 7 R eported speech 1 (H e said th a t ...)
48 R eported speech 2
iv
49
50
51
52
Q uestions 1
Q uestions 2 (Do you know w here ... ? / H e asked me w here ...)
A uxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so / 1 hope so etc.
Q uestion tags (do you? isn ’t it? etc.)
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)
Verb + to ... (decide to ... / forget to ... etc.)
Verb (+ object) + to ... (I w an t you to ... etc.)
Verb + -ing o r to ... 1 (rem em ber/regret etc.)
Verb + -ing o r to ... 2 (try/need/help)
Verb + -ing o r to ... 3 (like / w ould like ctc.)
Prefer and w ould rath er
Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing
Be/get used to som ething (I’m used to ...)
Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse som ebody o f -ing etc.)
Expressions + -ing
To ... , for ... an d so th a t ... (purpose)
Adjective + to ...
T o ... (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid o f -ing)
See som ebody do and see som ebody doing
-ing clauses (Feeling tired, I w ent to bed early.)
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
C o u n tab le an d u n countable 1
C o u n tab le an d u ncountable 2
C o u n tab le nouns w ith a/an an d som e
A/an and the
The 1
T h e 2 (school / the school etc.)
T h e 3 (children / the children)
T h e 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective)
N am es w ith and w ith o u t the 1
N am es w ith and w ith o u t the 2
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
“ 9 Singular and plural
80 N o u n + noun (a tennis ball / a headache)
81 -’s (your sister's nam e) and o f ... (the nam e o f the book)
82 M yself/yourself/them selves etc.
83 A friend o f m ine
M y ow n house
O n my ow n / by myself
84 T here ... an d it ...
85 Some and any
86 N o/none/anv
N o th in g /n o b o d y etc.
8 ” M uch. m any, little, few. a lot, plenty
88 All / all o f
m ost / m ost o f
no / none o f etc.
89 Both / b o th of
neither / neither of
either / either of
90 All. every and w hole
91 Each and every
92 Relative clauses 1: clauses w ith w ho/that/w hich
93 Relative clauses 2: clauses w ith and w ith o u t w ho/that/w hich
94 Relative clauses 3: w hose/w hom /w here
95 Relative clauses 4: ex tra info rm atio n clauses (1)
96 Relative clauses 5: ex tra inform ation clauses (2)
9~ -ing and -ed clauses (the w om an talking to Tom , the boy injured in the accident)
98
99
100
101
Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired
Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly)
A djectives and adverbs 2 (w ell/fast/late, hard/hardly)
102 So and such
103 Enough and too
104 Q uite, p retty, rath er and fairly
105 C om parison 1 (cheaper, m ore expensive etc.)
106 C om parison 2 (much better / any b etter / better and b etter / the sooner the better)
10“ C om parison 3 (as ... as / than)
108 Superlatives (the longest, the m ost enjoyable etc.)
109 W ord o rd er 1: verb + object; place an d tim e
110 W ord o rd er 2: adverbs w ith the verb
111 Still, yet and already
112 Even
113
114
115
116
117
118
Any m ore / any longer / no longer
A lthough / though / even though
In spite o f / despite
In case
Unless
As long as
Provided/providing
As (As I w alked along the street ... / As I w as hungry ...)
Like and as
As if / as though / like
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
V
119 For, during and w hile
120 By and until
By the tim e .
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
A t/on/in (time)
O n tim e and in tim e
At the end and in the end
In/at/on (position) 1
In/at/on (position) 2
In/at/on (position) 3
T o /at/in/into
In/at/on (other uses)
By
N oun + preposition (reason for, cause o f etc-.)
Adjective + preposition 1
Adjective + preposition 2
Verb + preposition 1 to and at
Verb + preposition 2 ab o u t/fo r/o f/after
Verb + preposition 3 a b o u t and of
Verb + preposition 4 of/for/from /on
Verb + preposition 5 in /into/w ith/to/on
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
Phrasal verbs 1 Introduction
Phrasal verbs 2 in/out
Phrasal verbs 3 out
Phrasal verbs 4 o n /o ff (1)
Phrasal verbs 5 o n /o ff (2)
Phrasal verbs 6 up/dow n
Phrasal verbs 7 up (1)
Phrasal verbs 8 up (2)
Phrasal verbs 9 aw ay/back
A ppendix 1
A ppendix 2
A ppendix 3
A ppendix 4
A ppendix 5
A ppendix 6
A ppendix 7
R egular and irregular verbs 292
Present and past tenses 294
T he future 295
M odal verbs (can/could/w ill/w ould etc.) 296
S hort form s (I’m / y o u ’ve / d id n ’t etc.) 297
Spelling 298
A m erican English 300
A dditional exercises
302
Study guide 326
Key to Exercises 336
Key to A dditional exercises
Key to Study guide 372
Index
368
373
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
Thanks
I w rote rhe original edition o f English G ram m ar in Use w hen 1 w as a teacher a t the Swan
School of English, O xford. I w ould like to repeat my th an k s to my colleagues and students at
the school for their help, encouragem ent and interest a t th a t time.
M ore recently 1 w ould like to th an k all the teachers and students I m et and w ho offered their
thoughts on the previous edition. It w as fun to m eet you all and extrem ely helpful for me.
R egarding the p roduction o f this th ird edition, I am grateful to Alison Sharpe, Liz D riscoll,
Jane M airs and K am ae Design. I w ould also like to thank C am bridge U niversity Press for
perm ission to access the C am bridge Intern atio n al C orpus.
T hank you also to the follow ing illustrators: Paul Fellows, G illian M artin , R oger Penwill,
Lisa Smith and Simon W illiam s.
To the student
T his book is for stud en ts w ho w a n t help w ith English gram m ar. It is w ritten for you to use
w ith o u t a teacher.
T he book will be useful for you if you are not sure o f the answ ers to questions like these:
□ W h at is the difference betw een
and
?
□ W hen d o w e use
for the future?
□ W h a t is the stru ctu re after /
?
□ W hen do we say
and w hen do we say
?
□ W hen do we use
?
□ W h at is the difference betw een
and
T hese and m any o th e r points o f English g ram m ar are explained in the book and there are
exercises on each point.
Level
T he book is intended m ainly for
students (students w ho have already studied the
basic g ram m ar o f English). It concentrates on those structures w hich interm ediate students w an t
to use, b u t w hich often cause difficulty. Some advanced students w ho have problem s w ith
g ram m ar will also find the book useful.
T he book is
suitable for elem entary learners.
How th e book is organised
T here are 145 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a p articu lar p o in t o f gram m ar. Some
problem s (for exam ple, the present perfect o r the use o f
are covered in m ore than one unit.
For a list o f units, see the
a t the beginning of the book.
Each u n it consists o f tw o facing pages. O n the left there are ex p lanations and exam ples; on the
right th ere are exercises. A t the back o f the book there is a Key for you to check your answ ers
to the exercises (page 336).
T here are also seven
a t the back o f the book (pages 2 9 2 -3 0 1 ). These include
irregular verbs, sum m aries of verb form s, spelling and A m erican English.
Finally, there is a detailed
at the back o f the book (page 373).
How to use th e book
T he units are
in o rd er o f difficulty, so it is
intended th a t you w ork through the book
from beginning to end. Every learner has different problem s and you should use this book to
help you w ith the g ram m ar th a t
find difficult.
It is suggested th a t you w ork in this way:
□ Use the
a n d /o r
to find w hich u n it deals w ith the point you are interested in.
□ If you are n o t sure w hich units you need to study, use the
on page 326.
□ Study the explan atio n s an d exam ples on the left-hand page o f the unit you have chosen.
□ D o the exercises on the right-hand page.
□ C heck y our answ ers w ith the
□ If y our answ ers are n o t correct, study the left-hand page again to see w h a t w ent w rong.
You can of course use the book sim ply as a reference book w ith o u t doing the exercises.
Additional exercises
At the back o f the book there are
(pages 3 0 2 -3 2 5 ). These exercises bring
together som e of the g ram m ar points from a num b er of different units. For exam ple. Exercise
16 brings tog eth er g ram m ar points from Units 2 6 -3 6 . You can use these exercises for extra
practice after you have studied and practised the g ram m ar in the units concerned.
CD Rom
T he book is sold w ith o r w ith o u t a CD Rom . O n the CD Rom you will find m ore exercises on
all the units (different from those in the book). T here are also 1,700 test questions, and you can
use these to m ake your ow n tests. T he CD Rom can also be bo u g h t separately.
To the teacher
w as w ritten as a self-study gram m ar book, but teachers m ay also find
it useful as ad d itio n al course m aterial in cases w here fu rth er w ork on gram m ar is necessary.
T he book will p robably be m ost useful at m iddle- and upper- interm ediate levels (where all or
nearly all o f the m aterial will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a
m eans for practising new structures. It will also be useful for som e m ore advanced students w ho
have problem s w ith gram m ar and need a book for reference and practice. T he book is not
intended to be used by elem entary learners.
The units are organised in gram m atical categories (
,
etc.). T hey are not ordered according to level of difficulty, so the book should not
be w orked th ro u g h from beginning to end. Its h o u ld be used selectively and flexibly in
accordance w ith the g ram m ar syllabus being used and the difficulties students are having.
T he book can be used for im m ediate consolidation o r for later revision o r rem edial w ork. It
m ight be used by the w hole class or by individual students needing extra help. T he left-hand
pages (explanations and exam ples) are w ritten for the student to use individually, but they may
of course be used by the teacher as a source o f ideas and inform ation on w hich to base a lesson.
T he stu d en t then has the left-hand page as a record o f w h a t has been tau g h t and can refer to it
in the future. T he exercises can be done individually, in class o r as hom ew ork. A lternatively
(and additionally), individual stu d en ts can be directed to study certain units o f the book by
them selves if they have p articu lar difficulties n o t shared by o th er students in their class. D o n 't
forget the
a t the back of the book (see T o the student).
T he book is sold w ith o r w ith o u t a CD Rom. T his contains further exercises on all the units in
the book, as well as a bank o f 1,700 test questions from w hich users can select to com pile their
ow n tests. T he CD R om is also available separately.
An edition o f
prefer this for use w ith their students.
w ith o u t the
is also available. Some teachers may
English Grammar in Use Third Edition
T his is a new edition of
and the second edition are:
T he differences betw een this edition
□ T here are eight new units on phrasal verbs (Units 138-145). T here is also a new unit
on
(Unit 41). Units 4 2 -8 1 and 8 3 -1 3 7 all have different num bers from the
second edition.
□ Some o f the m aterial has been revised o r reorganised, and in m ost units there are
m inor changes in the exam ples, explanations and exercises.
□ The
an d 3 7 -4 1 .
have been extended. T he new exercises are 1 4 -1 6 , 25, 3 0 -3 1 ,
□ T he book has been redesigned w ith new co lo u r illustrations.
□ T here is a new C D Rom w ith further exercises to accom pany the book.
English
Grammar
in Use
Present continuous (I am doing)
Study this exam ple situation:
Sarah is in her car. She is on her w ay to w ork.
She is driving to w ork.
T his m eans: she is driving
T he action is n o t finished.
at the tim e o f speaking.
A m /is/are + -ing is the
I
he/she/it
w e/you/they
am
is
are
(= I’m)
(= he’s etc.)
(= w e’re etc.)
driving
w orking
doing etc.
I am doing som ething = I’m in the m iddle o f doing it; I've started doing it and I haven't
finished yet:
,
□ Please d o n ’t m ake so m uch noise. I’m trying to w ork.
I try)
□ ‘W h ere’s M a rk ? ’ ‘H e’s having a show er.'
H e has a show er)
□ L et’s go o u t now. It isn’t raining any m ore,
It doesn’t rain)
□
H ello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party?
D o you enjoy)
□ W h a t’s all th a t noise? W h a t’s going on? (= W h a t’s happening?)
T he action is n o t necessarily h appening at the tim e o f speaking. For exam ple:
Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says:
a really good book at the moment.'v
man w ho...
t reading the book a t the tim e o f speaking,
char he has started it, but has n o t finished it yet.
m iddle o f reading it.
Some m ore exam ples:
□ K ate w ants to w o rk in Italy, so she’s learning Italian, (b u t perhaps she isn’t learning
Italian a t the tim e o f speaking)
□ Some friends o f m ine are building their ow n house. They hope to finish it next summer.
You can use the present co n tin u o u s w ith today / this week / this year etc. (periods aro u n d now ):
□ A: You’re w orking hard today,
You w ork hard today)
B: Yes, I have a lot to do.
□ T h e com pany I w o rk for isn’t doing so well this year.
We use the present co n tin u o u s w hen we talk a b o u t changes happening aro u n d now, especially
w ith these verbs:
get
change
becom e
increase
rise
fall
grow
im prove
begin
start
□ Is y our English getting better?
Does yo u r English get better)
□ T he p o p u latio n o f the w orld is increasing very fast,
increases)
□ A t first I d id n ’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now.
I begin)
Present continuous and present simple —* Units 3 -4
Present tenses fo r the future -» Unit 19
Unit 1
Exercises
1.1
Com plete th e sen ten ces with th e following verbs in th e correct form :
get
happen
look
lose
m ake
sta rt
stay
try
-w©fk
1 ‘You ...!c&...w.P.r^S hard today.’ "Yes, 1 have a lot to d o .'
2 I ...
........................................ for C hristine. D o you know w here she is?
3 I t ....................... .......................... d ark . Shall I tu rn on the light?
4 They d o n ’t have anyw here to live a t the m om ent. T h e y ......... ............'...... r.................... w ith friends
until they find som ew here.
5 T hings are n o t so good at w ork. The c o m p a n y ............... '....... ....................... money.
6 H ave you got an um brella? I t ........... ..........r................ ............. to rain.
7 Y o u ........... ........: . v-...................... a lot o f noise. Can you be quieter? I .........:... 1£...‘.... £ .....................
to concentrate.
8 W hy are all these people here? W h a t ................................. .............. ?
1.2
Put th e verb into th e correct form. Som etim es you need th e negative (I’m n o t doing etc.).
1.3
1 Please d o n ’t m ake so much. noise. 1 ....Dl...try.03...(try) to w ork.
2 Let’s go o u t now. I t ...J5£.L.r.9^!£8.. (rain) any more.
3 ’i’ou can turn o ff th e radio. I
......... ........................
.... (listen) to it.
4 K ate phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. S h e ...... ...................fef.....................(have)
a great tim e an d d o esn 't w an t to com e back.
5 I w a n t to lose w eight, so this week I ............ ........ . .
........ (ear) lunch.
6 A ndrew has just started evening classes. H e ............. .1....
............. .
(learn) G erm an.
Paul and Sally have had an argum ent. T h e y ......
............................. ....... (speak) to each other.
S I ...................Lc...........................(get) tired. 1 need a rest.
9 T i m ... .................... .............. *........(w ork) this week. H e’s on holiday.
*
Com plete th e conversations.
1 A: I saw Brian a few days ago.
B: O h, did you? ...these days? (w hat / he / do)
A: H e’s at university.
B: .......... ......................... .......... .............. ? (w hat / he / study)
A: Psychology.
B: ...-....»..................................................... it? (he /e n jo y )
A: Yes, he says it's a very good course.
2 A: H i, Liz. H o w
...... .......................... ..................in your new job? (you / get on)
B: N o t bad. It w a sn 't so good at first, but
.......................................... better
now. (things / get)
A: W h at a b o u t Jo n ath an ? Is he OK?
B: Yes, b u t .......................
.......................... his w ork at the m om ent, (he / n o t / enjoy)
H e's been in the sam e job for a long tim e a n d ...... ........................................................ to get
bored w ith it. (he / begin)
1.4
Com plete th e sen tences using the following verbs:
begin
change
get
-in c reas e
rise
1 The p opulation o f the w orld ................................ very fast.
2 T he w o r l d ........... ................... ................... T hings never stay the sam e.
3 T he situ atio n is already bad and i t ...... ....... .................................worse.
4 The cost of liv in g ............. ....................................... Every year things are m ore expensive.
5 T he w e a th e r ......
.............i ...................... to im prove. T he rain has stopped, and the w ind isn't
as strong.
Unit
2
Present simple (I do)
Study this exam ple situation:
Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.
H e is n o t driving a bus. (He is asleep.)
H e drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.)
D rive(s)/w ork(s)/do(es) etc. is the
I/w e/vou/thev drive/w ork/do etc.
he/she/it drives/w orks/does etc.
We use the present sim ple to talk a b o u t things in general. We use it to say th a t som ething
happens all the tim e o r repeatedly, o r th a t som ething is true in general:
□ N urses look after patients in hospitals.
□ I usually go aw ay a t w eekends.
□ T he earth goes ro u n d the sun.
□ T he cafe opens a t 7.30 in the m orning.
R em em ber:
1 w o rk ...
H e w orks ...
They teach ...
M y sister teaches ...
For spelling (-s o r -es), see A ppendix 6.
We use do/does to m ake questions an d negative sentences:
do
docs
I/w e/you/they
he/she/it
w ork?
drive?
do?
I/w e/you/they
he/she/it
d o n ’t
d o esn ’t
w ork
drive
do
□ I com e from C an ad a. W here do you com e from ?
□ I d o n ’t go aw ay very often.
□ W h at does this w ord m ean?
W h at m eans this w ord?)
□ Rice d o esn ’t grow in cold clim ates.
In the follow ing exam ples, do is also the m ain verb (do you do / d o esn't do etc.):
□ ‘W h at d o you d o ? ’ ‘I w ork in a sh o p .5
□ H e’s alw ays so lazy. H e d o esn ’t do anything to help.
We use the present sim ple to say how often we do things:
□ I get up at 8 o ’clock every m orning.
□ H ow often d o you go to the dentist?
□ Julie d o esn ’t d rin k tea very often.
□ R obert usually goes aw ay tw o o r three times a year.
I prom ise / 1 apologise etc.
Som etim es we do things by saying som ething. For exam ple, w hen you
to do som ething,
you can say ‘I prom ise . ..’; w hen you
som ething, you can say ‘I suggest ...’:
□ I prom ise I w o n ’t be late,
I’m prom ising)
□ ‘W h at d o you suggest I d o ?’ ‘I suggest th a t you . . . ’
In the sam e w ay we say: I apologise ... / I advise ... / 1 insist ... / 1 agree ... / 1 refuse ... etc.
4
Present simple and present continuous —» Units 3 -4
Present tenses
the future -» Unit 19
Unit 2
Exercises
2.1
C om plete th e sen ten ces using th e following verbs:
cause(s)
connect(s)
drink(s)
live(s)
open(s)
speak(s)
take(s)
1 T a n y a ...$peAJ<5... G erm an very well.
............ coffee.
2 1 d o n 't often
3 T he sw im m ing p o o l .... .-.J:....:— ............a t 7.30 every m orning.
4 Bad d r iv in g ...... ................ ........m any accidents.
.... ......y.... in a very small flat.
5 M y p a r e n ts ......
6 T he O lym pic G a m e s .....L*?..&..k............ place every four years.
7 The Panam a C anal ......
...............the A tlantic and Pacific oceans.
2.2
Put th e verb into th e correct form.
1 J u l i e ...4 ™ ^ ..................... (not / drink) tea very often.
(the b an ks / close) here?
2 W h at t i m e .............. ."......... ......................
3 I’ve got a com puter, but I ....-il.G.'l... .................................................. (not / use) it m uch.
4 'W here
................................
........... '...^(M artin / come) from ?’ 'H e's Scottish.’
5 'W h a t ............. .......................................................(you / do)?’ ‘I’m an electrician.’
6 I t .... ................................................................ (take) me an ho ur to get to w ork. H ow long
... ...... ......................................................(it / take) you?
Look a t this sentence. W hat
............. .... ... ............. (this w ord / mean)?
8 D avid isn’t very fit. H e ......;.......r....1....L.:............................................... (not / do) any sport.
2.3
Use the following verbs to com plete the sentences. Som etim es you need the negative:
believe
2
3
4
5
6
2.4
eat
flow
go^
^ re w
m ake
1 The earth ...............ro u n d the sun.
R ic e ...t...grow................ in Britain.
The s u n .... .................................in the east.
B e e s ....................................... honev.
•/
V egetarians
........m eat.
An atheist
........ ..........'J .. in G od.
rise
tell
translate
7 An in te rp re te r...............r from one
language into another.
8 Liars are people w ho
............. :..L....i.....
the tru th .
9 The River A m a z o n ...................
into the A tlantic O cean.
You ask Liz q u estio n s ab o u t herself and her family. W rite the questions.
1 You know th a t L.iz plays tennis. You w a n t to know how often. Ask her.
H ow o f t e n ...ck?....ypw...P.^..tenm?................................................................................................................. .. ?
2 Perhaps Liz’s sister plays tennis too. You w a n t to know. Ask Liz.
.......
............................ your s i s t e r ........ ...........................
.............................................
3 You k n o w th a t Liz reads a new spaper every day. You w an t to know w hich one. Ask her.
.........
............... .....
..... .........................
..................... ....... ....... ..... ......
............. .....
4 You know th a t Liz's bro th er w orks. You w an t to know w h at he does. Ask Liz.
5 You know th a t Liz soes to the cinem a a lot. You w a n t to know how often. Ask her.
£/ / .
6 You d o n 't know w here Liz’s gran dp aren ts live. You w an t to know. Ask Liz.
A
2.5
'
V
/
/ / VP
Complete using the following:
I apologise
I insist
I prom ise
I rccom m end
1 It's a nice day.......L.s.w.ggMt... w e go o u t for a w alk.
2 1 w o n ’t tell an ybody w h a t you said.........................!.....'.... ...........................
3
You m ust let me pay for the meal.
4
..................................... for w h at I did. It w o n ’t happen again.
,
5 T he new restau ran t in Hill Street is very g o o d ............. ............................. ....it.
Unit
3
Present continuous and present simple 1
(I am doing and I do)
C om pare:
(I am doing)
(I do)
We use the co n tin u o u s for things happening
a t o r aro u n d the tim e o f speaking.
T he action is nor com plete.
We use the simple for things in general or
things th a t happen repeatedly.
I do
I am doing
□ T he w ater is boiling. C an you turn it off?
□ Listen to those people. W hat language
are they speaking?
□ Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now.
□ ‘I’m busy.’ ‘W h at are you doing?'
□ I’m getting hungry. L et’s go and eat.
□ K ate w ants to w ork in Italy, so she’s
learning Italian.
□ T he p o p u latio n o f the w orld is
increasing very fast.
□ W ater boils a t 100 degrees Celsius.
□ Excuse me, do you speak English?
□ It d o esn ’t rain very m uch in summer.
□ W h at do you usuSlly do a t w eekends?
□ I alw ays get hungry in the afternoon.
□ M o st pec>ple learn to swim w hen they
are children.
□ Every day the population o f the w orld
increases by a b o u t 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 people.
We use the co n tin u o u s for
situations:
□ I’m living w ith som e friends until I find
a place o f my ow n.
□ A: You’re w orking hard today.
B: Yes, I have a lot to do.
We use the simple for
See U nit 1 for m ore inform ation.
See U nit 2 for m ore inform ation.
situations:
□ M y parents live in L ondon. T hey have
lived there all their lives.
□ John isn't lazy. H e w orks hard m ost of
the time.
I alw ays do and I’m alw ays doing
I alw ays d o (som ething) = I do it every time:
□ I alw ays go to w o rk by car. (
I’m alw ays going)
i ’m alw ays doin g som ething’ has a different m eaning. For exam ple:
^ 1 ‘ve lost my pen .again. I'm always losing things/)
I’m always losing things = I lose things very often,
perhaps to o often, o r m ore often th an norm al.
T w o m ore exam ples:
□ You’re alw ays w atching television. You should do som ething m ore active.
(= You w atch television to o often)
□ Tim is never satisfied. H e’s alw ays com plaining. (= H e com plains to o much)
6
Present continuous and simple 2 - * Unit 4
Present tenses fo r the future -> Unit 19
Unit 3
Exercises
3.1
Are th e underlined verbs right or w rong? Correct them where necessary.
1 W ater boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
2 T he w ater boils. C an you tu rn it off?
3 Look! T h a t m an tries to open the d o o r o f y our car.
4 C an you hear those people? W h at do they talk about?
5 T he m oon goes ro u n d the earth in a b o u t 2 7 days.
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
6 1 m ust go now. It gets late.
..........................
7 I usually go to w ork by car.
..........................
8 'H u rry up! It's tim e to leave.' ‘O K , I co m e.'
..........................
9 I hear y o u ’ve g o t a new job. H o w do you get on?
..........................
10 Paul is never late. H e j alw ays getting to w o rk on tim e..............................
11 They d o n 't get on well. T h ev 're alw ays arg uing.
..........................
3.2
Put th e verb into th e correct form , p resen t continuous or present simple.
1 L et’s go out. I t ...............................(not / rain) now.
2 Julia is very good a t languages. S h e ....................(speak) four languages very well.
3 H u rry up! E v e ry b o d y ............................................ (wait) for you.
4 ‘.........................................................(you / listen) to the rad io?’ ‘N o , you can tu rn it off.’
5 ‘.........................................................(you / listen) to the radio every day?’ ‘N o, just occasionally.’
6 The River N i l e ............................................ (flow) into the M editerranean.
7 The r iv e r ............................................ (flow) very fast today - much faster th an usual.
8 We u s u a lly ............................................ (grow) vegetables in o u r garden, but this year we
..................................................... . (not / grow ) any.
9 a : H o w ’s your English?
B: N o t bad. I think i t ............................................ (im prove) slowly.
10 Rachel is in London at the m om ent. S h e ............................................ (stay) a t the Park H otel.
She a lw a y s ............................................ (stay) there w hen she’s in London.
11 C an we stop w alking sdon? I ............................................ (start) to feel tired.
12 A: C an you drive?
B: I ............................................ (learn). M y f a th e r ............................................ (teach) me.
13 N orm ally 1 ............................................ (finish) w ork at five, b ut this week I
............................................ (w ork) until six to earn a little m ore money.
14 M y p a r e n ts ............................................(live) in M anchester. They w ere born there and have never
lived anyw here else. W h e r e ..................................................................... (your parents / live)?
15 S o n ia .............. *............................(look) for a place to live. S h e .............................................. (stay) with
her sister until she finds som ew here.
16 A: W h a t ..................................................................... (your b ro th er / do)?
B: H e's an architect, but h e .........................................................(not / w ork) a t the m om ent.
17
I u s u a lly ................... '........................(enjoy) parties, b u t I ....................................................
(not / enjoy) this one very m uch.
3.3
Finish B’s senten ces. Use always -in g .
1 A: I’ve lost my pen again.
B: N o t again! ...You r & ftUoflUjS Losing ijour pew........................................................................................
2 A: T he car has broken dow n again.
B: T h a t car is useless. I t .................................. ...................................................................................................
3 A: Look! You've m ade the sam e m istake again.
B: O h no, n o t again! I .................................................................................. -.....................................................
4 A: O h , I've forgotten my glasses again.
B: Typical! .....................................................................................-........................................................................
7
Present continuous and present simple 2
(I am doing and I do)
We use co ntin u o u s form s for actions and happenings th a t have started but n o t finished (they are
eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for exam ple, know and like) are n o t norm ally used in this
way. We d o n ’t say ‘I am kno w in g ’ o r ‘they are liking’; we say ‘I k n o w ’, ‘they like'.
T he follow ing verbs are n o t norm ally used in the present continuous:
like
love
hate
k now
realise
belong
fit
w an t
need
prefer
suppose
m ean
und erstand
con tain
consist
believe
rem em ber
seem
□ I’m hungry. I w a n t som ething to eat.
I'm w anting)
□ D o you understan d w h at I mean?
□ Ann d o esn ’t seem very happy a t the m om ent.
T h in k
W hen th in k m eans ‘believe’ o r ‘have an o p in io n ’, we do n o t use the continuous:
□ I thin k M ary is C an ad ian , bur I’m n o t sure.
I’m thinking)
□ W h a t do you th in k a b o u t my plan? (= W hat is your opinion?)
W hen thin k m eans ‘con sid er’, the co n tin u o u s is possible:
□ I’m thinking a b o u t w h a t happened. I often think a b o u t it.
□ N icky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it)
H e is selfish and H e is being selfish
H e’s being = H e's behaving / H e’s acting. C om pare:
□ I c a n ’t u n d erstan d why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
(being selfish = behaving selfishly a t the m om ent)
□ H e never thinks a b o u t o th er people. H e is very selfish,
H e is being)
(= H e is selfish generally, n o t only at the .mom ent)
We use am /is/are being to say how som ebody is
o th er sentences:
□ It’s h o t today,
It is being hot)
□ Sarah is very tired,
is being tired)
See
hear
smell
It is not usually possible in
taste
We norm ally use the present sim ple (not continuous) w ith these verbs:
□ D o you see th a t m an over there?
Are you seeing)
□ T his room smells. Let’s open a w indow .
We often use can + see/hear/sm ell/taste:
□ I can h ear a strange noise. C an you hear it?
Look
feel
You can use the present sim ple o r co n tin uous to say how som ebody looks o r feels now :
□ You look well today,
You’re looking well today.
□ H o w d o you feel now? o r How- are you feeling now?
□ I usually feel tired in the m orning,
Present continuous and simple 1 -» Unit 3
I’m usually feeling)
Have -> Unit 17
Present tenses fo r the future -» Unit 19
Unit 4
Exercises
4.1
Are th e underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
OK
1 N icky is thinking o f giving up her job.
2
3
4
5
4.2
Are you believing in God?
I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat?
T his sauce is great. It's tasting really good.
I'm thinking this is y our key. Am I right?
Use th e words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do
this exercise.)
N
you do?)
(you not seem / very happy today)
» l\
'
--------------------------------- 1
a
(the dinner / smell / good)
(who this umbrella / belong to?)
Excuse me. (anybody / sit / there?)
4.3
Put th e verb into the correct form, p resen t continuous or presen t simple.
1 Are you hungry? ... ...wank..................(you / w ant) som ething to eat?
2 D o n 't p u t the dictionary away. I ........ ..........................................(use) it.
3 D o n 't p u t the d ictionary away. I .................................................. (need) it.
4 W h o is th a t m an? W h a t ...................................................(he / w ant)?
5 W ho is th a t m an? W h y .................................. ............... (he / look) a t us?
6 Alan says he’s 80 years old. but n o b o d y .................................................. (believe) him.
7 She told me her nam e, but I .................................................. (not / rem em ber) it now.
8 I .................................................. (think) of selling my car. W ould you be interested in buying it?
9 I ..................................................(think) you should sell yo u r car. Y o u ....................................................
(not / use) it very often.
10 A i r ......... -....................................... (consist) m ainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
4.4
Com plete th e sen ten ces using the m ost su itable form o f be. Som etim es you m ust use th e simple
(am /is/are) and som etim es the continuous is more suitable (am /is/are being).
1 I c an 't understand w h y ...hfiJLkSk® ... so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
2 S a r a h ................. ................................ very nice to me a t the m om ent. I w onder why.
3 You'll like D ebbie when you m eet her. S h e .................................................. very nice.
4 Y ou're usually very patient, so w h y .................................................. so unreasonable a b o u t w aiting
ten m ore minutes?
5 W hv isn’t Steve at w ork todav? .................................................. ill?
Unit
5
Past simple (I did)
Study this exam ple:
W olfgang A m adeus M o z a rt w as an A ustrian
m usician and com poser. H e lived from 1756 to
1791. H e started com posing a t the age of five
an d w rote m ore than 600 pieces o f music.
H e w as only 35 years old w hen he died.
Lived/started/w rote/w as/died are all
Very often the past sim ple ends in -ed
verbs):
□ 1 w o rk in a travel agency now. Before th at I w orked in a dep artm en t store.
□ We invited them to o u r party, but they decided n o t to com e.
□ T he police stopped me on my w ay hom e last night.
□ L aura passed her exam ination because she studied very hard.
F or spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see A ppendix 6.
But m any verbs are
w rite -* w ro te
see
—» saw
go
—» w ent
shut —» sh u t
T he past simple does
end in -ed. For exam ple:
□ M o zart w rote m ore th an 600 pieces o f music,
□ We saw Rose in tow n a few days ago.
□ 1 w ent to the cinem a three tim es last week,
□ It w as cold, so I shut the w indow .
For a list o f irregular verbs, see A ppendix 1.
In questions and negatives we use d id /d id n ’t +
I
she
they
enjoyed
saw
w ent
did
you
she
they
en|oy.'
see?
go?
(enjoy/see/go etc.):
I
she
they
didn't
enjoy
see
go
□
D id you go o u t last night?
B: Yes, I w ent to the cinem a, b u t I d id n ’t enjoy the film much.
□ ‘W hen did M r T hom as die?’ ‘A bout ten years ag o .’
□ They d id n ’t invite her to the party, so she d id n ’t go.
□ ‘D id you have tim e to w rite the letter?’ ‘N o , I d id n ’t.’
In the follow ing exam ples, do is the m ain verb in the sentence (did ... do / d id n ’t do):
□ W h at did you do a t the w eekend?
W h at did you at the weekend?)
□ I d id n ’t d o anything,
I d id n ’t anything)
T he p ast o f be (am /is/are) is was/w ere:
I/he/she/it
w as/w asn ’t
was
I/he/she/it?
w e/you/they
w ere/w eren’t
w ere
w e/vou/thev?
N ote th a t we do n o t use did in negatives and questions w ith was/were:
□ I w as angry because they w ere late.
□ Was the w eath er good w hen you w ere on holiday?
□ T hey w eren’t able to com e because they w ere so busy.
□ Did you go o u t last night o r w ere you to o tired?
10
Past simple and past continuous -» Unit 6
Past simple and present perfect — Units 12-14
Unit 5
Exercises
5.1
Read w hat Laura says a b o u t a typical working day:
usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to
work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45.1
never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o'clock. I'm always tired when
I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don't usually
go out. I go to bed at about 11 o'clock, and I always sleep well.
Laura
Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. W rite w hat she did or d id n ’t do yesterday.
1
5.2
.S H e jo t wp a t T .o ’clack.................................
7 ............................................................ at 5 o ’clock.
2 S h e ...... -.....................................a big breakfast.
3 S h e ............. ..............................................................
4 I t ................................................. to get to w ork.
5
................................... at 8.45.
6
lunch.
8 .........................tired w hen ..........................hom e.
9 ....................................a meal yesterday evening.
10 .......................................... o u t yesterday evening.
11 ...........................................................a t 11 o ’clock.
12 .........................................................well last night.
Com plete th e sen ten ces using th e following verbs in the correct form :
buy
catch
cost
fall
h urt
sell
spend
teach
th ro w
w r ite
1 M o zart wrote
m ore th an 60 0 pieces o f music.
2 ‘H ow did you learn to drive?’ ‘M y f a t h e r ............................... m e.’
3 We co u ld n 't afford to keep o u r car, so we •................................it.
4 D a v e ............. ................ dow n the stairs this m orning a n d ................................his leg.
5 J i m ............................... the ball to Sue, w h o ................................it.
6 A n n .............................. a lot o f m oney yesterday. S h e ................................a dress w hich
............................... £1 0 0 .
5.3
You ask Jam es a b o u t his holiday. W rite your questions.
Hi. H ow are things?
Fine, th an k s. I've just had a great holiday.
1 W h e r e ...^ u i . ijow. go... ?
To the U.S. We w ent on trip from San Francisco to Denver.
2 H o w ................... , ... .................................................. ? By car?
Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco.
3 It's a long w ay to drive. Ho'w l o n g ............................................................................ ?
Two weeks.
4 W h e r e ........................................................................... ? In hotels?
Yes, small hotels o r motels.
5
............................ ................................................ ..... ?
6
5.4
Yes, b u t it w as very h o t - som etim es to o hot.
.—................................................................. the G rand C anyon? .
O f course. It was w onderful.
Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
1 It w as w arm , so I ....took o ff m y co at, (take)
2 T he film w a sn 't very good. I .
t.,.enjoy...jt very m uch, (enjoy)
3 I knew Sarah w as very busy, so I ............................................ her. (disturb)
4 I w as very tired, so I ............................................ the party early, (leave)
5 The bed was very uncom fortable. I ............................................ very well, (sleep)
6 The w indow w as open and a b i r d ............................................ into the room , (fly)
7 The hotel w asn 't very expensive. I t ............................................ very m uch, (cost)
8 1 was in a hurry, so I ... ......................................tim e to phone you. (have)
9 It w as hard carrying the bags. T h e y ............................................ very heavy, (be)
Past continuous (I was doing)
Study this exam ple situation:
Yesterday K aren and Jim played tennis. T hey began at
10 o'clock and finished at 11.30.
So, at 10.30 they w ere playing tennis.
T hey were playing = they were in the m iddle of
playing. They had n o t finished playing.
W as/were -ing is the
1/he/she/it w as
w e/you/they were
I w as doing som ething = I w as in the m iddle o f doing som ething a t a certain tim e. T he action or
situ atio n had already started before this tim e, b u t had nor finished:
I started doing
J^ w as doing^
I finished doing
□ T his tim e last year I w as living in Brazil.
□ W h at w ere you doing at 10 o ’clock last night?
□ 1 w aved to H elen, b u t she w asn ’t looking.
C om pare the
(I w as doing) and
(in the m iddle o f an action)
□ I w as w alking hom e w hen I m et Dave.
(in the m iddle o f an action)
□ K ate w as w atching television when
w e arrived.
(I did):
(com plete action)
□ I w alked hom e after the party last night.
(= all the way, com pletely)
□ Kate w atched television a lot w hen she
w as ill last vear.
We often use the p ast sim ple and the past co ntinuous together to say th a t som ething happened
in the m iddle o f som ething else:
□ M a tt phoned w hile w e w ere having dinner.
□ It was raining w hen I got up.
□ I saw you in the park yesterday. You w ere sitting on the grass and reading a book.
□ I h u rt my back while I w as w orking in the garden.
But w e use the p ast sim ple to say th a t one thing happened after another:
□ I w as w alking along the road w hen I saw Dave. So I stopped, and we had a chat.
C om pare:
□ W hen K aren arrived, we w ere having
dinner. (= we had already started before
she arrived)
□ W hen K aren arrived, w e had dinner,
(= Karen arrived, and then we had
dinner)
Some verbs (for exam ple, know and w ant) are n o t norm ally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A):
□ We w ere good friends. We knew each o th er well,
We w ere know ing)
□ I w as enjoying the party, but C hris w anted to go hom e,
w as w anting)
Unit 6
Exercises
6.1
W hat were you doing a t th ese tim es? W rite sen ten ces as in th e exam ples. The p a st continuous
is not always necessary (see th e second exam ple).
1 (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) ...................................................................................................................
2 (at 5 o ’clock iast M onday) ...L w «
...................................................
3 (at 10.15 yesterday m orning) ........................................................................................................................
4 (at 4 .3 0 this m orning) ........................................................ ..................................................................... ........
5 (at 7.45 yesterday evening) ............................................................................................................................
6 (half an hour ago) .......................... ..................................................................................................................
6.2
Use your own ideas to com plete th e sentences. Use th e past continuous.
1 M a tt phoned w hile w e ...w erejh a.
2
3
4
5
6.3
...........................................................................................
T he doorbell rang w hile I ................................................................................................................................
We saw an accident w hile w e .............. ...........................................................................................................
Ann fell asleep w hile s h e ..................................................................................................................................
The television w as on, but n o b o d y ...............................................................................................................
Put th e verb into th e correct form, past co ntinuous or past simple.
2 o sates i-w f
A I ............................... (meet) Tom
1 ...so w ... (See( Sue in tow n
yesterday, but s h e ..................... and Jane a t the airport a few
............................ (not / see) me. weeks ago. T h e y ..........................
S h e ................................... (look) ....................... (go) to Paris and I
the o th e r way.
...........................................(go) to
Rome. W e .......................(have)
a chat while w e ..........................
................(wait) for our flights.
6.4
I ............................(cycle) hom e
yesterday w hen a m an
....................................(step) o ut
into the road in fro n t o f me. I
.......................... (go) quite fast,
bu t luckily I ..............................
(m anage) to stop in tim e and
......................... (not / hit) him.
Put th e verb in to 'th e correct form, past co n tinuous or past simple.
1 J e n n y ... was....wiutuvj.... (w ait) for me w hen 1 ....ftUH&sL... (arrive).
2 ‘W h a t .................................................. (you / do) a t this tim e yesterday?’ ‘I w as asleep.’
3 ‘.................................................. (you / go) o u t last night?’ ‘N o , 1 w as to o tired .’
4 H ow f a s t .................................................. (you / drive) w hen the a c c id e n t..............................
(happen)?
5 S a m ...................................... (rake) a p h o to g rap h o f me w hile I .............................................
(not / look).
6 We w ere in a very difficult position. W e .................................................. (not / know ) w h a t to do.
7 I h aven't seen A lan for ages. W hen I l a s t ......................................(see) him , he
.................................................. (try) to find a job.
8 I .................................................. (w alk) along the street w hen suddenly I ........................................
(hear) footsteps behind me. S o m e b o d y .................................................. (follow) me. 1 was scared
and I ................. -......... ..... _... (start) to run.
9 W hen I w as young, 1 ...................................... (w ant) to be a pilot.
10 Last night 1 ..............................-..................(drop) a plate w hen I .................................................... (do)
the w ashing up. F ortunately i t .................................................. (not / break).
-» A dd itio n a l exercise 1 (page 302)
Present perfect 1 (I have done)
Study this exam ple situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He c a n ’t find it.
He has lost his key.
He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still
d o esn ’t have it.
H ave/has lost is the
I/w e/they/you
have
(= I’ve etc.)
he/she/ir
has
(= he’s etc.)
T h e present perfect sim ple is have/has +
(finished/decided etc.), but m any im p o rtan t verbs are
finished
lost
done
been etc.
T he past participle often ends in -ed
(lost/done/w ritten etc.).
F or a list o f irregular verbs, see A ppendix 1.
W hen we say th a t ‘som ething has h ap p ened’, this is usually new inform ation:
□ O w ! I’ve cut my finger.
□ T h e road is closed. T h ere’s been (there has been) an accident.
□
Police have arrested tw o men in connection w ith the robbery.
W hen we use the present perfect, there is a connection w ith
T he action in the past has a
result
□ ‘W here’s your key?’ ‘I d o n 't know. I’ve lost it.’ (= I d o n ’t have it
)
□ H e told me his nam e, but I’ve forgotten it. (= 1 ca n ’t rem em ber it
□ i s Sally here?’ ‘N o, she’s gone o u t.’ (= she is o u t
□ I c a n ’t find my bag. H ave you seen it? (= D o you know w here it is
?)
You can use the present perfect w ith just, already and yet.
Ju st = a sh o rt tim e ago:
□ ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘N o , I’ve just had lunch.’
□ H ello. H ave you just arrived?
We use already to say th a t som ething happened sooner than expected:
□ ‘D o n ’t forget to send the letter.' i ’ve already sent it.’
□ ‘W h at tim e is M ark leaving?' ‘H e’s already gone.'
Yet = until now. Yet show s th a t the speaker is expecting som ething to happen. Use yet only
in questions and negative sentences:
□ H as it stopped raining yet?
□ I’ve w ritten the letter, but I hav en ’t sent it yet.
N o te the difference betw een gone (to) and been (to):
□ Jim is on holiday. H e has gone to Italy. (= he is there now’ o r on his w ay there)
□ Jan e is back hom e now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now com e back)
Present perfect -» Units 8, 11 Been to — Units 8A, 126B Present perfect continuous -» Units 9-10
Present perfect and past -* Units 12-14 Yet and already -* Unit 111 American English — Appendix 7
Unit 7
Exercises
7.1
Read th e situ atio n s and w rite sentences. Use the following verbs:
arrive
b reak
fall
go up
grow
im prove
1 Tom is looking for his key. He c a n 't find it.
2 M arg aret c a n 't w alk and her leg is in plaster.
3 Last w eek the bus fare w as 80 pence. N o w it is 90.
4 M aria's English w asn 't very good. N ow it is better.
5 Dan d id n 't have a beard before. N ow he has a beard.
6 This m orning I w as expecting a letter. N ow 1 have it.
The tem perature w as 20 degrees. N ow it is only 12.
7.2
lo se
He Ha s to s t his kei).
S h e ........................................
The bus f a r e ......................
H er E n g lis h ........................
H e .........................................
The letter
T h e ..........
Com plete B's senten ces. Use th e verb in brackets + ju st/alre ad y /y et.
at\________
W ould you like som ething to ear?
___________ n B
, th a n k s...... I’ve .ju s t
tu n d i.
(I / just / base / lunch)
Do you know w here Julia is?
Yes.................................................................
(I / just / see / her)
W h a t tim e is D avid leaving?
(he / already / leave)
W h at's in the n ew spaper today?
I d o n 't know. ...........................................
(I / n o t / read / it yet)
Is Sue com ing to the cinem a w ith us?
N o , ..............................................................
(she / already / see / the film)
Are your friends here yet?
Yes............. ..................................................
(they / just / arrive)
W h at does Tim think a b o u t your plan?
(we / n o t / tell / him yet)
7.3
Read th e situ ation s and w rite sen ten ces with ju st, already or yet.
1 A fter lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘W ould you like som ething to eat?’
You say: N o th an k y o u ..................................................... (have lunch)
2 Joe goes out. Five m inutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Joe?’
You say: I'm a f r a i d ............................................. .............................................................................. (go out)
3 You are eating in a restau ran t. The w aiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your
plate away. You say: W ait a minute! ................................................................................. (not / finish)
4 You are going to a restau ran t tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says,
‘Shall I phone to reserve a tab le.' You say: N o , ................................. ........................................ (do it)
5 You know th a t a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful.
Ask her. You say: ............................................................................................................................... ? (find)
6 You are still thinking a b o u t w here to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘W here are you going
for your holiday?’ You say: ................................................................................................... (not /decide)
Linda w ent to the bank, but a few m inutes ago she returned. Som ebody asks, i s Linda still at
the b ank?’ You say: N o, ......................................................................................................... (come back)
7.4
Put in been or gone.
1 Jim is on holiday. H e 's ............... to Italy.
2 Hello! I've j u s t ............................... to the shops. I’ve bo u g h t lots o f things.
3 Alice isn't here at the m om ent. She’s ............................... to the shop to get a new spaper.
4 Tom h a s ............................... out. H e'll be back in a b o u t an hour.
5 'A re you going to the b an k ?' ‘N o, I've a lr e a d y ............................... to the b an k .'
15
Present perfect 2 (I have done)
Study this exam ple conversation:
DAVE: H ave you travelled a lo t, Jane?
JANE: Yes, I’ve been to lots o f places.
DAVE: Really? H ave you ever been to China?
Ja n e ’s life
JANE: Yes, I’ve been to C hina tw ice.
DAVE: W h at a b o u t India?
JANE: N o , I h av en ’t been to India.
________________________
W hen we talk a b o u t a period o f tim e th a t continues from the past until now, we use the
(have been / have travelled etc.). H ere, Dave and Jane are talking a b o u t the
places Jan e has visited in her life (which is a period th a t continues until now ).
Some m ore exam ples:
□ H ave you ever eaten caviar? (in y our life)
□ W e’ve never h ad a car.
□ ‘H ave you read
?’ ‘N o , I h aven’t read any o f S hakespeare’s plays.’
□ Susan really loves th a t film. She’s seen it eight times!
□ W h a t a boring film! It’s the m ost boring film I’ve ever seen.
Been (to) = visited:
□ I’ve never been to C hina. H ave you been there?
In the follow ing exam ples to o , the speakers are talking a b o u t a period th a t continues until now
(recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.):
□ H ave you heard from Brian recently?
□ I’ve m et a lot o f people in the last few days.
-------------recently-----------□ E verything is going well. We h aven’t had any problem s
__ jn tjje |ast few cja v s _
so far.
□ I’m hungry. I h aven’t eaten anything since breakfast.
si m e rea hist
(= from b reakfast until now )
□ It’s good to see you again. We hav en’t seen each o th er
for a long tim e.
We use the present perfect w ith today / this evening / this year etc. w hen these periods are not
finished a t the tim e o f speaking (see also U nit 14B):
□ I’ve d ru n k four cups o f coffee today.
_________ today
□ H ave you had a holiday this year (yet)?
□ I h aven’t seen Tom this m orning. H ave you?
□ Rob h a sn ’t studied very h ard this term .
We say: It’s the (first) tim e som ething has happened. For exam ple:
□ D on is having a driving lesson. It’s his first one.
It’s the first tim e he has driven a car.
drives)
H e has never driven a car before.
□ Sarah has lost her p assp o rt again. T his is the second
tim e this has happened.
happens)
□ Bill is p h o n in g his girlfriend again. T h a t’s the third
tim e he’s pho n ed her this evening.
Present perfect 1 -» Unit 7 Present perfect + for/since -* Units 11-12
Present perfect and past -* Units 12-14
This is the first time
I've driven a car.
Unit 8
Exercises
8.1
You are asking people q u estio n s a b o u t th in g s they have done. Make questions with ever using
th e words in brackets.
1 (ride / horse?) ...H ave ijou ever rid d e n a. horse?.........................................
2
3
4
5
8.2
(be / C alifornia?) H a v e .....................................................................................................................................
(run / m arathon?) ...............................................................................................................................................
(speak / fam ous person?) .................................................................................................................................
(m ost beautiful place / visit?) W h a t 's ...........................................................................................................
Com plete B's answ ers. Some sen ten ces are positive and som e negative. Use th e following verbs:
be
be
eat
happen
have
ffleet-
play
read
see
see
try
/ T v e no idea........!’y& ..n&yer .rnei .. her.
I
W hat's M ark 's sister likeT'N
2
H ow is D iane these days?
I d o n ’t know . I ............................. .......... her recently.
3
Are you hungry?
Yes. I ............................................... ..........m uch today.
4
C an you play chess?
Yes, b u t ........................................... ..................for ages.
5
Are you enjoying your holiday?
6
W h at's th a t book like?
I d o n ’t know. ................................ .............................. it.
-
Is Brussels an interesting place?
I’ve no idea...................................... ....................... there.
8
M ike w as late for w ork again
today.
A gain? H e ..................................... ........................... late
every day this week.
9
D o you like caviar?
1 d o n 't know . ................................ .............................. it.
10
I hear your car broke dow n
again yesterday.
*»
11
W ho's th a t w om an by the d o o r ? y
Yes, it's the best h o lid a v ............
for a long time.
Yes, it's the second t i m e .............
this week.
\^I d o n 't know .................................... ............. her b e fo re ^ /
C om plete th e sen ten ces using to d ay / th is y ear / this term etc.
1 saw Tom yesterday, but ...L.hayenit seeni..hi$... to d a y ...................................
■>
3 read a new spaper vesterdav, but 1 ......................................................................... .......................... today.
4 Last vear the oom panv m ade a profit, b u t this v e a r ..........................................
4 Tracv w orked h ard at school last term , b u t .........................................................
5 It snow ed a lot last w inter, b u t ..................................................
6 O u r football team w on a lot of gam es la stse a so n , but we
8.4
Read th e situ atio n s and w rite sen ten ces as show n in the exam ple.
1 Jack is driving a car, b u t he's very nervous and not sure w h at to do.
You ask: ...H ave tjou d riv e n a. c a r b efore?...................................................
He says: ... No, th is is th e - f irs t tim e I've driv en a. c a r ......................
2 Ben is playing tennis. He's n o t good a t it an d he doesn’t know the rules.
You ask: H a v e ...........................................................................................................
He says: N o, this is the f i r s t ..................................................................................
3 Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident o r com fortable.
You ask: .......................................................................................................................
She says: ............................ -........................................................................................
4 M aria is in L ondon. She has just arrived an d it’s very new for her.
You ask: .......................................................................................................................
She says: ......................................................................................................................
17
Unit
Present perfect continuous
9
(I have been doing)
It has been raining
Study this exam ple situation:
Is it raining?
N o , but the ground is w et.
It has been raining.
H ave/has been -ing is the
I/we/thev/vou
he/she/it
have
has
(= I've etc.)
(= he’s etc.)
been
doing
w aiting
playing etc.
We use the present perfect co n tin u o u s for an activity th a t has recently stopped o r just stopped.
T here is a connection w ith
□ Y ou’re o u t o f breath. H ave you been running? (= yo u ’re o u t o f breath
□ Paul is very tired. H e’s been w orking very hard. (= he’s tired
□ W hy are y our clothes so dirty? W hat have you been doing?
□ I’ve been talking to A m anda a b o u t the problem and she agrees w ith me.
□ W here have you been? I’ve been looking for you everyw here.
It has been raining for tw o hours.
Study this exam ple situation:
It began raining tw o hours ago and it is still raining.
H ow long has it been raining?
It has been raining for tw o hours.
We use the present perfect co ntinuous in this w ay w ith
h ow long, for ... and since ... . T he activity is still
happening (as in this exam ple) o r has just stopped.
□ H ow long have you been learning English? (= y o u ’re still learning English)
□ Tim is still w atching television. H e’s been w atching television all day.
□ W here have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour.
□ C hris h a sn ’t been feeling well recently.
You can use the present prefect co n tin u o us for actions repeated over a period of time:
□ D ebbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was eight.
□ Every m orning they m eet in the sam e cafe. T hey’ve been going there for years.
C om pare I am doing (see U nit 1) and I have been doing:
*
□ D o n ’t d istu rb me now. I’m w orking.
□ We need an um brella. It’s raining.
□ H u rry up! W e’re w aiting.
18
Present perfect continuous and simple -» Units 10-11
I’ve been w orking hard. N o w I’m going
to have a break.
The g round is w et. It’s been raining.
W e’ve been w aiting for an hour.
Present perfect + for/since -» Units 11-12
Unit 9
Exercises
9.1
W hat have these people been doing or w hat has been happening?
1
c
>
They
......................................
She
Thev
9.2
W rite a questio n for each situ atio n .
1 You m eet Paul as he is leaving the sw im m ing pool.
You ask: (you / swim ?) ................................................................................................................
2 You have just arrived to m eet a friend w ho is w aiting for you.
You ask: (you / w ait / long?) ...... ................................................................................................
3 You m eet a friend in the street. H is face and hands are very dirty.
You ask: (w h at / you / do?) .........................................................................................................
4 A friend o f yours is now w o rk in g in a shop. You w an t to know how long.
You ask: (how long / you / w o rk / there?) ..............................................................................
5 A friend tells you a b o u t his job - he sells co m puters. You w a n t to know how long.
You ask: /h o w long / you / sell / com puters?) .......................................................................
9.3
Read th e situations and com plete th e sentences.
1 It's raining. T he rain started tw o hours ago.
It
for tw o hours.
2 We are w aiting for the bus. W e started w aiting 20 m inutes ago.
V ie ..................*..............................................................................................for 20 m inutes.
3 I'm learning Spanish. I started classes in December.
I ................................................................................................................. since December.
4 M ary is w orking in London. She started w orking there on 18 January.
........................................................-........................................................since 18 January.
5 O u r friends alw ays spend their holidays in Italy. They started going there years ago.
................................................................................................................. for years.
9.4
Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous
(I have been -ing).
1 ..................................................... (M aria / learn) English for tw o years.
2 H ello. Tom .............................................................(I / look) for you. W here have you been?
3 W h y ................. ....................................... (you / look) at me like that? Stop it!
4 Linda is a teacher. .........................................................(she / teach) for ten years.
5
(I / think) a b o u t w h at you said and I’ve decided to take your
advice.
6 ‘Is Paul on holiday this w eek?' ‘N o , .........................................................(he / w o rk ).’
7 Sarah is very tire d .............................................................(she / w ork) very hard recently.
19
Present perfect continuous and simple
(I have been doing and I have done)
Unit
10
Study this exam ple situation:
K ate’s clothes are covered in paint.
She has been pain tin g the ceiling.
The ceiling w as w hite. N o w it is red.
She has painted the ceiling.
H as been painting is the
H as painted is the
We are interested in the activity. It does not
m atter w hether som ething has been finished
o r not. In this exam ple, the activity (painting
the ceiling) has n o t been finished.
H ere, the im p o rtan t thing is th a t som ething
has been finished. H as painted is a com pleted
action. We are interested in the result o f the
activity (the painted ceiling), nor the activity
itself.
C om pare these exam ples:
□ M y hands are very dirty. I’ve been
repairing the car.
□ Joe has been eating to o m uch recently.
He should eat less.
□ It’s nice to see you again. W h at have you
been doing since we last met?
□ W here have you been? H ave you been
playing tennis?
B
We use the co n tin u o u s to say
an activity th at is still happening):
(for
□ H ow long have you been reading
th a t book?
□ Lisa is still w riting letters. She’s been
w riting letters all day.
□ T h ey ’ve been playing tennis since
2 o ’clock.
□ I’m learning Spanish, bur I hav en ’t been
learning it very long.
□ T he car is OK again now. I’ve
repaired it.
□ Som ebody has eaten all my chocolates.
The box is empty.
□ W here's the book I gave you? W h at
have you done w ith it?
□ H ave you ever played tennis?
We use the sim ple to say
,
or
(for com pleted
actions):
□ H o w m uch of th a t book have you read?
□ Lisa has w ritten ten letters today.
□ T hey’ve played tennis three tim es this
week.
□ I'm learning Spanish, but I haven’t
learnt very m uch yet.
Some verbs (for exam ple, know /like/believe) are n o t norm ally used in the continuous:
□ I’ve kn o w n a b o u t it for a long tim e,
I’ve been know ing)
For a list o f these verbs, see U nit 4 A . But note th a t you
use w an t and m ean in th e p re s e n t
perfect continuous:
□ I’ve been m eaning to phone Jane, b u t I keep forgetting.
20
Present perfect simple —* Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous -» Unit 9
Present perfect + for/since -» Units 11-12
Exercises
10.1
Unit 10
For each situation, w rite two sen ten ces using th e words in brackets.
1 Tom started reading a book tw o hours ago. H e is still reading it and now he is on page 53.
(read / to r tw o hours) ...He Ha s been
-for two h o u rs .........................................................
(read / 53 pages so far) ....................................................................................................................................
2 Rachel is from A ustralia. She is travelling round Europe at the m om ent. She began her trip
three m onths ago.
(travel / for three m onths) S h e .......................................................................................................................
(visit / six countries so far) ..............................................................................................................................
3 Patrick is a tennis player. H e began playing tennis w hen he w as ten years old. T his year he is
national cham p io n again - for rhe tourrh rime.
(win / the national cham pionships / four times) ......................................................................................
(play / tennis since he w as ten) ......................................................................................................................
4 W hen they left college. Lisa and Sue started m aking films together. They still make films.
(m ake / five films since they left college) T h e y .........................................................................................
(m ake / films since they left college) .............................................................................................................
10.2
For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1 You have a friend w ho is learning A rabic. You ask:
(how long / learn / Arabic?) ...How Long Have you been Learnin g A rabic ?
2 You have just arrived to m eet a friend. She is w aiting for you. You ask:
(w a it/lo n g ? ) H ave ....................... .................................................................................
3 You see som ebody fishing by the river. You ask:
(catch / any fish?) .............................................................................................................
4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how m any people / invite?) .........................................................................................
5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
(how long / teach?) ................................................................ .........................................
6 You meet som ebody w ho is a writer. You ask:
(how m any books / write?) ...........................................................................................
(how long / w rite / books?) ..........................................................................................
A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask:
Ihow long / save?) ...........................................................................................................
(how m uch m onev / save?) ...........................................................................................
10.3
Put th e verb into th e more su itab le form , p resen t perfect simple (I have done) or continuous
(I have been doing).
1 W here have you been? ...Have you...been .pl&yuig... (you / plav) tennis?
2 Look! ...............................................................(som ebody / break) th a t w indow .
3 You look tire d ................................................................... (you / w ork) hard?
4 “...............................................................(you / ever / w ork) in a factory?’ ‘N o, never.’
5 'Liz is aw ay on holiday.’ i s she? W h e r e ...............................................................(she / go)?
6 M y b ro th er is an actor. ............................................................... (he / appear) in several films.
7 'Sorry I'm late.' ‘T h a t’s all right............................................................................... (I / not / wait) long.’
8 i s it still raining?’ ‘N o , ............................................................... (it / sto p).’
(I / lose) my address b o o k .....................................................................
(you / see) it?
10
(I / read) the book you lent me, b u t ..................................................
.................... ................ (I / n o t / finish) it yet. It’s very interesting.
11
(I / read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.
21
How long have you (been) ... ?
Study this exam ple situation:
D an and Jenny are m arried. They got m arried exactly
20 years ago, so today is their 2 0 th w edding anniversary.
They have been m arried for 20 years.
We say: They are m arried,
H ow long have they been m arried?
H ow long are they m arried?)
They have been m arried for 20 years.
They are m arried for 20 years)
We use the
now. C om pare the
to talk a b o u t som ething th a t began in the past and still continues
an d the
□ Bill is in hospital.
H e has been in hospital since M onday.
(
Bill is in hospital since M onday)
□ D o you know each o th er well?
H ave you know n each o th e r for a long time?
(
D o you know )
□ She’s w aiting for som ebody.
She’s been w aiting all m orning.
□ D o they have a car?
H ow long have they had their car?
I have know n/had/lived etc. is the
I have been learning / been w aiting / been doing etc. is the
W hen we ask o r say 'h o w long’, the co n tinuous is m ore usual (see Unit 10):
□ I’ve been learning English for six m onths.
□ It’s been raining since lunchtim e.
□ R ichard has been doing the sam e job for 20 years.
□ ‘H o w long have you been driving?' ‘Since I w as 17.’
Some verbs (for exam ple, know /like/believe) are n o t norm ally used in the continuous:
□ H o w long have you k n ow n Jane?
have you been knowing)
□ I’ve had a pain in my stom ach all day.
I’ve been having)
See also Units 4 A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17.
You can use either the present perfect continuous o r sim ple w ith live and w ork:
□ Julia has been living / has lived in Paris for a long time.
□ H ow long have you been w orking / have you w orked here?
But we use the sim ple (I’ve lived / I’ve done etc.) w ith always:
□ I’ve alw ays lived in the country,
alw ays been living)
We say ‘I haven’t done som ething since/for ...'
□ I hav en ’t seen Tom since M onday. (= M on d ay w as the last tim e I saw him)
□ Sue h asn ’t pho n ed for ages. (= the last tim e she phoned was ages ago)
I haven't ... since/for -» Unit 8A
Present perfect continuous —►Units 9-10
For and since —» Unit 12A
Exercises
11.1
Unit 11
Are th e underlined verbs right or w rong? Correct them w here necessary.
1 Bob is a friend o f m ine. I know him very well.
.....QK......................................................................
2 Bob is a friend of mine. 1 know him for a long tim e........(..y^...l?MW.K!....b.ifl?..............................................
3 Sue and Alan are m arried since July.
..............................................................................
4 T he w eather is aw ful. It's raining again.
..............................................................................
5 T he w eath er is aw ful. It's raining all day.
..............................................................................
6 I like y our house. H ow long are you living there?
..............................................................................
G ary is w orking in a shop for the last few m onths......................................................................................
8 1 d o n ’t know Tim well. W e've only m et a few tim es....................................................................................
9 I gave up drin k in g coffee. 1 d o n 't drink it for a year. .............................................................................
10 T h at's a very old bike. H ow long d o vou have it?
..............................................................................
11.2
Read th e situ atio n s and w rite q u estio n s from th e words in brackets.
1 Jo h n tells you th a t his m other is in hospital. You ask him:
(how long / be / in hospital?) .How long Ha s qowr m other bee* In H ospital?.............................
2 You m eet a w o m an w ho tells you th a t she teaches English. You ask her:
(how long / teach / English?) ............................................................................................................................
3 'lo u know th a t Jane is a good friend of C aroline's. You ask Jane:
(how long / know / Caroline?) .......................................................................................... ..............................
4 Your friend's b ro th e r w ent to A ustralia som e tim e ago and he's still there. You ask your friend:
(how long / be / in A ustralia?) ...................’............................................................................................ ..........
5 Tim alw ays w ears the sam e jacket. It's a very old jacket. You ask him:
(how long / have / th a t jacket?) .......................................................................................................................
6 'I’ou are talking to a friend ab o u t Joe. Joe now w orks at the airport. You ask your friend:
(how long / w ork / at the airp o rt?) .................................................................................................................
A friend of yours is learning to drive. You ask him:
(how long / learn / to drive?) ............................................................................................................................
8 You m eet som ebody on a plane. She says th a t she lives in Chicago. You ask her:
(alw ays / live / in C hicago?) ...... .......................................................................................................................
11.3
Com plete B's answ ers to A's questions.
1
2
d
4
5
6
—
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
V
AY \
/T B
Bill is in hospital, isn't h e 7 \ /Y e s , h e ...Has been.... in hospital since M onday. ' ' ' \
\ o I H aven’t seen ... her for three m onths.
Do vou see Ann verv often?
Is M arg aret m arried?
Yes, s h e ........................ ............. m arried for ten years.
Are you w aiting for me?
Yes, I
................ .............. for the last half hour.
You know Linda, d o n 't you?
Yes, w e ......................... ...........each o th e r a long time.
D o you still play tennis?
N o, I .............................
Is Jim w atching TV?
Yes, h e .......................... .......................... TV all evening.
D o vou w atch TV7 a lot?
................................TV for ages.
N o, I
H ave you g o t a headache?
Yes, 1 ............................ ......... a headache all m orning.
G eorge is never ill. is he?
N o , h e .......................... ........ill since I’ve know n him .
Are you feeling ill?
Yes, I ............................
Sue lives in L ondon, d o esn 't she?
Yes, s h e ........................ ................................... in London
for the last few vears.
Do you go to the cinem a a lot?
N o, I ............................. ........... to the cinem a for ages.
W ould you like to go to New
Yes, 1 ............................ ................. to go to N ew York.
alw ays / w ant)
York one d a y ? /
23
For and since
When ... ? and How long ... ?
We use for and since to say how long som ething has been happening.
We use for + a period o f tim e (tw o hours,
six weeks etc.):
We use since + the sta rt o f a period
(8 o ’clock, M onday, 1999 etc.):
□ I've been w aiting for tw o hours.
□ I've been w aiting since 8 o ’clock.
for tw o hours
since 8 o ’clock
fo r
tw o h o u rs
a lo n g tim e
a w eek
2 0 m in u te s
six m o n th s
ages
five d ays
5 0 years
years
□ Sally has been w orking here for six
m onths,
since six m onths)
□ I hav en ’t seen Tom for three days.
since three days)
8 o ’clock
M ondav
12 M ay
since
April
1985
C hristm as
lunchtim e
we arrived
I got up
□ Sally has been w o rk in g h ere since April.
(= from April until now)
Z I h a v e n ’t seen Tom since M onday.
(= from M ondav until now)
It is possible to leave o u t for (but n o t usually in negative sentences):
□ T h ey ’ve been m arried (for) ten years, (w ith o r w ith o u t for)
□ They h aven’t had a holiday for ten years, (you m ust use for)
We do
use for + all ... (all day / all my life etc.):
□ I’ve lived here all my life,
for all my life)
C om pare w hen ... ? (+
an d how long ... ? (+
A: W hen d id 'it s ta rt rain in g ?
U: It started raining
an ho u r ago / at 1 o ’clock.
A: H ow long h as it been rain in g ?
is: It's been raining
for an h o u r / since 1 o ’clock.
A: W hen did Joe and C arol first meet?
B: Thev first m et
a long tim e ago.
when thev were at school.
A: H o w long have they know n each other?
K: T hev've know n each other
for a long time,
since thev were at school.
We say i t ’s (a long tim e / tw o years etc.) since som ething h appened’:
□ It’s tw o years since I last saw Joe. (= I h aven’t seen Joe for tw o years)
□ It’s ages since we w ent to the cinem a. (= We haven’t been to the cinem a for ages)
You can ask 'H o w long is it since ... ?’:
□ H ow long is it since you last saw Joe? (= W hen did you last see Joe?)
□ H ow long is it since M rs Hill died? (= W hen did M rs Hill die?)
You can also say ‘It’s been (= It has been) ... since ... ’:
□ I t’s been tw o years since I last saw Joe.
How long have you (been) ... ? -» Unit 11
Exercises
12.1
Unit 12
W rite fo r or since.
1 It's been r a in in g ...Since...lunchtim e.
2 Sarah has lived in P a r i s ......................... 1995.
3 Paul has lived in L ondon ......................... ten years.
4 I'm tired o f w aiting. W e've been sitting h e r e ......................... an hour.
5 Kevin has been looking for a j o b ......................... he left school.
6 I h av en 't been to a p a r t y ......................... ages.
7 I w o n d er w here Joe is. I h av en 't seen h i m ......................... last week.
8 Jane is away. She's been a w a y ......................... Friday.
9 T he w eath er is dry. It h a sn 't r a in e d ............. ............a few weeks.
12.2
W rite q u estio n s with how long and w hen.
1 It's raining.
(how long?) How Long Ha s tfc been rain ing?.......................................
(w h en ?) ...When
it
....................................................
2 Kate is learning Japanese.
(how long / learn?) ...........................................................................................
(w hen / start?) ...................................................................................................
3 1 know Simon.
(how long / you / know ?) ..............................................................................
(w hen / you / first / meet?) ............................. ...............................................
4 Rebecca and D avid are m arried.
(how long?) ........................................................................................................
(when?) ................................................................................................................
12.3
Read th e situ atio n s and com plete th e sentences.
1 It's raining. It's been raining since lunchtim e.
I t ... ^ t ^ . rc^in< j.......................... at lunchtim e.
2 Ann and Sue are friends. They first m et years ago. T hey’v e .................................................... years.
3 Joe is ill. He became ill on Sunday. H e h a s .................................................................................. Sunday.
4 Joe is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He h a s ................................................................... a few days.
5 Liz is m arried. She's been m arried for a year. She g o t .............................................................................
6 You have a headache. It started w hen you w oke up.
I 'v e .................................................................. ..................... I w oke up.
7 Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks.
She w e n t ............ ......................................................................................................................................................
8 Y ou're w o rk in g in a hotel. You started six m onths ago.
I 'v e .... ................................ .........................................................................................................................................
12.4
W rite B’s sen ten ces using th e w ords in brackets.
1 A: Do you often go on holiday?
B: (no / five vears) ...No, I Haven’t h a d a Hotidag -for -fiv e -g e a rs .................................................
2 A: D o you often see Sarah?
B: (no / a b o u t a m onth) N o ................................................................................................................................
3 A: D o you often go to the cinem a?
B: (no / a long time) ......... ..... ............................................................................................................................
4 A: Do you often eat in restaurants?
B: (no / ages) N o, I ...............................................................................................................................................
Now write B's answ ers again. This tim e use It’s ... since ... .
No. i t ’s -five, g e a rs since I H ad a H otidag.....................................................................................
6
N o , ............................................................................................................... -.......................................................
7 <3 .................................................................................................................................................................................
8 Mi N o , i t 's ................................... .......................................................................................................................—
25
Present perfect and past 1
(I have done and I did)
Study this exam ple situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He c a n 't find it.
He has lost his key.
)
T his m eans th a t he d o esn 't have his key
Ten m inutes later:
N ow Tom has found his key. H e has it now.
H as he los't his key?
N o , he has found it.
Did he lose his key?
Yes, he did.
He lost his key
but now he has found it. (
T he present perfect (som ething h as h a p p e n e d ) is a
tense. It alw ays tells us a b o u t the
situation
‘Tom h a s lo st his key’ = he d o esn ’t have his key
(see U nit 7).
T he p ast sim ple (som ething happened) tells us only a b o u t the
If som ebody says ‘Tom lost
his key’, this d o esn ’t tell us w h eth er he has the key now o r not. It tells us only th a t he lost his
key a t som e tim e in the past.
Do
use the p resent perfect if the situation now is different. C om pare:
□ T h ey ’ve gone away. T h ey ’ll be back on Friday, (they are aw ay
T hey w ent aw ay, but I th in k they’re back at hom e now.
T hey’ve gone)
□ It h as s to p p e d raining now, so we d o n ’t need the um brella, (it isn’t raining
It stopped raining for a w hile, but now it’s raining again. (
It has stopped)
)
You can use the present perfect for new o r recent happenings:
□ i ’ve repaired the TV. It’s w orking OK now .’ ‘O h , th a t’s g o o d .’
□ H ave you heard the news? Sally has w o n the lottery!
Use the p ast sim ple (
the present perfect) for things th a t are not recent o r new:
O M o zart w as a com poser. H e w ro te m ore th an 600 pieces of music.
has been ... has w ritten)
□ M y m o th er grew up in S cotland,
has grow n)
C om pare:
□ Did you know th a t som ebody h as in v e n ted a new type o f w ashing m achine?
□ W ho in v e n ted the telephone?
has invented)
We use the present perfect to give new inform ation (see U nit 7). But if w e continue to talk
a b o u t it, we norm ally use the past simple:
□ A: O w ! I’ve b u rn t myself.
B: H ow did you d o that?
A: I picked up a h o t dish,
have you done)
have picked)
□ A: Look! Som ebody has spilt som ething on the sofa.
B: Well, it w a sn ’t me. I d id n ’t d o it. (
hasn’t been ... haven't done)
Past simple -*• Unit 5 Present perfect -» Units 7-8
American English -* Appendix 7
Present perfect and past 2 -* Unit 14
Unit 13
Exercises
13.1
Com plete th e sen ten ces using th e verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect where possible.
O therw ise use th e p ast simple.
The office is empty now.
Everybody.....................
(go) home.
I can't get in.
... (lose) my
I
key.
I meant to call you last night.
but I ...............................
(forget).
Yes, I ...................................
(have) a headache, but I feel
fine now.
13.2
Put th e verb into th e correct form, p resent perfect or past simple.
1 It stepped, raining to r a w hile, hut n ow it's raining again, (stop)
2 T he tow n is very different now. It
c h a n g ed
a |ot (change)
3 1 did G erm an at school, but I
.................................. m ost of it now. (forget)
4 T he p o lic e ......................................
three people, but later they let them go. (arrest)
5 W hat do you think of my English? Do you think it ............................................... ? (improve)
6 A: Are you still reading the paper?
B: N o, I ...........................................
with it. You can have it. (finish)
............. for a job as a tourist guide, but I w asn't successful, (apply)
I
'
8 W here's my bike? It
................................
outside the house, but it’s n o t there now. (be)
9 Look! T h ere’s an am bulance over there. T here
...................................... an accident, (be)
10 A: H ave you heard ab o u t Ben? He
his arm . (break)
B: Really? H o w .................. th at
? (happen)
A: H e ............................................
o ff a ladder, (fall)
13.3
Are th e underlined parts of th ese sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 Do you know a b o u t Sue? She’s given up her job.
2 M y m other has grow n up in Scotland.
3 H ow m any plays has Shakespeare w ritte n ?
4 O w ! I've cu t my finger. It's bleeding.
5 D rugs have becom e a big problem everyw here.
6 T he Chinese have invented paper.
W here have vou been b o rn ?
8 M ary isn’t a t hom e. She's gone shopping.
9 A lbert Einstein has been the scientist w ho
has developed the theory of relativity.
Q.K..........................................................................
grew
Unit
14
Present perfect and past 2
(I have done and I did)
D o nor use rhe p resent perfect (I have done) w hen you talk a b o u t a
rim e (for exam ple,
yesterday / ten m inutes ago / in 1999 / w hen I w as a child). Use a past tense:
□ It w as very cold yesterday.
has been)
□ Paul and Lucy arrived ten m inutes ago.
have arrived)
□ Did you eat a lot of sw eets w hen you w ere a child?
have you eaten)
□ I got hom e late last night. I w as very tired and w ent straight to bed.
Use the past to ask W hen ... ? o r W hat tim e ... ?:
□ W hen did your friends arrive?
have ... arrived)
□ W h at tim e did you finish w ork?
C om pare:
□ Tom has lost his key. H e c a n 't get into
the house.
□ Is C arla here o r has she left?
Tom lost his key yesterday. H e co u ld n 't
get into the house.
W hen did C arla leave?
C om pare:
(have done)
□ I’ve done a lot of w ork today.
We use the present perfect for a period of
tim e th a t co ntinues
For exam ple:
today / this w eek / since 1985.
(did)
□ I did a lot of w ork yesterday.
We use the past simple for a
time in
the past. For exam ple:
vesterdav / last week / from 1995 to 2001.
I
□ It h asn ’t rained this week.
□ H ave you seen Anna this m orning?
(it is still m orning)
It d id n ’t rain last week.
G Did you see A nna this m orning?
(it is now afternoon o r evening)
□ H ave you seen Tim recently?
Did
□ I d o n ’t know where Lisa is. I h av en ’t
seen her. (= I haven’t seen her recently)
Was Lisa at the party on Sunday?
B: I d o n 't think so. I d id n ’t see her.
Tim on Sunday?
□ W e’ve been w aiting for an hour, (we
are still w aiting now)
We w aited (or w ere w aiting) for an
hour, (we are no longer w aiting)
□ Ian lives in L ondon. H e has lived there
for seven years.
Ian
□ I have never played golf, (in my life)
I d id n ’t play golf last sum m er.
in Scotland for ten years.
N ow he lives in London.
□
It’s been a really good holiday.
I’ve really enjoyed it.
28
Past simple —» Unit 5
Present perfect -» Units 7-8
It w as a really good holiday. I
really enjoyed it.
Present perfect and past 1 -» Unit 13
Exercises
14.1
Are th e underlined parts of th ese sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 I've lost my key. 1 c a n 't find it anyw here.
2 H ave vou eaten a lot o f sweets w hen you w ere a child?
3 I've bought a new car. You m ust com e and see it.
4 I've bought a new car last week.
5 W here have vou been yesterday evening?
6 Lucy has left school in 1999.
7 I’m looking for M ike. Have vou seen him?
8 ‘H ave vou been to Paris?’ "Yes, m any tim es.'
9 I'm very hungry. I haven't eaten m uch today.
10 W hen has this book been published?
14.2
Unit 14
....QK..................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
...........................................................
Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
1 tit / not / rain / this week) .........................................................................................................
2 (the w eather / be / cold / recently) The w e a th e r .................................................................
3 tit / cold / last week) I t ...............................................................................................................
4 (I / n o t / read / a n ew spaper yesterday) I ..............................................................................
5 (I / n o t / read / a new spaper today) ................................... ....................................................
6 (Emily / earn / a lot o f m oney / this year) ............................................................................
7 (she / n o t / earn / so m uch / last year) ...................................................................................
8 (vou / have / a holidav recentlv?) .............‘............................................................................. .
14.3
Put th e verb into th e correct form , p resen t perfect or p ast simple.
1 I d o n 't know w here Lisa is........Haye..y^. .se e n ... (you / see) her?
2 W hen I ................_.................................(get) hom e last night, I .................................................... (be) very
tired and I ................................................. (go) straight to bed.
3 A: .................................................. (you / finish) painting the bedroom ?
B: N o t yet. I'll finish it tom orrow .
4 G e o r g e .................................................. (not / be) very well last week.
5 M r C l a r k .................................................. (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6 M olly lives in D ublin. S h e .................................................. (live) there all her life.
A: .................................................. (you / go) to the cinem a last night?
B: Yes, but i t ........................................ (be) a m istake. The f ilm ........................................ (be) aw ful.
8 My g r a n d f a th e r .................................................. (die) before I w as born. I
.................................................. (never / meet) him.
9 I d o n 't know C arol's husband. I .................................................. (never / meet) him.
10 A: Is M artin here? B: N o, h e ................... ...............................(go) out.
A: W hen e x a c tly .................................................. (he / go) out? B: A bout ten m inutes ago.
11 A: W here do you live? B: In Boston.
A: H o w l o n g .................................................. (you / live) there? B: Five years.
A: W h e r e ......... .........................................(you / live) before th at? B: In Chicago.
A: And how l o n g .................................................. (you / live) in Chicago? B: Tw o years.
14.4
W rite sen ten ces ab o u t yourself using the ideas in brackets.
1 (som ething you h av en 't done today) ..............................................................................................................
2 (som ething you h av en 't done today) ..............................................................................................................
3 (som ething you d id n 't do yesterday) ..............................................................................................................
4 (som ething you did yesterday evening) ..........................................................................................................
5 (som ething you haven’t done recently) ..........................................................................................................
6 (som ething y o u ’ve done a lot recently) .................................................... .................................................... -
-» A d d itio n a l exercises 2 - 4 (pages 3 0 3 -0 4 ), 1 4 -1 5 (pages 31 0 -1 1 )
Past perfect (I had done)
Study this exam ple situation:
Sarah w ent to a party last w eek. Paul w ent to the
party to o , bur they d id n 't see each other. Paul left the
party a t 10.30 and Sarah arrived a t 11 o'clock. So:
W hen Sarah arrived a t the party, Paul w asn’t there.
H e had gone hom e.
H ad gone is the
I/we/they/vou
he/she/it
T h e p ast perfect sim ple is had +
had
(= I’d etc.)
(= he’d etc.)
gone
seen
finished etc.
(gone/seen/finished etc).
Som etim es we talk a b o u t som ething th a t happened in the past:
□ Sarah arrived at the party.
T his is the startin g p o in t o f the story. T hen, if w e w an t to talk a b o u t things th a t happened
this tim e, we use the p ast perfect (had ...):
□ W hen Sarah arrived a t the party, Paul had already gone hom e.
Some m ore exam ples:
□ W hen we g o t hom e last night, w e found th a t som ebody had broken into the flat.
□ K aren d id n ’t w a n t to go to th e cinem a w ith us because she’d already seen the film.
□ At first I th o u g h t I’d d one the right thing, b u t I soon realised th a t I’d m ade a big m istake.
□ T he m an sitting n ext to me on the plane w as very nervous. H e h a d n ’t flown before.
... H e had never flown before.
C o m p are the
(have seen etc.) and the
D W ho is th a t w om an? I’ve never seen
her before.
□ We a re n ’t hungry. W e’ve just had lunch.
□ T he house is dirty. They h aven’t cleaned
it for weeks.
C o m p are the
(left, w as etc.) and the
□ A: Was Tom there w hen you arrived?
(had seen etc.):
Z I d id n 't know w ho she w as. I’d never
seen her before. (= before th a t time)
2 We w eren't hungry. W e’d just had lunch.
Z T he house w as dirty. They h a d n ’t
cleaned it for weeks.
(had left, had been etc.):
B: Yes, b u t he left soon afterw ards.
_ A: Was Tom there w hen you arrived?
B: N o, he had already left.
□ K ate w asn ’t a t hom e w hen I phoned.
She w as at her m o th er’s house.
I K ate had just got hom e w hen I phoned.
She had been a t her m o th er’s house.
Past perfect continuous -» Unit 16
Irregular verbs (gone/seen etc.) -► Appendix 1
Exercises
15.1
Unit 15
Read th e situ atio n s and w rite sen ten ces from the words in brackets.
1 You w ent to Sue’s house, but she w a sn ’t there.
(she / go / out) ................................................................................................................... .............
2 You w ent back to y our hom e to w n after m any years. It w a sn ’t the sam e as before,
(it / change / a lot) .........................................................................................................................
3 I invited Rachel to the party, but she c o u ld n ’t com e.
(she / arrange / to d o som ething else) .....................................................................................
4 You w ent to the cinem a last night. You g o t to the cinem a late.
(the film / already / begin) ...........................................................................................................
5 It w as nice to see D an again after such a long time.
(I / n o t / see / him for five years) .......................................................................... ....................
6 I offered Sue som ething to eat. b u t she w a sn 't hungry.
(she / just / have / breakfast) ......................................................................................................
15.2
For each situation, w rite a sentence ending with n e v e r ... before. Use the verb in brackets.
1 T he m an sitting next to you on the plane w as very nervous. It w as his first flight.
(fly)
H e'd never -flown be-fore......................................................................................................................
2 A w o m an w alked into the room . She w as a com plete stranger to me.
(see) I .........................................................................................................................................................before.
3 Sam played tennis yesterday. H e w a sn ’t very good at it because it w as his first gam e.
(play) H e ................................................................................................................................................................ .
4 L ast year we w ent to D enm ark. It w as o u r first tim e there.
(be there) W e ..........................................................................................................................................................
15.3
15.4
Use th e sentences on th e left to com plete th e paragraphs on th e right. These sen ten ces are in
th e order in which they happened - so (1) h appened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your
paragraph begins with th e underlined sentence, so som etim es you need the p ast perfect.
1 l Som ebody broke into the office during
the night.
2 We arrived at w ork in the m orning.
<3t We called the police.
We arrived a t w ork in the m orning
and found th at s o m e b o d y ...broken.............
2
L aura w ent o u t this m orning.
i2i I tried to phone her.
3 T here was no answer.
I tried to phone Laura this m orning, but
.......................................................... no answer.
S h e .............................................................. out.
3
i Jim cam e back from holiday a few
days ago.
I m et him the sam e dav.
3> H e looked verv well.
I m et Jim a few days a g o ................................
j u s t ....................................................... holiday.
............................................................ very well.
4
Kevin sent Sally lots of em ails.
She never replied to them .
(3 Yesterday he got a phone call from her.
4 H e w as very su rp rised .
Yesterday Kevin .:...............................................
from Sally. H e ..................... very surprised.
H e ............................................ lots o f em ails,
b u t s h e .................................................................
into the office during the night. So
w e .........................................................................
Put th e verb into th e correct form , p ast perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did).
1 ‘W as Paul at the party w hen you arrived?’ ‘N o , h e ...(go) hom e.’
2 I felt very tired w hen I g o t hom e, so I ...................................... (go) straight to bed.
3 T he house w as very quiet w hen I got hom e. E v e ry b o d y ......................................(go) to bed.
4 Sorry I'm late. T he c a r ...................................... (break) dow n on my w ay here.
5 We w ere driving along the ro ad w hen w e ...................................... (see) a c ar which
...................................... (break) do w n , so w e ...................................... (stop) to help.
A dd itio n a l exercises 5 -8 (pages 3 0 4 -0 7 )
Unit
Past perfect continuous
16
(I had been doing)
Study this exam ple situation:
Yesterday m orning 1 got up and looked o u t of the
w indow . The sun w as shining, but the g round w as
very wet.
It had been raining.
It w as
raining w hen I looked o u t of the w indow ;
the sun w as shining. But it had been raining before.
H ad been -ing is the
I/w e/you/they
he/she/it
had
(= I’d etc.)
(= he’d etc.)
been
doing
w orking
playing etc.
Some m ore exam ples:
□ W hen the boys cam e into the house, th eir clothes were dirty, their hair w as untidy and
one o f them had a black eye. T hey’d been fighting.
□ I w as very tired w hen I g o t hom e. I’d been w orking hard all day.
□ W hen I w ent to M ad rid a few years ago, I stayed w ith a friend o f mine. She’d been living
there only a sh o rt tim e b u t knew the city very well.
You can say th a t som ething h ad been h appening for a period of tim e before som ething else
happened:
□ W e’d been playing tennis for a b o u t half an h o u r w hen it started to rain heavily.
□ G eorge w ent to the d o c to r last Friday. H e h a d n ’t been feeling well for som e time.
C om pare have been -ing
and had been -ing
□ I hope the bus com es soon. I’ve been
w aiting for 2 0 m inutes.
□ Jam es is our o f breath. H e has been
running.
C At last the bus cam e. I’d been w aiting
for 20 m inutes,
□ Jam es w as o u t of breath. H e had been
running.
C om pare w as -ing
) and had been -ing:
□ It w a sn ’t raining w hen we w ent o ut. T he sun w as shining. But it had been raining, so the
gro u n d w as wet.
□ C athy w as sitting in an arm chair resting. She w as tired because she’d been w orking
very hard.
Some verbs (for exam ple, k n o w and like) are n o t norm ally used in the continuous:
□ We w ere good friends. We had k now n each o th er for years,
had been know ing)
For a list o f these verbs, see U nit 4A.
32
Present perfect continuous -» Units 9-10
Past perfect simple -» Unit 15
Exercises
16.1
Unit 16
Read th e situ atio n s and make sen ten ces from th e words in brackets.
1 I w as very tired w hen I arrived hom e.
(I / w o rk / hard all day) _
J
..................................................................
2 T he rw o boys cam e into the house. They had a football and they w ere both very tired.
(they / play / football) ..........................................................................................................................................
3 I w as disappointed w hen I had to cancel my holiday.
(1 / lo o k / forw ard to it) ......................................................................................................................................
4 Ann w oke up in the m iddle of the night. She w as frightened and d id n ’t know w here she was.
( s h e /d re a m ) ..................................................... ....................................................................................................
5 W hen I got hom e, Tom w as sitting in fro n t o f the TV'. He had just turned it off.
(he / w atch / a film) ..............................................................................................................................................
16.2
Read the situ atio n s and com plete the sentences.
1 We played tennis yesterday. H alf an ho ur after we began playing, it started to rain.
W e ...Haul
placing -for Hal f a n Hour...w h e n .....tfc
to rai n ......
2 1 had arranged to m eet Tom in a restau ran t. I arrived and w aited for him . A fter 20 m inutes
I suddenly realised th a t I w as in the w rong restaurant.
I ...
fo r 20 m inutes w hen I ...........................................................
........................................................................the w ron g restaurant.
3 Sarah got a job in factory. Five years later the factory closed dow n.
At the tim e the f a c to r y ............................................................... ............, S a r a h ..............................................
..................................................................there for five years.
4 I w ent to a concert last week. T he orchestra began playing. After a b o u t ten m inutes a m an in
the audience suddenly started shouting.
T he o r c h e s tr a .............................................................................................................................................. when
This tim e make your own sentence:
5 I began w alking along the road. I .................................................................................................................
w h e n ......... ..............................................................................................................................................................
16.3
Put th e verb into th e m ost su itab le form, p ast continuous (I was doing), p a st perfect
(I had done) or p ast p erfect con tin u o u s (I had been doing).
1 It w as very noisy next door. O u r n e ig h b o u rs .............................. (have) a party.
2 We w ere good friends. W e ...b.^....k.npwn... (know ) each o th e r for years.
3 Jo h n an d I w ent for a w alk. I had difficulty keeping up w ith him because he
.................................................. (w alk) so fast. .
4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She w as o u t of breath. S h e .................................................. (run).
5 W hen I arrived, everybody w as sitting round the table w ith their m ouths full. They
.................................................- (eat).
6 W hen I arrived, everybody w as sitting ro und the table and talking. T heir m ouths w ere em pty,
b u t th eir stom achs w ere full. T h e y ...................................................(eat).
7 Jim w as on his hands and knees on the floor. H e .................................................. (look) for his
c o n ta c t lens.
8 W hen I arrived, K a t e .................................................. (wait) for me. She w as annoyed w ith me
because I w as late and s h e .................................................. (wait) for a long time.
9 I w as sad when I sold my car. I .................................................. (have) it for a very long time.
10 We w ere extrem ely tired a t the end o f the journey. W e .................................................. (travel) for
m ore th an 24 hours.
-» A dd itio n a l exercises 5 -8 (pages 3 0 4 -0 7 )
Have got and have
H ave g o t and have (= for possession, relationships, illnesses etc.)
You can use have got o r have (w ith o u t got). T here is no difference in m eaning:
□ T hey’ve got a new car.
They have a new car.
□ Lisa’s g o t tw o brothers,
Lisa has tw o brothers.
□ I’ve got a headache,
I have a headache.
□ O u r house has got a sm all garden,
O u r house has a sm all garden.
□ H e ’s got a few problem s, o r H e has a few problem s.
W ith these m eanings (possession etc.), you ca n n o t use co n tinuous form s (am having etc.):
□ W e’re enjoying o u r holiday. W e’ve got / We have a nice room in the hotel,
W e’re
having)
For the past we use had (w ithout got):
□ Lisa h ad long hair when she w as a child. (
Lisa had got)
In questions an d negative sentences there are three possible form s:
H ave you got any questions?
D o you have any questions?
H ave you any questions?
I h aven’t got any questions.
I d o n ’t have any questions.
I h aven’t any questions,
H as she got a car?
Does she have a car?
H as she a car?
She h a sn ’t got a car.
She doesn’t have a car.
She h asn ’t a car.
In p ast questions and negative sentences, we use did /d id n ’t:
□ Did you have a car w hen you w ere living in London?
□ 1 d id n ’t have a w atch, so 1 d id n ’t know the tim e.
□ Lisa h ad long hair, d id n ’t she?
H ave b reak fast / have a b ath / have a good tim e etc.
We also use have
have
have got) for m any actions and experiences. For exam ple:
b reak fast / dinner / a cup o f coffee / som ething to eat etc.
a b a th / a show er / a swim / a b reak / a rest / a party / a holiday
an accident / an experience / a dream
a look (at som ething)
a chat / a conversation / a discussion (w ith som ebody)
difficulty / trouble / fun / a good tim e etc.
a b aby (= give birth to a baby)
H ave g o t is
possible in the expressions in the box. C om pare:
□
Som etim es I have (= ear) a sandw ich for my lunch,
I’ve g o t / I have some sandw iches. W ould you like one?
I’ve got)
You can use co n tin u o u s forms (am having etc.) w ith the expressions in the box:
□ W e’re enjoying o u r holiday. W e’re having a great tim e. (
We have)
□ M ike is having a show er a t the m om ent. H e has a show er every day.
In questions an d negative sentences we use do/does/did:
□ I d o n ’t usually have a big breakfast,
I usually haven’t)
□ W h at tim e does Jenny have lunch?
has Jenny lunch)
□ D id you have difficulty finding a place to live?
Have (got) to .
Unit 31
American English - * Appendix 7
Unit 17
Exercises
17.1
W rite negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn’t).
1 I c a n 't get into the house, la key) ..................................................................................................
2 I co u ld n 't read the letter. Imy glasses) ...A..
................................
3 I c a n 't get o n to the roof, (a ladder) I ............................................................................................
4 We co u ld n 't visit the m useum , (enough time) W e .....................................................................
5 H e c o u ld n 't find his way to o u r house, (a m ap) ........................................................................
6 She c a n 't pay her bills, (any m oney) ..............................................................................................
7 I c a n ’t go sw im m ing today, (enough energy) ..............................................................................
8 They c o u ld n 't tak e any p h o to g rap h s, (a cam era) .....................................................................
17.2
Complete the questions with have. Some are present and som e are past.
1 Excuse m e..... .............................. a pen I could borrow ?
2 W hy are you holding y our face like that? .................................................. a toothache?
3
a lot o f toys w hen you w ere a child?
4
................................................. . the time, please?
B: Yes, it's ten p ast seven.
5 I need a stam p for this letter. .................................................. one?
6 W hen you w orked in your last j o b , .................................................. your ow n office?
7
It started to rain very heavily w hile I w as out.
B: ............... ........ .......................... an um brella?
17.3
W rite sen ten ces a b o u t yourself. Have you got th e se things now? Did you have them
ten years ago?
W rite tw o sen ten ces each tim e using I’ve g o t / 1 h a v e n 't g o t and I had / 1 d id n 't have.
(You can also w rite a b o u t your fam ily: W e've g o t ... / We had ... etc.).
2
3
4
5
6
7
17.4
o car) ..................................................................................... .............................................................
(a bike) 1 ................ ........................................................ I ..............................................................
(a m obile phone) ...............................................................................................................................
(a dog) ..................................................................................................................................................
(a guitar) ..............................................................................................................................................
(long hair) ............................................................................................................................................
(a driving licence) ..............................................................................................................................
C om plete th e senten ces. Use an expression from th e list and p u t th e verb into th e correct form
where necessary.
have a baby
have a look
have a break
ha ve lunch
have a chat
have a party
have difficulty
have a nice tim e
have a good flight
have a show er
1 I d o n 't eat m uch d u rin g the day. 1 n e v e r ...h.?rY.?-....!^.'^!......
2 D avid starts w o rk a t 8 o 'clock a n d .................................................. :........................ a t 10.30.
3
........................................................................... last week. It was great - we invited lots o f people.
4 Excuse me, can I ............................................................................a t your new spaper, please?
5 Jim is aw ay on holiday a t the m om ent. I hope h e ..............................................................................
6 I m et Ann in the su perm arket yesterday. We stopped a n d ....................................................................
7 A: ........................................................................... finding the book you wanted?
B: N o, I found it OK.
8 S u z a n n e ........................................................................... a few weeks ago. It’s her second child.
9 A: W hy d id n 't you answ er the phone?
B: I ..............................................................................
10
H i, Sallv. H ow are vou? ........................................................................................ ?
35
Used to (do)
Study this exam ple situation:
D iane d o esn't travel m uch these days.
She prefers to stay a t hom e.
But she used to travel a lot.
She used to go aw ay tw o o r three times a year.
She used to travel a lot = she travelled a lot regularly in
the past, but she doesn’t do this any more.
she used to travel
she do esn ’t
travel
_i------------------- .
Som ething used to h appen = it happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens:
□ I used to play tennis a lot, but 1 d o n ’t play very often now.
□ D avid used to spend a lot o f m oney on clothes. These days he c a n ’t afford it.
□ ‘D o you go to the cinem a m uch?’ ‘N o t now, but I used to .’ (= I used to go)
We also use used to ... for things th a t w ere true, b u t are n o t true any more:
□ T his building is now a furn itu re shop. It used to be a cinem a.
□ I used to th in k M ark w as unfriendly, but now I realise he’s a very nice person.
□ I’ve started drin k in g tea recently. I never used to like it before.
□ N icole used to have very long hair w hen she w as a child.
‘I used to do som eth in g ’ is past. T here is no present form . You can n o t say ‘I use to d o ’.
To talk a b o u t the present, use the present sim ple (I do).
C om pare:
,
he used to play
he plays
we used to live
we live
there used to be
there is
□ We used to live in a sm all village, but now we live in L ondon.
□ T here used to be four cinem as in the tow n. N o w there is only one.
T he norm al question form is did (you) use to ... ?:
□ D id you use to eat a lot o f sweets w hen you were a child?
T he negative form is d id n ’t use to ... (used n o t to ... is also possible):
□ I d id n ’t use to like him . (or I used n o t to like him.)
C om pare I used to do and I w as doing:
□ I used to w atch TV a lot. (= I w atched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this)
□ I w as w atching TV w hen M ike called. (= I w as in the m iddle o f w atching TV)
D o n o t confuse I used to d o an d I am used to doing (see U nit 61). The structures and m eanings
are different:
□ I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, b u t I no longer live alone.)
□ I am u sed to
alone. (= I live alone, and I d o n ’t find it strange o r difficult because
I’ve been living alone for som e time.)
Past continuous (I was doing) - * Unit 6 Would (= used to) -» Unit 36
Be/get used to (doing) something - * Unit 61
Exercises
18.1
Unit 18
Com plete th e sen ten ces w ith use(d) to + a su itab le verb.
1 D iane d o esn ’t travel m uch now. S h e ...to j j r a y e l ................a lot, b u t she prefers to stay a t hom e
these days.
2 L i z .................................................. a m otorbike, b u t last year she sold it and bought a car.
3 We cam e to live in L ondon a few years ago. W e ................ ..................................in Leeds.
4 I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I .................................................. it w hen I w as a child.
5 J i m .................................................. my best friend, b u t we aren ’t good friends any longer.
6 It only takes me a b o u t 40 m inutes to get to w ork now th at the new road is open. It
................... .................... m ore th an an hour.
7 T h e r e ........................ ..........................a hotel n ear the airp o rt, bur it closed a long tim e ago.
8 W hen you lived in N ew Y o r k ,.................................................. to the th eatre very often?
18.2
M att changed his life style. He stopped doing som e things and started doing o ther things:
H e stopped
studying hard
going to bed early
running three miles every m orning
H e started
sleeping late
going o u t in the evening
spending a lo t o f m oney
W rite sen ten ces ab o u t M att w ith used to and d id n 't use to.
1
H& used to studxj
He d id n ’t u se t o sleep
18.3
4
5
....................................
6
...........................
Compare w hat Karen said five years ago and w hat she says today:
a hotel
receptionist.
I play the piano.
never read
newspapers.
don't
drink tea.
I’ve got a dog.
I go to a lot of parties.
My dog died two
years ago.
I eat lots of
cheese now.
read a newspaper
every day now.
I work very hard
these days,
haven't been to
a party for ages.
I don't know many
people these days.
I haven’t played
the piano for years.
I work in a
bookshop now.
Tea's great! I like it now.
Now write sentences a b o u t how Karen has changed. Use used to / d id n 't use to / never used to
in th e first part of your sentence.
Sh e u s ed, to t ra v e l
lo t,
b u t ...sH& d oes n ’t go ow cuj much th e s e cbxus..............
2 She u s e d .......................................................b u t .....................................................................................................
_>
but
4
but
but
5
but
6
7
but
but
8
9
but
but
-» A dd itio n a l exercise 9 (page 307)
Present tenses (I am doing / 1 do)
fo r the future
(I am doing) w ith a future m eaning
This is Ben's diary for next week.
He is playing tennis on M onday afternoon.
He is going to the dentist on Tuesday m orning.
He is having dinner w ith Kate on Friday.
In all these exam ples, Ben has already decided and
arranged to do these things.
I’m doing som ething (tom orrow ) = I have already decided and arranged to do it:
□
W h a t are you doing on S aturday evening?
W hat do you do)
B: I’m going to the th eatre,
I go)
□
W h at tim e
C athy
tom orrow ?
B: H alf p ast ten. I’m m eeting her a t the station.
□ I’m not w orking tom o rro w , so we can go o u t som ew here.
□ Ian isn’t playing football n ext Saturday. H e’s h u rt his leg.
i ’m going to (do)’ is also possible in these sentences:
□ W h at are you going to do on Saturday evening?
But th e present co n tin u o u s is m ore n atu ral for arrangem ents. See also U nit 20B.
D o n o t use will to talk a b o u t w h a t you have arranged to do:
□ W h at are you doing this evening?
W hat will you do)
□ Alex is getting m arried n ext m o n th,
will get)
You can also use the present co n tin u o u s for an action
h appens especially w ith verbs o f m ovem ent (go/com e/leave etc.):
□ I’m tired. I’m going to bed now. G oodnight,
I go to bed now)
□ ‘T ina, are you ready yet?’ ‘Yes, I’m com ing.’ (
I come)
This
(I do) w ith a futu re m eaning
We use the present sim ple w hen we talk a b o u t tim etables, program m es etc. (for public
tra n sp o rt, cinem as etc.):
□ M y train leaves at 11.30, so I need to be at the station by 11.15.
□ W h at tim e does the film begin this evening?
□ It’s W ednesday to m o rro w . / T om orrow is W ednesday.
You can use the present sim ple to talk a b o u t people if their plans are fixed like a tim etable:
□ I sta rt my new job on M onday.
□ W h at tim e do you finish w ork tom orrow ?
But the co n tin u o u s is m ore usual for personal arrangem ents:
□ W h at tim e are you m eeting Ann tom orrow ?
do you meet)
C om pare:
□ W h at tim e are you arriving?
□ I’m going to the cinem a this evening.
I'm going to -> Units 20, 23
W ill -» Units 21-22
C W hat time does the train arrive?
□ T h e film begins at 8.15 (this evening).
Present simple after w hen/if etc. - * Unit 25
Exercises
19.1
Unit 19
A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her ab o u t her plans.
Use th e w ords in brackets to m ake your questions.
........................................./S c o tla n d .
Ten days.
N ex t Friday.
N o , w ith a friend.
N o , by train.
In a hotel.
(how long / go for?)
(w hen / leave?) ........
(go / alone?) .............
(travel / by car?) .....
^ w h e r e / stay?) .........
19.2
Tom w ants you to visit him, b u t you are very busy. Look at your diary for th e next few days and
explain to him why you c a n 't come.
C an you com e on M o n d ay evening?
Sorry, b u t ....!’m...P.^ui.3.. voOeijbaXL......................... ........
TOM: W h at a b o u t Tuesday evening then?
YOU: N o , n o t Tuesday. I ..............................................................
TOM : A nd W ednesday evening?
TOM:
YOU:
YOU:
..............- .........................................................................................................
( 1)
( 2)
(3)
W ell, are you free on T hursday?
YOU: I’m afraid n o t................................................................................ (4)
TOM:
19.3
Have you arran g ed to do any th in g a t th ese tim es? W rite sen ten ces a b o u t yourself.
1 (this evening) ...I’m going o u t th is evening....
or
...I’m not doing Ann thing th is evening.
2 (to m o rro w m orning) I .......................................................................................................................................
3 (to m o rro w evening) ..................................................................................................................................... ......
4 (n e x t Sunday) ..................................................................................................................................................................
5
19.4
...................................................................................................................................
Put th e verb into th e more su itab le form, p resen t continuous or presen t simple.
1 I .....m.... tn<j...(g0 ) to rhe cinem a this evening.
2
P p e s J M . . . b . C 3 U 3 ...(the film / begin) at 3.30 o r 4.30?
3 W e .................................................. (have) a party next Saturday. W ould you like to come?
4 T he a rt e x h ib itio n .................................................. (finish) on 3 May.
5 I ...... ........................................... (not / go) o u t this evening. I .................................................... (stay)
a t hom e.
6 ‘.................................................. (you / do) anything tom orrow m orning?’ ‘N o , I’m free. W hy?’
7 W e ............................................ (go) to a concert tonight. I t .............................................(start) at 7.30.
8 I .................................................. (leave) now. I’ve com e to say goodbye.
9
H ave you seen Liz recently?
B: N o , bu t w e .................................................. (meet) for lunch next week.
10
Excuse me. W h at t i m e ...............................................................(this train / get) to London?
Helen, I .................................................. (go) to the sup erm ark et........................................................... .........
(you / com e) w ith me?
I'm bored w ith this program m e. W hat t i m e ...................................................(it / end)?
13 I .................................................. (not / use) the car this evening, so you can have it.
14 S u e .................................................. (come) to see us tom orrow . S h e ....................................................— ...
(travel) bv tra in and her t r a i n .................................................. (arrive) a t 10.15.
- * A d d itio n a l exercises 1 0 -1 3 (pages 3 0 8 -1 0 )
39
(I'm) going to (do)
I
I
going
d o som ething = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it:
Are you
the late film on TV tonight?
N o , I’m going to have an early night.
I hear Sarah has w on som e money. W hat is she going to do w ith it?
She’s
a new car.
□ I’m just
to m ake a quick phone call. C an you w ait for me?
□ T his cheese looks horrible. I’m
going
it.
and I
We use I am doing (
w hen w e say w h a t w e have
exam ple, arranged to m eet som ebody, arranged to go som ew here:
□ W h at tim e are you m eeting Ann this evening?
□ I’m
tom orrow . I’ve got my plane ticket.
I
to do - for
to
som ething = I’ve decided to do it (but perhaps n o t
to do it):
□ ‘Y our shoes are dirty.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to clean th e m .’ (= I’ve decided to clean
them , b u t I haven’t
to clean them )
□ I’ve decided n o t to stay here any longer. T om orrow I’m going to look for som ew here else
to stay.
O ften th e difference is very small and either form is possible.
You can also say th a t ‘som ething is going to h ap p e n ’ in the future. For exam ple:
T he m an ca n ’t see the w all in front o f him.
H e is going to w alk into the wall.
W hen we say th a t ‘som ething is going to happen", the
situation
m akes this clear. The m an is w alking
to w ard s the wall now, so w e can see th a t he is going
to w alk into it.
Some m ore exam ples:
□ Look a t those black clouds! It’s going to rain, (the clouds are there now )
□ I feel terrible. I thin k I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)
□ T he econom ic situ atio n is bad now and things are going to get w orse.
I w as going to (do som ething) = I intended to do it, but d id n ’t do it:
□ We w ere going to travel by train , but then we decided to go by car instead.
□ Peter w as going to d o the exam , but he changed his mind.
□ I w as just going to cross the road w hen som ebody shouted ‘S top!’
You can say th a t ‘som ething w as going to h ap p en ' (but d id n ’t happen):
□ I th o u g h t it w as going to rain, b u t it d id n ’t.
I am doing for the future - * Unit 19A
I will and I'm going to -» Unit 23
Unit 20
Exercises
20.1
W rite a question w ith going to for each situation.
1 Your friend has w on som e money. You ask:
(w hat / do w ith it?I ..............................................................................................................................................
2 Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask:
( w h a t/w e a r ? ) ........................................................................................................................................................
3 Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask:
(w here / p u t it?) ................................................................................................................... .................................
4 Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask:
(w ho / invite?) ........................................................................................................................................................
20.2
Read the situations and com plete the dialogues. Use going to.
1 You have decided to tidy your room this m orning.
FRIEND: Are you going o u t this m orning?
YOU:
N o , ...I’m going to
roij room....................................................................................................
2 You bought a sweater, but it d o esn 't fit you very well. You have decided to take it back.
FRIEND: T h ar sw eater is to o big for you.
YOU:
I know. ............................................................................................. ......................... ............................
3 You have been offered a job. b u t you have decided not to accept it.
FRIEND: I hear you've been offered a job.
YOU:
T h a t’s right, b u t .....................................................................................................................................
4 You have to phone Sarah. It's m orning now, and you have decided to phone her tonight.
FRIEND: H ave you phoned Sarah yet?
YOU:
N o , ................... -........................................................................................................................................
5 You are in a restau ran t. T he food is aw ful and yo u ’ve decided to com plain.
FRIEND: This food is aw ful, isn’t it?
YOU:
Yes, it’s disgusting...................................................................................................................................
20.3
W hat is going to happen in th e se situ atio n s? Use the words in brackets.
1 T here are a lot of black clouds in the sky.
(ra in ) ...lfe’. 5 . . . . g o m g . . . t o .................................................................................................................................
2 It is 8.30. Tom is leaving his house. H e has to be a t w ork at 8.45, b u t the journey takes
30 m inutes.
(late) H e .............................................. ...................................................................................................................
3 T here is a hole in the bo tto m o f the boat. A lot of w ater is com ing in through the hole.
(sink) T he b o a t ......................................................................................................................................................
4 Lucy and C hris are driving. T here is very little petrol left in the tank. T he nearest petrol
statio n is a long w ay away.
(run out) T h e y ................................ .......................................................................................................................
20.4
Com plete th e sen ten ces with w as/w ere going to + the following verbs:
buy
give up
have
phone
play
travel
1 W e ....we£&..gpuig. to J ra .v e l...by train, but then we decided to go by car instead.
2 I ............................................................... some new clothes yesterday, b u t I w as very busy and d id n ’t
have tim e to go to the shops.
3 M artin and I ...............................................................tennis last w eek, but he w as injured.
4 I ............................................................... Jan e, but I decided to em ail her instead.
5 A: W hen I last saw Tim . h e ............................................................... his job.
B: T h at's right, but in the end he decided to stay w here he was.
6 W e ...............................................................a p arty last w eek, b u t som e o f o u r friends c o u ld n ’t come,
so we cancelled it.
41
Will/shall 1
We use I’ll (= 1 will) w hen we decide to d o som ething a t the tim e o f speaking:
□ O h , I’ve left the d o o r open. I’ll go and shut it.
□ ‘W h at w o u ld you like to d rin k ?’ ‘I’ll have an orange juice, please.’
□ ‘D id you phone Lucy?’ ‘O h no, I forgot. I’ll phone her now .'
You can n o t use the
(I d o / 1 go etc.) in these sentences:
□ I’ll go and sh u t the door,
I go and shut)
We often use I thin k I’ll ... an d I d o n ’t think I’ll ... :
□ I feel a bit hungry. I th in k I’ll have som ething to eat.
□ I d o n ’t th in k I’ll go o u t tonig h t. I’m to o tired.
In spoken English the negative o f will is usually w o n ’t (= will not):
□ I can see y o u ’re busy, so I w o n ’t stay long.
Do
use will to talk a b o u t w hat you have already decided o r arranged to do (see Units 19-20):
□ I’m going o n holiday next Saturday,
I’ll go)
□ Are you w orking to m o rro w ? (
Will you w ork)
We often use will in these situations:
□ T h a t bag looks heavy. I’ll help you w ith it.
□
I help)
C an you give Tim this book?
Sure, I’ll
it to him w hen I see him this afternoon.
□ T h an k s for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday.
□ I w o n ’t tell anyone w h a t happened. I prom ise.
(Will you ... ?)
□ Will you please tu rn the stereo dow n? I'm trying to concentrate.
You can use w o n ’t to say th a t som ebody refuses to do som ething:
□ I’ve tried to give her advice, but she w o n ’t listen.
□ T he c ar w o n ’t start. (= the car ‘refuses’ to start)
Shall I ... ?
Shall we ... ?
Shall is used m ostly in the questions shall I ... ? / shall we ... ?
We use shall I ... ? / shall w e ... ? to ask som ebody’s opinion (especially in offers or suggestions):
□ Shall I open the w indow ? (= D o you w an t me to open the w indow ?)
□ I’ve got no money. W h at shall I do? (= W hat do you suggest?)
□ ‘Shall we go?’ ‘Ju st a m inute. I’m n o t ready yet.’
□ W here shall w e go this evening?
C om pare shall I ... ? an d will you ... ?:
□ Shall I sh u t the door? (= D o you w a n t me to shut it?)
□ Will you sh u t the door? (= I w a n t you to shut it)
Will/shall 2 -» Unit 22
I will and I’m going to —>Unit 23
American English - * Appendix 7
Exercises
21.1
Unit 21
Com plete the sen ten ces with I'll + a su itab le verb.
1 I'm to o tired to w alk hom e. I thin k ... ................... a taxi.
2 'It's cold in this ro o m .' ‘Is it? ................................ ..................on the heating th en .’
3 A: We haven't g ot any milk.
B: O h , I forgot to buv som e....................................... ...............and get som e now.
4 ‘Shall I do the w ashing-up?' 'N o , it’s all right. .................................................. it later.’
5 ‘I d o n ’t know how to use this com puter.’ ‘OK, .................................................. you.’
6 ‘W ould vou like tea o r coffee?’ *............................ ..................... coffee, please.’
“7 'G oodbve! H ave a nice holiday.’ ‘T h a n k s........... .......................................... you a p o stc ard .’
8 T h an k s for letting me b o rro w v our cam era .......... ............................................ it back to you on
M ondav, OK?
9 ‘Are vou com ing w ith us?’ ‘N o , I t h i n k ............. .................................... here.’
21.2
Read th e situations and write sen tences with I th in k I'll ... or I don ’t th in k I'll ... .
1 It’s a bit cold. The w indow is open and you decide to close it. You say:
...I think I'LL clo s e th e wuid o w .................................................... ................................
2 You are feeling tired and it’s getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say:
1 t h i n k ................... .......................................................................................................................................
3 A friend o f yours offers you a lift in his car, b u t you decide to w alk. You say:
T h a n k you, b u t .................................................................................................................. .....................
4 You arranged to play tennis today. N ow you decide th a t you d o n ’t w ant to play. You say:
I d o n 't t h i n k ......................................................................................................... ........ ......... ...................
5 You w ere going to go sw im m ing. N o w you decide th a t you d o n ’t w an t to go. You say:
21.3
W hich is correct? (If necessary, study Units 1 9 -2 0 first.)
1 ‘Did you phone Lucy?' 'O h no, I forgot. 1 phone / I’ll phone her now .’ (I’ll phone
2 I c a n 't m eet you to m orrow . I'm plaving / I'll play tennis. (I’m playing
3 i m eet / I'll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, O K ?’ 'Yes, th a t’s fine.’
4 'I need some m oney.' 'O K . I'm lending / I'll lend you some. H ow m uch do you need?’
5 I’m having / I'll have a p arr.' n ext Saturday. I hope you can com e.
6 ‘Rem em ber to get a new spaper w hen you go o u t.’ ‘OK. I d o n ’t forget / 1 w o n ’t forget.’
7 W h at tim e does v o u r train leave / will v our train leave tom orrow ?
8 I asked Sue w h at happened, b u t she d o esn 't tell / w o n ’t tell me.
9 ‘Are vou doing / Will vou do any th in g tom orrow ' evening?’ ‘N o , I’m free. W hy?’
10 I d o n 't w an t to go o u t alone. D o vou com e / Will vou com e w ith me?
21.4
)
W hat do you say in th ese situ atio n s? W rite sen ten ces with shall I ... ? or shall we ... ?
1 You an d a friend w an t to do som ething this evening, b u t you d o n ’t know w hat.
You ask vour friend.
VvV^cct s h w § ',..d o ,..th is ,.t,eyeni£\(j?
2 You try on a jacket in a shop. You are n o t sure w hether to buy it o r not. You ask a
friend for advice................................................................................................................................................ it?
3 It's H elen's b irth d ay next week. You w an t to give her a present, b u t you d o n ’t know w hat.
You ask a friend for advice.
W h a t ..........................................................................................................................................................................
4 You and a friend are going on holiday together, but you haven’t decided w here.
You ask him/her. ....................................... ...................... ........................................ ............................................
5 You and a friend are going o u t. You haven’t decided w hether to go by car o r to w alk. You ask
him/her. ..............................................................................o r ................................................................................
6 Y our friend w an ts you to phone later. You d o n ’t know w h a t rime to phone. You ask him/her.
A dd itio n a l exercises 1 0 -1 3 (pages 3 0 8 -1 0 )
Unit
22
Will/shall 2
We d o
use will ro say w h a t som ebody has already arranged o r decided to do:
□ D iane is w orking n ext week,
D iane will w ork)
□ Are you going to w atch television this evening?
Will you w atch)
F or ‘is w o rk in g ’ and ‘Are you going to ... ?’, see U nits 19-20.
But often, w hen we talk a b o u t the future, we are
to do. For exam ple:
talking a b o u t w h at som ebody has decided
K ate is doing an exam n ext w eek. C hris and
Joe are talking a b o u t it.
She’ll pass does
m ean ‘she has
decided to pass'. Joe is saying w hat
he know s o r thinks will happen.
the future.
H e is
Do you think
Kate will pass
the exam?
W hen w e predict a future happening
o r situation, we use w ill/w o n ’t.
Some m ore exam ples:
□ Jill has been aw ay a long tim e. W hen she retu rn s, she’ll find a lor o f changes here.
□ ‘W here will you be this tim e next year?’ i ’ll be in Ja p a n .’
□ T h a t plate is hot. If you touch it, yo u ’ll b u m yourself.
□ Tom w o n ’t pass the exam . He h a sn ’t studied hard enough.
□ W hen will you get y our exam results?
We often use will
(’11) w ith:
p ro b ab ly
I expect
(I’m) sure
(I) thin k
(I) d o n ’t th in k
I w o n d er
□ I’ll p ro b ab ly be hom e late tonight.
□ I hav en ’t seen C arol today. I expect she’ll phone this evening.
□ D o n ’t w orry a b o u t the exam . I’m sure you’ll pass.
□ D o you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?
□ I d o n ’t thin k the exam will be very difficult.
□ I w o n d er w h at will happen.
A fter I hope, we generally use the present (will is also possible):
□ I hope K ate passes the exam ,
I hope Kate will pass ...)
□ I hope it d o esn ’t rain tom orrow .
G enerally we use will to talk a b o u t the future, but som etim es we use will to talk a b o u t
For exam ple:
□ D o n ’t phone A nn now. She’ll be busy. (= she’ll be busy
9
I shall ... / w e shall ...
N o rm ally w e use shall only w ith I and we. You can say:
I shall
I will (I’ll)
we shall
w e will (we’ll)
□ 1 shall be late this evening,
I will be)
□ We shall p robably go to Scotland in the summer, (or We will probably go)
In spoken English w e norm ally use I’ll and w e’ll:
□ W e’ll p robably go to Scotland.
T h e negative of shall is shall n o t o r sh a n ’t:
□ I sh an ’t be here tom orrow ,
I w o n ’t be)
D o n o t use shall w ith he/she/it/you/they:
□ She will be very angry,
She shall be)
44
Will/shall 1 - * Unit 21 I will and I'm going to - * Unit 23 W ill be doing and will have done -» Unit 24
The future - * Appendix 3 American English -» Appendix 7
Exercises
22.1
Unit 22
W hich form of th e verb is correct (or more n atural) in these sen tences? The verbs are underlined.
1 D iane isn’t free on Saturday. She'll w ork / She’s w o rk in g . (She’s w orking
2 I'll go / I’m going to a party to m o rro w night. W ould you like to com e too?
3 I think Jenny will get / is getting the job. She has a lot o f experience.
4 I c a n ’t m eet you this evening. A friend o f mine will com e / is com ing to see me.
5 A: H ave you decided w here to go for y our holidays?
B: Yes, w e’ll go / w e’re going to Italy.
6 T h ere’s no need to be afraid o f the dog. It w o n ’t hu rt / It isn’t hurting you.
22.2
)
Com plete th e sen ten ces with will ('II) + th e follow ing verbs:
be
com e
get
like
live
look
m eet
i>ass-
1 D o n ’t w o rry a b o u t the exam . I'm sure you „.9:...P.M5.......
2 W hy d o n ’t you try on this jacket? I t ...................... ............................ nice on you.
3 You m ust m eet G eorge som etim e. I think y o u .................................................. him.
4 It's raining. D o n 't go out. Y o u ............................................ -.....wet.
5 Do you think p e o p le .................................................. longer in the future?
6 G oodbye. I expect w e .................................................. again before long.
7 I’ve invited Sue to the party, but I d o n ’t think s h e .....................................................
8 W hen the new road is finished, my journey to w o r k .................................................. m uch shorter.
22.3
Put in will (’11) or w on't.
1 Can you w ait for me? I ................. be very long.
2 T h ere’s no need to take an um brella w ith you. I t ............................... rain.
3 If you d o n ’t eat anything now , y o u ............................... be hungry later.
4 I’m sorry a b o u t w h a t happened yesterday. I t ............................... happen again.
5 I’ve g o t som e incredible news! Y o u ............................... never believe w h at happened.
6 D o n 't ask A m anda for advice. S h e ............................... know w h at to do.
22.4
W here do you think you will be at th ese tim es? W rite true sentences a b o u t yourself. Use:
I’ll be ... or I’ll probably be ...
I d o n 't know w here I’ll be
1 (next M o n d ay evening a t 7.45)
or
_.............................................................................. ..................................
I’ll prob&blij be
Hom e................................................................
I d o n ’t know wh e re lU b e...........................................................
2 (at 5 o'clock to m o rro w m orning)
..................... **"V......................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................
3 (at 10.30 to m o rro w m orning)
4 (next Saturday afternoon at 4.15)
5 (this time next year)
22.5
W rite questions using do you th in k ... will ... ? + the following:
be back
cost
end
get m arried
happen
4ike-
rain
1 I've bought Rosa this picture........ !?.?...y<?M....t^.i^....she.U. .U k e .ji............................................................. ?
2 T he w eather d o esn ’t look very good. D o y o u .................................................................................... -...
3 T he m eeting is still going on. W hen do y o u .......................................................................................-....
4 M y car needs to be repaired. H ow m u c h .................................................................. ................................
5 Sally an d D avid are in love. D o ...................................................................................................................
6 i 'm going o u t now .’ ‘O K . W h a t t i m e ................... ............................................................................... . ?’
7 T he future situation is uncertain. W h a t ..................................................................................................... ?
- * A d ditional exercises 1 0 -1 3 (pages 3 0 8 -1 0 )
you? I'm not.
Aren't qou? I duw.
Do tjow? What do qou do?
will she
aren’t you
6
|,
I prefer to
n pv ft aa tf a* l. V
K
Mi
tHon
bij
..........................................
6
6
6
1 don’t
Hot
venj much.............................................................................................
6
Som etim es we use a
f
noun for one thing th at has tw o p arts. For exam ple:
trousers
jeans/tights/shorts/pants
§nf
pyjam as
glasses
scissors
binoculars
These w ords are p lural, so they take a plural verb:
□ M y trou sers are to o long,
my trousers is)
You can also use a p air o f + these w ords:
□ T h o se are nice jeans.
T h a t’s a nice pair o f jeans. (
□ I need som e new glasses,
I need a new pair o f glasses.
^
a nice jeans)
Some nouns end in -ics, but are n o t usually plural. For exam ple:
athletics econom ics electronics gym nastics m aths 1= m athem atics)
G ym nastics are)
□ G ym nastics is my favourite sport,
N ew s is n o t plural (see U nit 70B):
□ W h at tim e is the new s on television?
physics
politics
staff
team
are the news)
Some w o rds ending in -s can be singular o r plural. For exam ple:
m eans
a m eans o f tra n sp o rt
m any m eans o f tran sp o rt
series
a television series
tw o television series
species
a species of bird
200 species o f bird
Q
Some singular n ouns are often used w ith a plural verb. For exam ple:
audience
com m ittee
com pany
family
firm
governm ent
T hese n ouns are all g roups o f people. We often th in k o f them as a num ber of people (= they),
n o t as one thing (= it). So we often use a plural verb:
□ T h e governm ent (= they) w ant to increase taxes.
□ T h e staff at the school (= they) are not happy w ith their new w orking conditions.
In the sam e way, we often use a plural verb after the nam e o f a sports team o r a com pany:
□ Italy are playing Brazil n ex t w eek (in a football m atch).
□ Shell have increased the price of petrol.
A singular verb (The governm ent w an ts ... / Shell has ... etc.) is also possible.
We use a plural verb w ith police:
□ T h e police arc investigating the m urder, but haven’t arrested anyone yet.
(
T he police is ... hasn't)
N ote th a t we say a police officer / a policem an / a policew om an (
a police).
We do not often use the plural o f person (‘persons’). We norm ally use people (a
□ H e’s a nice person,
They are nice people. (
nice persons)
□ M any people d o n ’t have enough to eat.
M any people doesn't)
w ord):
We think o f a sum o f money, a period of tim e, a distance etc. as owe thing. So w e use a singular
verb:
□ Tw enty th o u san d pounds (= it) w as stolen in the robbery. (
w ere stolen)
O T h ree years (= it) is a long tim e to be w ith o u t a job. (
T hree years are)
□ Six miles is a long w ay to w alk every day.
79.1
Complete each sentence using a word from Sections A or B. Som etim es you need a or some.
1 M y eyesight isn’t very good. I n e e d ...9—
......
2
A., species... js a g ro u p o f anim als o r plants th a t have the sam e characteristics.
3 Footballers d o n ’t w ear trousers w hen they play. They w e a r .....................................................
4 T he bicycle i s ........ ..........................................of tra n sp o rt.
5 T he bicycle and the car a r e .................................................. of tran sp o rt.
6 I w an t to cu t this piece
m aterial. I n e e d .....................................................
A friend o f mine is w r itin g .................................................. o f articles for the local newspaper.
8 There are a lot of A m erican T V '.................. .-...............................show n on British television.
9 W hile we w ere o u t w alking, we saw man}' d iffe re n t.................................................. of bird.
79.2
In each example the words on the left are connected with an activity (for example, a sport or an
academic subject). Write the nam e of the activity. The beginning of the word is given.
1 calculate
algebra
equation
2 g overnm ent
election
m inister
3 finance
trad e
em ploym ent
4 running
jumping
throw ing
5 light
heat
gravity
6 exercises
somersault
parallel bars
c om pu ter
silicon chip
video games
79.3
.................................................................................
p ...............................................................................
e ...............................................................................
a ...
ph..
gv„
el. ..
Choose th e correct form of th e verb, singular or plural. In one sen ten ce eith er th e singular or
plural verb is possible.
I G ym nastics is /-afe-mv favourite sp o rt, (is
T he trousers you bought for me d o esn 't / d o n 't fit me.
3 T he police w ant / w ants to interview tw o men a b o u t the robbery last week.
4 Physics w as / w ere m y best subject at school.
5 C an 1 b o rro w your scissors? M ine isn’t / a re n 't sh arp enough.
6 F ortunately the new s w asn 't / w eren 't as bad as we expected.
W here does / do your family live?
8 T hree days isn't / a re n 't long enough for a good holiday.
9 1 c a n 't find my binoculars. D o you k n o w w here it is / they a re ?
10 It's a nice place to visit. T he people is / are very friendly.
I • D oes / D o the police know how the accident happened?
12 I d o n 't like very h o t w eather. T hirty degrees is / are to o h o t for me.
79.4
M ost of th e se sen ten ces are wrong. Correct them where necessary.
1 T h ix e j^ a r s jir e a long tim e to be w ith o u t a job.
2 The governm ent w an t to increase taxes.
..................................................................
...
.............
3 Susan w as w earing a black jeans.
........:.........................................................
4 Brazil are playing Italy in a football m atch next w eek...........................................................................
5 I like M artin and Jane. T hey're very nice persons.
..................................................................
6 I need m ore th an ten pounds. Ten pounds aren ’t en o ug h.....................................................................
7 I'm going to buy a new pyjam a.
..................................................................
8 The com m ittee h aven't m ade a decision yet.
..................................................................
9 There was a police directing traffic in the street.
..................................................................
10 W hat is the police going to do?
............................................................ -....
II T his scissors isn’t very sharp.
..................................................................
You can use tw o nouns tog eth er
a tennis ball
a b an k m anager
to m ean
a ro ad accident
thing/person/idea etc. For exam ple:
incom e tax
the city centre
T he first n o u n is like an adjective. It tells us w h at kind o f thing/person/idea etc. F or exam ple:
a tennis ball = a ball used to play tennis
a ro ad accident = an accident th a t happens on the road
incom e tax = tax th a t you pay on y our income
the w ater tem p eratu re = the tem p erature o f the w ater
a L ondon d o c to r = a d o c to r from L ondon
my life story = the story o f my life
So you can say:
a television cam era a television program m e a television studio a television producer
(these a re all different things o r people to do w ith television)
language problem s m arriage problem s health problem s w ork problem s
(these are all different kinds of problem s)
C om pare:
garden vegetables (= vegetables th a t are grow n in a garden)
a vegetable garden (= a garden w here vegetables are grow n)
Som etim es th e first w ord ends in -ing. Usually these are things used for doing som ething:
a frying pan (= a pan for frying) a w ashing m achine a sw im m ing pool a dining room
Som etim es there are m ore than tw o nouns together:
□ 1 w aited at the hotel reception desk.
□ We w atched the W orld Sw im m ing C ham pionships on television.
□ If you w an t to play table tennis (= a gam e), you need a table tennis table (= a table).
W hen tw o nou n s are together like this, som etim es w e w rite them as one w ord and som etim es as
tw o sep arate w ords. For exam ple:
a headache
to o th p aste
a w eekend
a car park
a road sign
T here are no clear rules for this. If you are n o t sure, w rite tw o w ords.
N o te the difference betw een:
a sugar bow l (perhaps em pty) and a bow l o f sugar (= a bowl w ith sugar in it)
a shopping bag (perhaps em pty) and a bag of shopping (= a bag full of shopping)
W hen we use
, the first noun is like an
It is norm ally singular, but the
m eaning is often plural. For exam ple: a book sh o p is a shop w here you can buy books, an apple
tree is a tree th a t has apples.
In the sam e w ay w e say:
a th ree-h o u r journey (= a journey th a t takes three hours)
a ten-pound note
pounds)
a four-w eek course
weeks)
tw o 14-year-old girls
years)
a six-page letter
pages)
C om pare:
□ It w as a four-w eek course,
The course lasted four weeks.
W hat do we call th ese things and people?
1 A ticket for a concert i s ..................................................
2 Problem s concerning health a r e ...
3 A m agazine a b o u t com p u ters i s ...................................
4 Photographs taken on y our holiday are y o u r ..........
5 C hocolate m ade w ith milk i s .........................................
6 Som ebody w hose job is to inspect factories i s .........
7 A horse th a t runs in races i s ..........................................
8 A race for horses i s ......................................... .................
9 A hotel in central L ondon i s ..........................................
10 The results o f your exam s are y o u r .............................
11 T he carp et in the dining room i s ..................................
12 A scandal involving an oil com pany i s .......................
13 W orkers a t a car factory a r e ..........................................
14 A scheme to im prove a road i s ......................................
15 A course th a t lasts five days i s ......................................
16 A question th a t has tw o p arts i s ...................................
1” A girl w ho is seven years old i s ......................................
80.2
Answer th e q u estions using two of th e following words each time:
a c ciden t
num ber
belt
ro a ^
card
room
credit
seat
editor
shop
1 This can be caused by bad driving.
2 If you're staying a t a hotel, you need to rem em ber this.
3 You should w ear this w hen yo u 're in a car.
4 You can often use this to pay for things instead of cash,
5 If you w an t to know if it's going to rain, you can
read o r listen to this.
6 This person is a top journalist.
You m ight stop to look in this w hen yo u're w alking
along a street.
80.3
forecast
w eather
new spaper
w indow
.......................................................................
y o u r .............................................................
a ....................................................................
a ....................................................................
t h e ................................................................
a ....................................................................
a ...................................................................
Com plete th e sen ten ces using the following:
15 m inute(s)
six mile(s)
60 m inute(s)
six mile(s)
tw o hour(s)
20 pound(s)
five day(s)
five course(s)
tw o year(s)
-ten-page{s4
500 year(s)
-450 pagers)
Sometimes you need the singular (day/page etc.) and som etim es the plural (days/pages etc.).
1 It's quite a long book. There a r e ...15Q J>agfc5......
2 A few days ago I received a
letter from Julia.
3 I d id n ’t have any change. I only had a .................................................. note.
4 At w o rk in the m orning I usually have a .................................................. break for coffee.
5 There a r e .................................................. in an hour.
6 It's only a .................................................. flight from London to M adrid.
7 It was a very big meal. There w e r e .....................................................
8 M ary has just started a new job. She’s go t a .................................................. contract.
The oldest building in the city is t h e .................................................. castle.
10 I w ork .................................................. a week. Saturday and Sunday are free.
11 We w ent for a long walk in the country. We m ust have w a lk e d .....................................................
12 We w ent for a .................................................. walk in the country.
We use -’s
+ s) m ostly for people o r anim als:
□ T o m ’s co m p u ter isn’t w orking,
the com puter o f Tom)
□ H ow old are C h ris’s children? (
the children o f Chris)
□ W h a t’s (= W h at is) y our sister’s name?
□ W h a t’s T o m ’s sister’s name?
□ Be careful. D o n ’t step on the c a t’s tail.
N o te th a t you can use -’s w ith o u t a follow ing noun:
□ This isn’t my book. It’s m y sister’s. (= my sister’s book)
We d o n o t alw ays use -’s for people. For exam ple, we w ould use o f ... in this sentence:
□ W h at w as the nam e o f the m an w ho phoned you? (’the m an w ho phoned yo u ’ is too
long to be follow ed by -’s)
N o te th a t we say a w o m an ’s h a t (= a h a t for a w om an), a bo y ’s nam e (= a nam e for a boy),
a b ird ’s egg (= an egg laid by a bird) etc.
W ith a
noun we use -’s:
my sister’s room (= h er room - one sister)
M r C a rte r’s house (= his house)
W ith a
noun (sisters, friends etc.) we p u t an apo stro p h e a t the end o f the w ord (-s’):
my sisters’ room (= their room sisters)
the C a rte rs’ house (= their house - M r and M rs C arter)
If a plural noun does not end in -s (for exam ple m en/w om en/children/people) we use -’s:
the m en’s changing room
a child ren’s book (= a book for children)
N o te th a t you can use -’s after m ore th an one noun:
Jack and K aren ’s w edding
M r and M rs C a rte r’s house
F or things, ideas etc., we norm ally use o f (... o f the book / ... of the restau ran t etc.):
the d o o r o f the garage
the garage's door)
the nam e o f the book
the ow n er o f the restau ran t
Som etim es the stru ctu re
+
is possible (see U nit 80):
the garage d o o r
the restau ran t ow ner
We say the beginning/end/m iddle o f ... , the to p /b o tto m o f ... , the front/back/side o f ... :
the beginning o f the m onth
the m o n th ’s beginning)
the to p o f the hill
the back of the car
You can usually use -’s o r o f ... for an organisation (= a group o f people). So you can say:
the g overnm ent’s decision
the decision of the governm ent
the co m p an y ’s success
the success of the com pany
It is also possible to use -’s for places. So you can say:
the city’s streets
the w o rld ’s pop u lation
Italy’s prim e m inister
You can also use -’s w ith tim e expressions (yesterday / next week etc.):
□ D o you still have yesterday’s new spaper?
□ N ex t w eek’s m eeting has been cancelled.
In the same way, you can say to d a y ’s / to m o rro w ’s / this evening’s / M o n d ay ’s etc.
We also use -’s (or -s’ w ith plural w ords) w ith periods o f time:
□ I’ve got a w eek’s holiday startin g on M onday.
□ Julia has got three w eeks’ holiday.
□ I live n ear the statio n - it’s only a b o u t ten m inutes’ w alk.
81.1
In som e of th ese sentences, it would be m ore natural to use - 's or
parts where necessary.
C hange th e underlined
1 W ho is the ow n er of this re s ta u ra n t?
......Qd ...................................................
2 W here are the children of C h ris?
....Q
l f i ........................
3 Is this the um brella o f vour frien d ?
....................................................... .....
4 W rite your nam e at the top of the page.
.............................................................
5 I’ve never m et the dau g h ter o f C harles.
.............................................................
6 H ave you m et the son of M arv and D a n ?
.............................................................
7 We d o n ’t know the cause of the p ro b lem .
.............................................................
8 Do we still have the new spaper o f y esterday?
.............................................................
9 W h a t’s the nam e of this street?
.............................................................
10 W h at is the cost o f a new c o m p u te r?
............................................................
11 The friends o f vour children are here.
.............................................................
12 The garden of o u r neighbours is very nice.
.............................................................
13 I w ork on the ground floor o f the building.
............................................................
14 The hair o f Bill is very long.
............................................................
15 I co u ld n 't go to the partv of C ath erin e.
............................................................
16 W hat's the nam e of the w om an w ho lives next d o o r?
............................................................
17 H ave you seen the car o f the parents of M ik e?
............................................................
18 W hat's the m eaning of this exp ression?
............................................................
19 Do you agree with the econom ic policy o f the governm ent? ............................................................
81.2
W hat is an o th er way o f saying th ese things? Use - ’s.
1 a hat for a w om an
2 a nam e for a boy
3 clothes for children
4 a school for girls
5 a nest for a bird
6 a m agazine for w om en
81.3
.................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
Read each sen ten ce and w rite a new sen ten ce beginning with the underlined words.
1 T he m eeting to m o rro w has been cancelled.
............................................................................................................................................................................
2 T he storm last w eek caused a lot o f dam age.
L a s t ...................................................................................................................................................................
3 T he only cinem a in the tow n has closed dow n.
T h e ....................................................................................................................................................................
4 The w eather in Britain is very changeable.
5 Tourism is the m ain industry in the region.
81.4
Use th e inform ation given to com plete th e sentences.
1 If I leave my house at 9 o ’clock and drive to the airp o rt, I arrive a t ab o u t 11.
So it’s a b o u t ...£ $ 0 ...d riv e... from my house to the airp o rt, (drive)
2 If I leave my house a t 8.40 an d w alk to the centre, I get there a t 9 o ’clock.
So it’s ........................................................................... from my house to the centre, (walk)
3 I'm going on holiday on the 12th. I have to be back at w ork on the 26th.
So I’ve g o t .............................................................................. (holiday)
4 I w ent to sleep at 3 o ’clock this m orning and w oke up an ho u r later. After th at I c o u ld n ’t
sleep. So last night 1 only h a d .............................................................................. (sleep)
Study this exam ple:
Steve introduced him self to the o ther guests.
We use m yself/yourself/him self etc.
w hen the
and
are the same:
Steve
T h e reflexive p ro n o u n s are:
m yself
ourselves
introduced
yourself
yourselves-(w ore
□ 1 d o n ’t w a n t you to pay for me. I’ll pay for myself. (
□ Julia had a great holiday. She really enjoyed herself.
□ D o you talk to yourself som etim es?
□ If you w an t m ore to eat, help yourselves,
himself
him self/herself/itself
them selves
I’ll pay for me)
C om pare:
□ It’s n o t o u r fault. You c a n ’t blam e us.
□ It’s o u r ow n fault. We should blam e ourselves.
We do not use m yself etc. after feel/relax/concentrate/m ect:
□ I feel nervous. I c a n ’t relax.
□ You m ust try an d concentrate,
concentrate yourself)
□ W h at tim e shall we m eet?
m eet ourselves,
meet us)
We norm ally use w ash/shave/dress
myself etc. :
□ He got up, w ashed, shaved and dressed,
w ashed him self etc.)
You can also say get dressed (He got dressed).
C om pare -selves and each other:
□ K ate and Joe stood in front of the m irror and looked
a t themselves. (=
looked a t
□ Kate looked at Joe; Joe looked at Kate. They looked
a t each o th er.
themselves
f t
each other
You can use one an o th er instead of each other:
□ H ow long have you an d Bill know n each other? o r
know n one another?
□ Sue an d Ann d o n ’t like each other,
... d o n ’t like one another.
□ D o you and Sarah live n ear each other? o r ... near one another?
We also use m yself/yourself etc. in an o th er way. For exam ple:
□ ‘W ho repaired your bike for you?’ ‘I repaired it myself.’
I repaired it m yself = I repaired it, n o t anybody else. H ere, myself is used to em phasise T
(= it m akes it stronger). Some m ore exam ples:
□ I’m n o t going to do y o u r w ork for you. You can do it yourself. (= you, n o t me)
□ Let’s p ain t the house ourselves. It will be m uch cheaper.
□ T h e film itself w a sn ’t very good, but I loved the music.
□ I d o n ’t think Liz will get the job. Liz herself do esn ’t think she’ll get it.
Liz doesn’t
think she’ll get it herself.)
I
82.1
Com plete the sen ten ces using m yself/yourself etc. + th e following verbs (in th e correct form ):
blam e
b urn
enjoy
express
h u rt
in tro d u c e
put
1 S te v e ....y3^§du< ^..H .tw 5elf...to the o th e r guests a t the party.
2 Bill fell dow n som e steps, bur fortunately he d id n ’t ...........................................................
3 It isn't Sue's fault. She really sho uldn ’t ...........................................................
4 Please try and understand how I feel............................................................ in my position.
5 T he children had a great tim e a t the beach. They r e a lly ...........................................................
6 Be careful! T h at pan is very hot. D o n’t ..................................................................
7 Sometimes I c a n 't say exactly w hat I m ean. I wish I c o u l d ...................................................... better.
82.2
Put in m yself/yourself/ourselves etc. or m e/you/us etc.
1 Julia had a great holiday. She e n jo y e d .......................
2 It's n o t my fault. You c a n 't b la m e ........................................
3 W hat I did w as really bad. I'm asham ed o f ........................................
4 W e've got a problem . I hope you can h e l p ........................................
5 ‘C an I take an o th e r biscuit?’ ‘O f course. H e l p .......................... .......... !’
6 You m ust m eet Sarah. I'll in tr o d u c e ......................................to her.
7 D o n 't w orry a b o u t us. We can look a f t e r ........................................
8 I gave them a key to o u r house so th a t they could l e t ......................................in.
9 I d id n 't w an t anybody to see the letters, so I b u r n e d ........................................
82.3
Com plete these sentences. Use m yself/yourself etc. only where necessary. Use the following
verbs (in th e correct form ):
con cen trate
defend
dry
feel
m eet
relax
shave
w ash
1 M artin decided to grow a beard because he w as fed up w i t h ........................
2 I w asn 't very well yesterday, but I .........................................................much better today.
3 I clim bed o u t o f the sw im m ing pool a n d .........................................................w ith a tow el.
4 I tried to study, but I c o u ld n 't...........................................................
5 If som ebody attacks you, you need to be able t o ................ ...........................................
6 I'm going o u t w ith C hris this evening. W e 'r e ........................................................ at 7.30.
7 Y ou're alw ays rushing aro u n d . W hy d o n ’t you sit dow n a n d .............................................................. ?
8 T here w as no w ater, so we c o u l d n 't...........................................................
82.4
Complete th e sentences with -selves or each o th er.
1 H o w long have you and Bill k n o w n ............................ ?
2 If people w ork to o hard, they can m a k e .................................................. ill.
3 I need you and you need me. We n e e d .....................................................
4 In Britain friends often g iv e .................................................. presents at Christm as.
5 Some people are very selfish. They only think o f .................................. ..................
6 Tracy an d I d o n 't s e e .................................................. very often these days.
7 We c o u ld n ’t get back into the house. We had lo c k e d .................................................. out.
8 T hey’ve had an argum ent. T hey 're n o t speaking t o .................................................. a t the m om ent.
9 We’d never met before, so w e in tro d u c e d ............................................... t o ....................................................
82.5
Com plete the answ ers to the questio ns using m yself/yourself/itself etc.
1
W ho repaired the bike for you?
2
W ho cuts Brian's hair for him?
3 Do you w ant me to post th at letter for you?
4
W ho told you th at Linda w as going away?
5 V
Can you phone John for me?
/N o b o d y . I
...................
N obody. H e c u t s .................................................
N o , I’l l ....................................................................
L in d a ......................................................................
W hy can ’t y o u ................................................. ?
A friend o f m ine / a friend o f T o n i’s ere.
We say ‘(a friend) o f m ine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs’:
□ I’m going to a w edding on Saturday. A friend o f mine is getting married,
□ We w ent on holiday w ith som e friends o f ours,
som e friends of us)
□ M ichael had an argum ent w ith a neighbour o f his.
□ It w as a good idea o f yours to go to the cinem a.
a friend of me)
In the sam e w ay we say ‘(a friend) o f my sister’s / (a friend) of T o m ’s’ etc. :
□ T h a t w om an over there is a friend o f my sister’s.
□ It was a good idea o f T o m ’s to go to the cinem a.
M y ow n ... / your ow n ... etc.
We use m y/your/his/her/its/our/their before ow n:
my ow n house
your ow n car
her ow n room
an o w n house, an ow n car etc.)
M y ow n ... / y our ow n ... etc. = som ething th a t is only m ine/yours, nor shared o r borrow ed:
□ I d o n ’t w a n t to share a room w ith anybody. I w a n t my ow n room .
□ Vicky and G eorge w ould like to have their ow n house.
□ It’s a pity th a t the Hat h asn ’t got its ow n parking space.
□ It’s my ow n fault th a t I’ve got no money. I buy to o m any things I d o n ’t need.
□ W hy d o you w an t to b o rro w my car? W hy d o n 't you use your ow n? (= your ow n car)
You can also use ow n to say th a t you d o som ething yourself instead o f som ebody else doing it
for you. For exam ple:
□ Brian usually cuts his ow n hair.
(= he cuts it himself; he d o esn ’t
go to the h airdresser’s)
□ I’d like to have a garden so th at
I could grow my ow n vegetables.
(= grow them m yself instead of
buying them from shops)
O n my ow n / by myself
O n my ow n and by m yself both m ean ‘alone’. We say:
on
m y/your
his/her/its
ou r/th eir
ow n
=
bv
myself / yourself
him self / herself itself
ourselves / yourselves
/ them selves
□ I like living on my ow n / by myself.
□ ‘Did you go on holiday on your ow n / by yourself?’ ‘N o, w ith a friend.'
□ David w as sitting on his ow n / by him self in a co rn er o f the cafe.
□ L earner drivers are n o t allow ed to drive on their ow n / by themselves.
83.1
W rite new sen ten ces w ith th e sam e m eaning, Change the underlined words and use the
stru c tu re in Section A (a friend o f m ine etc.).
1 I am m eeting one of mv friends tonight.
2 We m et one of vour relatives.
3 H enry b orrow ed one of my b o o k s.
4 Liz invited som e o f her friends to her Hat.
5 We had d inner w ith one of o u r n eighbours.
6 I w ent on holiday w ith tw o of mv friends.
Is th a t m an one of v our friends?
8 I m et one o f lane's friends at the party.
83.2
We m et a .............................................................
H e n r y ...................................................................
L iz .........................................................................
Complete th e sen ten ces using my own / your own etc. + th e following:
b ed ro o m
business
opinions
private beach
w ords
1 I share a kitchen and b ath ro o m , but I h a v e ..................................................................................................
2 G ary d oesn't think the sam e as me. He's g o t ................................................................................................
3 Julia is fed up w ith w orking for o th er people. She w ants to s t a r t .........................................................
4 We stayed at a luxury hotel by the sea. The hotel h a d ..............................................................................
5 In the test we had to read a story, and then w rite it i n .................................................................. ...........
83.3
Complete th e sentences using my own / your own etc.
1 W hy do you w an t to borrow my car? ....................................................................................................... ?
2 H ow can you blam e me? It's no t my fault. It’s ...........................................................................................
3 She's alw ays using my ideas. W hy c an 't she u s e ..................................................................................... ?
4 Please d o n 't w orry a b o u t my problem s. You've g o t .................................................................................
5 1 c an 't m ake his decisions for him . He m ust m a k e ....................................................................................
83.4
Complete th e sentences using my own / your own etc. Use th e following verbs:
bake
m ake
w rite
1 Brian never goes to the hairdresser.
H e ................................................................................................
2 M ary d o esn't often buy clothes.
She u s u a lly ................................................................................................................................................................
3 We d o n 't often buy bread.
We u s u a lly ................................................................................................................................................................
4 Paul is a singer. He sings songs w ritten by oth er people, but he also
83.5
Complete th e sen ten ces using on my own / by m yself etc.
1 Did you go on holiday o n ...yP.wr...own... ?
2 I’m glad 1 live w ith oth er people. I w o u ld n ’t like to live o n ........................
3 T he box w as to o heavy for me to lift b y .........................................
4 ‘W ho w as Tom w ith w hen you saw him ?’ ‘N obody. He w as b y ............
5 Very young children should n o t go sw im m ing b y ........................................
6 I d o n ’t think she know s m any people. W hen I see her, she is alw ays by
I d o n ’t like straw berries w ith cream . I like them o n ....................................
8 D o you like w orking w ith o th e r people o r d o you prefer w orking by ....
9 We had no help decorating the flat. We did it com pletely o n .....................
10 I w ent o u t w ith Sally because she d id n ’t w an t to go o u t o n .....................
T h ere and it
We use there ... w hen we talk a b o u t som ething for the first tim e, to say th a t it exists:
□ T h e re ’s a new restau ran t in King Street.
A new restau ran t is in King Street)
□ I’m sorry I’m late. T h ere was a lo t o f traffic,
It w as a lot o f traffic)
□ Things are m ore expensive now. T here has been a big rise in the cost o f living.
It = a specific thing, place, fact, situation etc. (but see also section C):
□ We w ent to the new restau ran t. It’s very good. (It = the restaurant)
□ I w asn ’t expecting them to com e. It w as a com plete surprise. (It = th a t they came)
C om pare there and it:
□ I d o n ’t like this to w n . T h e re ’s n o thing to do here. It’s a boring place.
T h ere also m eans ‘to/at/in th a t place’:
□ The new restau ran t is very good. I w ent there (= to the restaurant) last night.
□ W hen we got to the party, there w ere already a lot o f people there (= at the party).
You can say there will be / there m ust be / there m ight be / there used to be etc. :
□ Will there be m any people at the party?
□ ‘Is there a flight to Paris this evening?’ ‘T here m ight be. I’ll phone the a irp o rt.'
□ If people drove m ore carefully, there w o u ld n ’t be so m any accidents.
there m ust have been, there should have been etc. :
□ T here w as a light on. T h ere m ust have been som ebody at hom e.
C om pare there and it:
□ They live on a busy road. T h ere m ust be a lot o f noise from the traffic.
They live o n a busy m ain road. It m ust be very noisy.
□ T here used to be a cinem a in King Street, but it closed a few years ago.
T h at building is now a su perm arket. It used to be a cinem a.
You can also say there is sure/certain/likely/bound to be ... :
□ T here is b o u n d (= sure) to be a flight to Paris this evening.
We also use it in sentences like this:
□ It’s d angerous to w alk in the road.
We d o not usually say ‘To w alk in the road is dan g ero u s’. N orm ally we begin w ith It ... .
Some more exam ples:
□ It d id n ’t take us long to get here.
□ It’s a pity (that) Sandra c a n ’t com e to the party.
□ Let’s go. It’s n o t w o rth w aiting any longer.
We also use it to talk a b o u t distance, tim e and w eather:
□ H ow far is it from here to the airp o rt.
□ W hat day is it today?
□ It’s a long tim e since we saw you last.
□ It w as w indy yesterday,
T h ere w as a cold w ind.)
It's worth / it’s no use / there's no point -* Unit 63A
There is + -ing/-ed -» Unit 97
Sure to / bound to ... etc. -* Unit 65E
84.1
Put in th e re is/was or it is/was. Some sen ten ces are questions (is th e re ... ? / is it ... ? etc.) and
som e are negative (isn 't/w asn 't).
1 T he journey took a long time. ...!Dl$T&....fc!2£.... a lot o f Traffic.
2 W h a t’s the new restau ran t like? ...good?
3 ‘......................................a b o o k sh o p n ear here?’ ‘Y e s ,........................................one in Hill Street.’
4 W hen we got to the cinem a, ..................................... a queue o u tsid e............................................a very
long queue, so we decided n o t to w ait.
5 1 c o u ld n ’t see anything. ......................................com pletely dark.
6
tro u b le at the club last night. T hey had to call the police.
7 H ow f a r ......................................from M ilan to Rome?
8
K eith's b irth d ay yesterday. We had a party.
9
three years since 1 last w ent to the theatre.
10 1 w anted to visit the m useum , b u t ..................................... enough time.
11 *......................................tim e to leave?' ‘Y e s ,........................................nearly m idnight.’
12 A few days a g o .......... ...........................a sto rm ........................................... a lot o f dam age.
13
a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.
14
anything on television, so I turned it off.
15
an accident in King Street, b u t ........................................very serious.
84.2
Read th e first sen ten ce and th en w rite a se n ten ce beginning There ... .
1 T he roads w ere busy today.
.........................................................
2 T his soup is very salty.
T h e r e .................................................................................. in the soup.
3 T he box w as empty.
.................................................................................................in the box.
4 T he film w as very violent.
................... ...................................................................................................
5 T he shops w ere very c ro w d ed .............................................................................................................................
6 I like this tow n - it's lively.
.......................................................................................................................
84.3
Com plete the sentences. Use th e re will be, th e re would be ctc. Choose from:
will
m ay
w ould
w o u ld n ’t
should
used to
(be) going to
1 If people drove m ore c a re fu lly ,...$ ^ e . . w o w i^ b e ...few er accidents.
2 ‘Do we have any eggs?' i 'm n o t su re...................................................................som e in the fridge.’
3 I think everything will be O K . I d o n 't t h i n k ...............................................................any problem s.
4 Look at the sky...................................................................a storm .
5 i s there a school in the village?’ ‘N or now . .........................................................one, b u t it closed.’
6 People drive to o fast on this road. I think ...............................................................a speed limit.
7 If people w eren 't a g g re ssiv e ,...............................................................any w ars.
84.4
Are th ese sen ten ces right or w rong? Change it to th e re where necessary.
1 They live on a busy road. It m ust be a lor of noise.
..X^.^&....n?.w.§.k..k^....^....^....®£._!35!^.?-..-.2 Last w inter it w as very cold and it w as a lot o f snow.
3 It used to be a church here, but it was knocked dow n.
.................................................................
4 W hy w as she so unfriendly? It m ust have been a reason.
.................................................................
5 It's a long w ay from my house to the nearest shop.
.................................................................
6 A: W here can we park the car?
B: D o n ’t w orry. It's sure to be a c a r park som ew here.
.................................................................
7 A fter the lecture it will be an o p p o rtu n ity to ask questions......................................................................
8 I like the place w here I live, b u t it w ould be nicer to live
.................................................................
by the sea.
9 I w as told th a t it w ould be som ebody to meet me a t the
.................................................................
statio n , but it w a sn 't anybody.
.................................................................
10 T he situation is still the sam e. It has been no change.
.................................................................
11 I d o n ’t know w h o 'll w in, bur it’s sure to be a good gam e.........................................................................
In general we use som e
som ebody/som eone/som ething) in positive sentences and any
anybody etc.) in negative sentences:
som e
□ We bought som e flowers.
□ H e’s busy. H e’s g o t som e w ork to do.
□ T h ere’s som ebody a t the door.
□ I’m hungry. I w an t som ething to eat.
anv
□ We d id n ’t buy any flowers.
C H e’s lazy. He never does any w ork.
□ T here isn’t anybody at the door.
□ I’m n o t hungry. I d o n ’t w a n t anything
to eat.
We use any in the follow ing sentences because the m eaning is negative:
□ She w ent o u t w ith o u t any money, (she d id n ’t take any m oney w ith her)
□ He refused ro eat anything, (he d id n ’t eat anything)
□ H ardly anybody passed the ex am ination. (= alm ost nobody passed)
We use both som e and any in questions. We use som e to talk a b o u t a person o r thing th a t we
know exists, o r we think exists:
□ Are you w aiting for som ebody? (I think you are w aiting for som ebody)
We use som e in questions w hen we offer o r ask for things:
□ W ould you like som ething to eat? (there is som ething to eat)
□ C an I have som e sugar, please? (there is probably som e sugar I can have)
But in m ost questions, we use any. We do not know if the thing o r person exists:
□ ‘Have you got any luggage?’ ‘N o , I h av en 't.’
□ I c a n ’t find my bag. H as anybody seen it?
We often use any after if:
□ If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
□ If anyone has any questions, I’ll be pleased to answ er them .
□ Let me know if you need anything. .
T he follow ing sentences have the idea o f if:
□ I’m sorry for any tro u b le I’ve caused. (= if I have caused any trouble)
□ A nyone w ho w ants to d o the exam m ust tell me by Friday. (= if there is anyone)
We also use any w ith the m eaning ‘it d o esn’t m atter w hich':
□ You can tak e any bus. They all go to the centre. (= it d o esn't m atter w hich bus you take)
□ ‘Sing a so n g .’ ‘W hich song shall I sing?’ ‘Any song. I d o n 't m ind.’ (= it d o esn't m atter
which song)
□ C om e an d see me any tim e you w ant.
□ ‘Let’s go o u t som ew here.’ ‘W here shall we go?’ ‘A nyw here. I just w an t to go o u t.’
□ We left the d o o r unlocked. A nybody could have com e in.
C om pare som ething and anything:
□ A: I’m hungry. I w an t som ething to eat.
B: W h at w ould you like?
A: I d o n ’t m ind. A nything. (= it d oesn’t m atter w hat)
Som ebody/som eone/anybody/anyone are singular w ords:
□ Som eone is here to see you.
But we often use they/them /their after these w ords:
□ Som eone has forgotten their um brella. (= his o r her um brella)
□ If anybody w ants to leave early, they can. (= he o r she can)
85.1
Put in som e or any.
1 We d id n 't b u y ............. flowers.
2 T his evening I'm going o u t w i t h ............................... friends o f mine.
3 A: H ave so u seen ............................... good films recently?
B: N o. I h aven't been to the cinem a for ages.
4 I d id n 't h a v e ............................... money, so I had to b o r r o w ....................................
5 C an I h a v e ............................... m ilk in my coffee, please?
6 I w as to o tired to d o ............................... w ork.
7 You can cash these traveller’s cheques a t ................................bank.
8 C an you give me ...............................inform ation ab o u t places o f interest in the tow n?
9 W ith the special to u rist train ticket, you can travel o n ............................... train you like.
10
there a r e ...-...........................w ords you d o n 't understand, use a dictionary.
85.2
Com plete th e sen ten ces with so m e- or an y - + -b o d y /-th in g /-w h e re .
1 I w as to o surprised to s a y .........................
2 T h e r e 's ............................... a t the door. Can you go and see w ho it is?
3 D o e s ............................... m ind if I open the w indow ?
4 1 w asn ’t feeling hungry, so I d id n 't e a t ..................................
5 You m ust be hungry. W ould you l i k e ............................... to eat?
6 Q uick, let's go! T h ere’s ............................... com ing and I d o n ’t w a n t .................................to see us.
7 Sarah was upset a b o u t ............................... an d refused to talk t o ....................................
8 This m achine is very easy to use................................... can learn to use it very quickly.
9 T here w as h a r d ly ............................... on the beach. It w as alm ost deserted.
10 ‘Do you liv e ............................... n ear Jo e?' “N o, he lives in an o th e r p a rt o f to w n .’
11 ‘W here shall w e go on holiday?’ ‘Let's g o ............................... w arm and sunny.’
12 They stay a t hom e all the tim e. They never seem to g o ..................................
13 I'm going out now . I f ............................... phones while I’m o u t, can you tell them I’ll be back at
11.30?
14 W hy are you looking und er the bed? H ave you l o s t ............................... ?
15 The police have asked t h a t ................................w ho saw the accident should contact them.
16 ‘C an I ask y o u ............................... ?' ‘Sure. W h at do you w a n t to ask?’
17 Sue is very secretive. She never t e l l s .................................................... ............. (2
85.3
Com plete th e sentences. Use any (+ noun) or anybody/anything/anyw here.
W hich bus do I have to c a tc h ? \
W hich day shall I come?
W h at do you w a n t to eat?
W here shall I sit?
W h at so rt o f job are you looking for?
W h at tim e shall I phone tom o rro w ?
W ho shall I invite to the party?
W hich new spaper shall I buy?
Any...bus..... They all go to the centre.
1 d o n ’t m ind.
........... .......................................... I d on ’t m ind.
W hatever you have.
It’s up to you. You can s i t .................................. .
you like.
..................................................... It doesn’t m atter.
...... .............................................. I’ll be in all day.
I d o n ’t m ind..............................................you like.
........................................................W hatever they
have in the shop.
N o and none
We use no +
N o = not a o r not any:
□ We had to w alk hom e because there w as no bus. (= there w a sn ’t a bus)
□ Sue will have n o difficulty finding a job. (= Sue w o n ’t have any difficulty ...)
□ T here w ere no shops open. (= T here w eren’t any shops open.)
Vou can use no +
a t the beginning o f a sentence:
□ N o reason w as given for the change o f plan.
We use none
a noun:
□ ‘H ow m uch m oney do you have?’ ‘N o n e.’ ( = no m oney)
□ All the tickets have been sold. T here are none left. (= no tickets left)
O r we use n one o f ... :
□ This m oney is all yours. N o n e o f it is mine.
A fter none o f +
(none o f the students, none o f them etc.) the verb can be singular or
plural. A plural verb is m o re usual:
□ N one o f the shops w ere
was) open.
N oth in g
n o b o d y /n o -o n e
now here
You can use these negative w ords a t the beginning o f a sentence o r alone (as answ ers to
questions):
□ N obody
N o-one) cam e to visit me w hile 1 w as in hospital.
□ ‘W hat happ en ed ?’ ‘N o th in g .’
□ ‘W here are you going?’ ‘N ow here. I’m staying here.’
You can also use these w o rd s after a verb, especially after be and have:
□ The house is em pty. T h ere’s nobody living there.
□ We had noth in g to eat.
N othin g /n o b o d y etc. = not + anything/anybody etc. :
□ I d id n ’t say anything. (= I said nothing.)
□ Jane d id n ’t tell anybody a b o u t her plans. (= Jan e told nobody ...)
□ They haven’t got anyw here to live. (= T hey’ve got now here to live.)
W ith nothing/nobody etc., d o
use a negative verb (isn’t, d id n ’t etc.):
□ I said nothing,
I d id n ’t say nothing)
□ N obody tells me anything,
N obody doesn’t tell me)
We also use any/anything/anybody etc.
not) ro m ean ‘it doesn’t m atter
w hich /w h at/w h o ’ (see U nit 85D ). C om pare no- and any-:
□ There w as no bus, so we w alked hom e.
You can take any bus. T hey all go to the centre. (= it doesn’t m atter w hich)
□ ‘W hat d o you w an t to eat?’ ‘N othing. I’m n o t hungry.’
I’m so hungry. I could cat anything. (= it d o esn 't m atter w hat)
□ The exam w as extrem ely difficult. N obody passed. (= everybody failed)
The exam w as very easy. A nybody could have passed. (= it d o esn 't m atter w ho)
A fter nobody/no-one you can use they/thcm /their (see also Unit 85E):
□ N o b o d y phoned, did they? (= did he o r she)
□ N o-one did w h at I asked them to do. (= him o r her)
□ N obody in the class did their hom ew ork. (= his or her hom ew ork)
Com plete th e se sen ten ces with no, n one or any.
1 It w as a public holiday, so there w e r e ...!39...shops open.
2 I haven’t g o t ............. money. C an you lend me some?
We had to w alk hom e because there w e r e ................................taxis.
We had to w alk hom e because there w eren’t ............................... taxis.
'H o w m any eggs have we g o t?’ ‘.................................. D o you w an t me to get som e?’
We took a few p h o to g rap h s, b u t ................................o f them w ere very good.
W h at a stupid thing to do! ................................intelligent person w ould do such a thing.
I’ll try an d a n s w e r ................................questions you ask me.
9 I c o u ld n ’t a n s w e r ............................... of the questions they asked me.
We cancelled the party b e c a u s e ................................o f the people we invited w ere able to come.
11 1 tried to phone C hris, bur there w a s ............................... answer.
Answer th ese q u estio n s using n o n e/n o b o d y /n o th in g /n o w h ere
_____________ 3 \
1
2
3
4
5
W h at did you doT^
W ho w ere you talk in g to?
H ow m uch luggage have you got?
W here are you going?
H ow m any m istakes did you make?
H o w m uch did you pay?
Now answ er the sam e q u estio n s using com plete sen tences w ith an y /anybody/anything/
anyw here.
8 i2 I ................................................................. ...........................................................................................
10 ,41................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
86.3
Complete th ese sentences with no- or any- + -b o d y /-th in g /-w h e re .
1 I d o n 't w a n t .......................to drin k . I’m not thirsty.
2 T he bus w as com pletely empty. T here w a s ............................... on it.
3 'W here did you go for your holidays?’ ‘.................................. I stayed a t hom e.’
4 I w ent to the shops, b u t I d id n 't b u y ..................................
5 ‘W h at did you buy?' 4................... .............. 1 c o u ld n ’t f i n d ................................. I w a n ted .’
6 T he tow n is still the sam e as it w as years ag o ................................... has changed.
7 H ave you seen my w atch? I c a n ’t find i t ..................................
8 T here w as com plete silence in the ro o m ................................... said ....................................
86.4
Choose th e right word.
1 She d id n 't tell-n o b ed v -/ anvbodv a b o u t her plans, (anybody
)
2 T he accident looked serious, b u t fortunately nobody / anvbodv w as badly injured.
3 I looked o u t of the w indow , but I c o u ld n ’t see no-one / an y o n e.
4 M y job is very easy. N o b o d y / A nvbodv could do it.
5 ‘W h a t’s in th a t b o x ?’ ‘N oth in g / A nything. It’s em pty.’
6 T he situation is uncertain. N oth in g / A nything could happen.
7 1 d o n 't know nothing / anything a b o u t econom ics.
We use m uch an d little w ith
m uch tim e
m uch luck
nouns:
little energy
We use m any an d few w ith
nouns:
m any friends
m any people
few cars
little m oney
few countries
We use a lot o f / lots o f / plenty o f w ith both
and
a lot o f luck
lots o f tim e
plenty o f m oney
a lot o f friends
lots o f people
plenty o f ideas
nouns:
Plenty = m ore th an enough:
□ T h ere’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.
M uch is unusual in positive sentences (especially in spoken English). C om pare:
□ We d id n ’t spend m uch money.
We spent a lot o f money.
We spent m uch money)
□ D o you see David m uch?
I see D avid a lot.
I see D avid m uch)
We use m any an d a lot o f in all kinds o f sentences:
□ M an y people drive to o fast.
A lot o f people drive to o fast.
□ D o you know m any people?
D o you know a lot o f people?
□ T here a re n ’t m any tou rists here,
T here a re n 't a lot o f tourists here.
N ote th a t we say m any years / m any weeks / m any days
□ W e’ve lived here for m any years.
a lot o f years)
a lot o f ...):
Little and few
a) are negative ideas (= not m uch / n o t many):
□ G ary is very busy w ith his job. He has little tim e for other things. (= n o t m uch tim e, less
tim e th an he w ould like)
□ Vicky d o esn ’t like living in L ondon. She has few friends there. (= n o t many, n o t as m any
as she w ould like)
You can say very little and very few:
□ G ary has very little tim e for o th er things.
□ Vicky has very few friends in L ondon.
A little and a few have a m ore positive m eaning.
A little = som e, a small am o u n t:
□ L et’s go and have a coffee. We have a little tim e before the train leaves.
(a little tim e = som e tim e, enough tim e to have a coffee)
□ ‘D o you speak English?’ ‘A little.’ (so w e can talk a bit)
A few = som e, a sm all num ber:
□ I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we m eet quite often.
(a few friends = n o t m any bur enough to have a good time)
□ ‘W hen w as the last tim e you saw C lare?’ ‘A few days ag o .' (= som e days ago)
C om pare:
□ H e spoke little English, so it w as difficult to com m unicate w ith him.
H e spoke a little English, so we w ere able to com m unicate w ith him.
□ She’s lucky. She has few problem s. (= n o t m any problem s)
T hings are n o t going so well for her. She has a few problem s. (= som e problem s)
You can say only a little and only a few:
□ H urry! We only have a little tim e,
only little time)
□ T he village w as very sm all. T here w ere only a few houses,
only few houses)
87.1
in som e of th ese sen ten ces m uch is incorrect or u n n atural. Change m uch to m any or a lot (of)
where necessary. W rite 'OK' if th e sen ten ce is correct.
1 We d id n 't spend m uch money.
2 Sue drinks m uch tea.
...QK.......................................................................
....ot...of. .tea.........................................................
3 Joe alw ays puts m uch salt on his food.
................................................................................
4 W e'll have to hurry. We h aven't got m uch tim e..........................................................................................
5 It cost m uch to repair the car.
................................................................................
6 Did it cost m uch to repair the car?
................................................................................
7 I d o n 't k n o w m uch people in this tow n.
................................................................................
8 I use the phone m uch at w ork.
................................................................................
9 T here w a sn ’t m uch traffic this m orning.
................................................................................
10 You need m uch m onev to travel ro u n d the w o rld .....................................................................................
87.2
Complete th e sen tences using plenty (of) + the following:
hotels
m oney
room
things to see
* im e
to learn
1 T here's no need to hurry. T h e r e 's ..........................................................................................................
2 H e's got no financial problem s. H e's g o t ............................................................................................
3 C om e an d sit w ith us. T h e r e 's ................................................................................................................
4 She know s a lot, b u t she still h a s ..........................................................................................................
5 It's an interesting tow n to visit. T h e r e .................................................................................................
6 I'm sure w e'll find som ew here to stav. ...... .........................................................................................
87.3
Put in m u ch /m an y /few /little (one word only).
1 She isn't very popular. She h a s ...few ...friends.
2 Ann is very busy these days. She h a s ................................free time.
3 Did you t a k e ................................p h o to g rap h s w hen you were on holiday?
4 I'm n o t very busy today. I haven’t g o t ................................to do.
5 This is a very m odern city. T here a r e ............................... old buildings.
6 T he w eath er has been very dry recently. W e’ve h a d ................................rain.
7 ’D o you know R om e?’ ‘N o , I hav en ’t been there f o r ................................years.’
87.4
Put in a w here necessary. W rite 'OK' if th e sen ten ce is already com plete.
1 She’s lucky. She has few p roblem s.
...OK...........................
2 T hings are n o t going so well for her. She has few problem s..........^...few....prpblerns
3 C an you lend me few d o lla rs?
....................................
4 T here w as little traffic, so the journey d id n ’t take very long.........................................
5 I c a n 't give you a decision yet. I need little tim e to think.
...................................
6 It w as a surprise th a t he w on the m atch. Few people
....................................
expected him to w in.
7 I d o n ’t know m uch Spanish - only few w o rd s.
....................................
8 I w o n d er how Sam is. I h av en 't seen him for few m o n th s.
.................................
87.5
Put in little / a little / few / a few.
1 G ary is very busy w ith his job. H e h a s ................. time for o th er things.
2 Listen carefully. I’m going to give y o u ................................advice.
3 D o you m ind if I ask y o u ............................... questions?
4 It’s n o t a very interesting place to visit, s o ............................... tourists com e here.
5 I d o n ’t think Jill w ould be a good teacher. She’s g o t ............................... patience.
6 ‘W ould you like milk in your coffee?’ ‘Y e s ,.................................. ’
7 This is a very borin g place to live. T h ere’s ................................to do.
8 ‘H ave you ever been to Paris?' ‘Yes, I’ve been t h e r e ............................... tim es.’
all
some
any
m ost
m uch/m any
little/few
no
You can use the w ords in the box w ith a noun (som e food / few books etc.):
□ All cars have wheels.
□ Some cars can go faster than others.
□
N O CARS. (= no cars allow ed)
D M an y people drive to o fast.
□ I d o n ’t go o u t very often. I’m a t hom e m ost days.
You c a n n o t say ‘all o f cars’, ‘som e of people’ etc. (see also Section B):
□ Som e people learn languages m ore easily than others,
Some o f people)
N ote th a t we say m ost
the m ost):
O M o st tourists d o n ’t visit this p art o f the tow n,
all
some
any
m ost
m uch/m any
The m ost tourists)
little/few
half
none
You can use the w ords in the box w ith o f (some o f / m ost o f etc.).
We use som e o f / m ost o f / none o f etc. + the/this/that/these/those/m y ... etc. So you can say
‘som e o f the p eople’, ‘som e o f those p eople’ (
‘som e o f people’):
□ Some o f the people I w ork w ith are not very friendly.
□ N o n e o f this m oney is mine.
□ H ave you read any o f these books?
□ I w as sick yesterday. I spent m ost o f the day in bed.
You d o n ’t need o f after all o r half. So you can say:
□ All my friends live in Los Angeles,
All of my friends ...
□ H alf this m oney is m ine,
H alf o f this m oney ...
C om pare:
O
flowers are beautiful. (= all flowers in general)
(of) the flow ers in this garden are beautiful. (= a specific group of flowers)
□ M o st problem s have a solution. (= m ost problem s in general)
We w ere able to solve m ost o f the problem s we had. (= a specific group o f problem s)
You can use all o f / som e o f / none o f etc. + it/us/you/them :
□ ‘H ow m any of these people d o you know ?’ 'N o n e of them . / A few o f th em .’
□ D o any o f you w a n t to com e to a party tonight?
□ ‘D o you like this m usic?’ ‘Some o f it. N o t all o f it.’
We say: all o f us / all o f you / half o f it / half of them etc. You can n o t leave o u t of before
it/us/you/them :
□
o f us w ere late,
all us)
□ I haven’t finished the book yet. I’ve only read half o f it. (
half it)
You can also use som e/m ost etc. alone,
a noun:
□ Some cars have four d o o rs and som e have tw o.
□ A few o f the shops w ere o pen, b u t m ost (of them ) w ere closed.
O H a lf this m oney is m ine, and h alf (of it) is yours,
the half)
necessary. Leave th e space em pty if the sen ten ce is already com plete.
2 N o n e ...P.f...this m oney is mine.
s S o r a e ...................?\\vt\s a te vets;
4 S o m e ................... the films I’ve seen recently have been very violent.
5 Joe never goes to m useum s. H e says th a t a l l ...................m useum s are boring.
6 I think s o m e ...................people w atch to o m uch television.
7 ‘Are a n y ...................those letters for m e?’ ‘N o , they’re all for m e.’
8 K ate has lived in L ondon m o s t ...................her life.
9 Jim has lived in C hicago a l l ...................his life.
10 M o s t ...................days I get up before 7 o ’clock.
88.2
Choose from th e list and com plete th e sentences. Use o f (some o f / m ost o f etc.) where
necessary.
accidents
birds
E uropean countries
her friends
her opinions
my dinner
my spare tim e
the buildings
the players
the population
these-boek^
1 1 h aven't read m a n y ....P f f^ese..books.......
2 A l l .............. have wheels.
3 1 spend m u c h ...............................................................gardening.
4 M a n y ............................................................... are caused by bad driving.
5 It’s a historic to w n . M a n y ............................................................... are over 4 0 0 years old.
6 W hen she g o t m arried, she kept it a secret. She d id n ’t tell a n y ..............................................................
7 N o t m any people live in the n o rth of the country. M o s t ............................................................... live
in the south.
8 N o t a l l ...............................................................can fly. For exam ple, the penguin c an ’t fly.
9 O u r team played badly and lost the gam e. N o n e ...............................................................played well.
10 Julia and I have very different ideas. I d o n ’t agree w ith m a n y .................................................................
11 Sarah travels a lot in Europe. She has been to m o s t ..................................................................
12 I had no appetite. I could only eat h a l f ..................................................................
88.3
Use your own ideas to com plete th ese sentences.
1 The building w as dam aged in the explosion. A l l ................................w ere broken.
2 We had a very lazy holiday. We spent m ost o f .................................................. on the beach.
3 I w ent to the cinem a by myself. N o n e o f .................................................. w anted to com e.
4 T he test w as difficult. I could only answ er h a l f .....................................................
5 Some o f .................................................. you took ,at the w edding were very good.
6 'H ave you spent a l l .................................................. I gave you?’ ‘N o, there’s still some left.’
88.4
Com plete th e sentences. Use:
all o f som e o f / none o f + it/th e m /u s (all o f it / som e o f them etc.)
1 These books are all Jane's...................................... belong to me.
2 ‘H ow m any of these books have you read?’ ‘..................................................... Every o ne.’
3 We all g ot wet in the rain b e c a u s e .................................................. had an um brella.
4 Some of this m oney is yours a n d .................................................. is mine.
5 I asked some people for directions, b u t .................................................. w as able to help me.
6 She invented the w hole story from beginning to e n d ...................................................... was true.
7 N o t all the tourists in the group w ere Spanish...................................................... were French.
8 I w atched m ost o f the film, but n o t .....................................................
We use both/neith er/eith er for
things. You can use these w ords w ith a
(both books,
neither b o o k etc.).
F or exam ple, you are going o u t to eat. T here are tw o possible restaurants. You say:
□ B oth restau ran ts are very good. (
The both restaurants)
□ N eith er re sta u ra n t is expensive.
□ We can go to either restau ran t. I d o n ’t mind.
(either = one o r the other, it d o esn’t m atter w hich one)
Both o f ... / neither o f ... / either o f ...
We use b o th o f / neither o f / either o f + the/these/m y/T om ’s ... etc. So we say ‘both o f the
restau ran ts’, ‘both of those restau ran ts’ etc.
both of restaurants):
□ Both o f these restau ran ts are very good.
□ N eith er o f the restau ran ts w e w ent to w as (or w ere) expensive.
□ 1 haven’t been to either o f those restaurants. (= I haven’t been to one o r the other)
You d o n ’t need o f after bo th . So you can say:
□ Both my p arents are from L ondon,
Both o f my parents ...
You can use b o th o f / neither o f / either o f + us/you/them :
□
C an either o f you speak Spanish?
□ I asked tw o people the w ay to the station, but neither o f them could help me.
You m ust say ‘both o f’ before us/you/them :
□ B oth o f us were very tired,
Both us w ere ...)
A fter neither o f ... a
or a
□ N eith er of the children w ants
verb is possible:
w ant) to go to bed.
You can also use b o th /n eith er/eith er alone,
a noun:
□ I c o u ld n ’t decide w hich o f the tw o shirts to buy. I liked b o th ,
1 liked b o th o f them .)
□ i s y our friend British o r A m erican?’ ‘N either. She’s A ustralian.’
□ ‘D o you w a n t tea o r coffee?’ ‘Either. I d o n ’t m ind.’
You can say:
E
b o th ... and ...
□ B oth C hris and Par were late.
□ I w as b o th tired and hungry w hen 1 arrived hom e.
neither ... n o r ...
O N eith er C hris n o r Pat cam e to the party.
□ Tom said he w ould co n tact me, b u t he neither w rote n o r phoned.
either ... o r ...
□ I’m nor sure w here M aria’s from . She's either Spanish o r Italian.
□ E ither you apologise o r I'll never speak to you again.
C om pare cither/neither/both (tw o things) and anv/none/all (m ore than tw o):
□ T here are tw o good hotels here.
You could stay a t either of them .
□ There are m any good hotels here.
You could stay at any o f them .
□ We tried tw o hotels.
J N eith er of them had any room s.
{ Both o f them were full.
G W e tried a lot o f hotels.
f N one of them had any room s.
{ All o f them were full.
89.1
Com plete th e sen ten ces with b o th /n e ith e r/e ith e r.
1 "Do you w a n t tea or coffee?' *..................... I really d o n ’t m ind.’
2 *\Vhat day is it today - the ISth o r the 19th?’ ‘.................................. It’s the 2 0 rh .'
3 A: W here did you go to r your holidays - Scotland o r Ireland?
B: We w en t t o ............................... .. A week in Scotland and a week in Ireland.
4 “W hen shall I phone, in the m orning or afternoon?’ 4.................................. I’ll be in all day.’
5 ‘W here’s Liz? Is she at w ork o r a t hom e?’ *.................................. She’s aw ay on holiday.’
89.2
Com plete th e sen ten ces with b o th /n e ith e r/e ith e r. Use o f w here necessary.
1 BotH... my p arents are from L ondon.
2 To get to the tow n centre, you can go along the fo o tp ath by the river o r you can go along the
road. You can g o ......................................way.
3 1 tried tw ice to p hone G eorge, b u t ......................................times he w as out.
4
T om ’s p aren ts is English. His father is Polish and his m other is Italian.
5 1 saw an accident this m orning. O ne car drove into the back o f another. Fortunately
driver w as injured, b u t ........................................cars w ere badly dam aged.
6 I’ve got tw o sisters an d a brother. M y b ro th er is w orking, b u t ......................................my sisters
are still at school.
89.3
Com plete th e sen ten ces with b o th /n e ith e r/e ith e r + o f us/them .
1 I asked tw o people the w ay to the statio n , b u t ...................................... could help me.
2 I w as invited to tw o parties last w eek, but I co u ld n 't go t o .....................................................
3 T here w ere tw o w indow s in the room . It w as very w arm , so I o p e n e d ............................................
4 Sarah and I play tennis together regularly, b u t .................................................. can play very well.
5 I tried tw o bookshops for the book I w anted, b u r .................................................. had it.
89.4
W rite sen ten ces with both ... and ... / n e ith e r ... nor ... / e ith e r ... or ... .
1 Chris w as late. So was P at..........Pat.„w<&e..L#icr.,..........................................................................................
2 He d id n 't w rite and he d idn 't ph on e..............................................................................................................
3 Joe is on holiday and so is Sam ........................................................................................................................
4 Joe h asn 't got a car. Sam h asn 't got one either. ........................................................................................
5 Brian d oesn 't w atch T V and he d o esn 't read new spapers.
6 It w as a boring film. It w as long too.
The f ilm ............................................................................................................................... ..................................
Is th a t m an's nam e Richard? O r is it Robert? It’s one o f the tw o.
T hat m an's n a m e ..................................................................................... -..........................................................
8 I haven't got tim e to go on holiday. And I haven’t got the money.
I've g o t ....................................................................................................................................................................
9 We can leave today o r w e can leave to m o rro w - w hichever you prefer.
W e ........................................................................ -.................................................................................... -.............
89.5
Com plete th e sen ten ces with n e ith e r/e ith e r/n o n e /a n y .
1 We tried a lot o f hotels, b u t ...HQM.... o f them had any room s.
2 I to o k tw o books w ith me on holiday, but I d id n 't r e a d ............................... o f them .
3 I to o k five books w ith me on holiday, b u t I d id n ’t r e a d ............................... o f them .
4 T here are a few shops a t rhe end o f the street, b u t ............................... o f them sells new spapers.
5 You can phone me a t ............................... tim e during the evening. Pm alw ays at hom e.
I can m eet you n ex t M o n d ay o r Friday. W o u ld ............................... o f those days be convenient
for you?
Jo h n and I c o u ld n ’t get into the house b e c a u s e ............................... of us had a key.
All and everybody/everyone
We d o not norm ally use all to m ean everybody/everyone:
□ Everybody enjoyed the party. (
All enjoyed)
But we say all o f us/you/them
everybody o f ...):
□ All o f us enjoyed the party,
Everybody o f us)
All and everything
Som etim es you can use all o r everything:
O I’ll do all I can to help,
I’ll do everything I can to help.
You can say ‘all I can ’ / ‘all you need’ etc., b u t w e do n o t norm ally use all
□ He th in k s he know s everything,
he know s all)
□ O u r holiday w as a disaster. E verything w ent w rong,
All w ent w rong)
But you can say all about:
□ He know s all a b o u t com puters.
We also use all
everything) to m ean ‘the only thing(s)’:
□ All I 've eaten today is a sandw ich. (= the only thing I’ve eaten today)
Every everybody / everyone / everything are
w ords, so we use a
verb:
□ Every seat in the th eatre was taken.
□ Everybody has arrived,
have arrived)
But you can use they/them /their after everybody/everyone:
□ Everybody said they enjoyed them selves. (= he o r she enjoyed him self o r herself)
W hole and all
W hole = com plete, entire. M o st often we use w hole w ith
nouns:
□ Did you read the w hole book? (= all the book, n o t just a p art of it)
□ Emily has lived her w hole life in Scotland.
□ I w as so hungry, I ate a w hole packet o f biscuits. (= a com plete packet)
We use the/m y/her etc. before w hole. C o m pare w hole and all:
the w hole book / all the book
her w hole life / all her life
We do n o t norm ally use w hole w ith
□ I’ve spent all the m oney you gave me. (
nouns. We say:
the w hole m oney)
Every/all/w hole w ith tim e w ords
We use every to say how often som ething happens (every day / every M onday /
every ten m inutes / every three w eeks etc.):
□ W hen we w ere on holiday, we w ent to the beach every day.
all days)
□ The bus service is excellent. T h ere’s a bus every ten m inutes.
□ We d o n ’t see each o th e r very often - a b o u t every six m onths.
All day / the w hole day = the com plete day from beginning to end:
D We spent all day / the w hole day on the beach.
□ Dan w as very quiet. H e d id n ’t say a w ord all evening / the w hole evening.
N o te th at we say all day
all the day), all w eek
all the week) etc.
C om pare all the tim e and every time:
□ They never go o u t. They are a t hom e all the tim e. (= alw ays, continuously)
□ Every tim e I see you, you look different. (= each tim e, on every occasion)
90.1
Com plete th e se sen ten ces with all, everything or everybody/everyone.
1 It w as a good party.......i y .................. enjoyed it.
2
M;..... I've eaten today is a sandw ich.
3
has their faults. N obody is perfect.
4 N o th in g has ch an g ed................................... is the sam e as it w as.
5 Kate told m e ............................... a b o u t her new job. It sounds quite interesting.
6 C a n .................... ........... w rite their nam es on a piece o f paper, please?
W hy are you alw ays thinking a b o u t m oney? M oney i s n 't ..................................
8 I d id n 't have m uch m oney w ith m e.............. ..................... I had w as ten pounds.
9 W hen the fire alarm ran g .................................. left the building immediately.
10 Sue d id n 't say w here she w as g oing................................... she said w as th a t she w as going away.
11 We have com pletely different opinions. I disagree w i t h ............................... she says.
12 We all did well in the ex am in a tio n ................................... in o u r class passed.
13 We all did well in the ex am in a tio n ................................... of us passed.
14 W hy are you so lazy? W hy do you expect me to d o ............................... for you?
90.2
W rite sen ten ces with whole.
1 1 read the book from beginning to e n d .......I...r§^....^.&....wh^...fe00k..i....................................................
2 Everyone in the team played well.
T he ................................................................................................................................................................... ........
3 Paul opened a box o f chocolates. W hen he'finished eating, there w ere no chocolates left in the
box. H e a t e ........................................„.................................................................................................................
4 The police cam e to the house. They w ere looking for som ething. T hey searched everyw here,
every room . T h e y ................................................................................................................................................
5 Everyone in D ave an d Jane's family plays tennis. Dave and Jane play, and so do all their
children. T h e ...................................... .............................................................................................................. .
6 Ann w orked from early in the m orning until late in the evening.
7 Jack an d Jill w ent on holiday to the seaside for a week. It rained from the beginning o f the
week to the end. I t ..............................................................................................................................................
Now w rite sen ten ces 6 and 7 again using all instead of w hole.
8 6 A n n ............................................................................................................... ..........................................„..........
9 n ................................................................................................................ ...................................... .......................
90.3
Com plete these sen ten ces using every with th e following:
five m inutes
ten m inutes
four h ours
six m onths
four years
1 The bus service is very good. T here's a bus
........................................................
2 Tom is ill. H e has som e medicine. H e has to take i t ................................................................................
3 T he O lym pic G am es take p la c e ..................................................... — ..........................................................
4 We live n ear a busy a irp o rt. A plane flies over o u r h o u s e .....................................................................
5 M artin has a check-up w ith his d e n t is t ........................................................................................................
90.4
W hich is th e correct altern ativ e?
1 I've spent the w hole monev- / all the m onev you gave me. fall the m oney
Sue w o rk s every day / all davs except Sunday.
3 I'm tired. I’ve been w orking hard all the dav / all d av .
4 It was a terrible fire. W hole building / T he w hole building w as destroyed.
5 I’ve been trying to phone her, b u t every tim e / all the tim e I phone the line is busy.
6 1 d o n ’t like the w eath er here. It rains every tim e / all the tim e.
7 W hen I w as on holiday, all mv luggage / m v w hole luggage was stolen.
Each and every are sim ilar in m eaning. O ften it is possible to use each o r every:
□ Each tim e (or Every time) I see you, you look different.
□ T h ere’s a telephone in each room
every room ) of the house.
But each and every are n o t exactly the sam e. Study the difference:
We use each w hen we think o f things
separately, one by one.
□ Study each sentence carefully.
(= study the sentences one by one)
We use every w hen w e think o f things as a
group. T he m eaning is sim ilar to all.
□ Every sentence m ust have a verb.
(= all sentences in general)
everv =
each =
Each is m ore usual for a small num ber:
□ T here w ere four books on the table.
Each b o o k w'as a different colour.
□
A t the beginning of
the gam e, each player has three cards.
Every is m ore usual for a large num ber:
□ Kate loves reading. She has read every
book in the library. (= all the books)
□ 1 w ould like to visit every country in
the w orld. (= all the countries)
Each (but n o t every) can be used for tw o things:
□ In a football m atch, each team has eleven players,
We use every (not each) to say how often som ething happens:
□ ‘H o w often d o you use y o u r co m p uter?’ ‘Every d ay .’
□ T h ere’s a bus every ten m inutes,
each ten m inutes)
every team)
Each day)
C om pare th e structures we use w ith each and every:
You can use each w ith a noun:
each book
each student
You can use every with a noun:
every book
every student
You can use each alone (w ith o u t a noun):
□ N o n e o f the room s w as the sam e.
Each (= each room ) w as different.
O r you can use each one:
□ Each one w as different.
You c a n 't use every alone, but you can say
every one:
□ A: H ave you read all these books?
B: Yes. every one.
You can say each o f (the ... / these ... /
them etc.):
□ Read each o f these sentences carefully.
□ Each of the books is a different colour.
□ Each of them is a different colour.
You can say every one o f ...
every of):
Z I've read every one o f those books.
every o f those books)
Z I've read every one o f them .
You can also use each in the m iddle o r at the end o f a sentence. For exam ple:
□ T he students w ere each given a book. (= Each stu d en t w as given a book.)
□ These oranges cost 15 pence each.
Everyone and every one
Everyone (one w ord) is only for people (= everybody).
Every one (tw o w ords) is for things o r people, and is sim ilar to each one (see Section B).
□ Everyone enjoyed the party. (= Everybody ...)
□ Sarah is invited to lots o f parties and she goes to every one. (= to every party)
91.1
Look a t th e pictures and com plete th e sen ten ces with each or every.
® 0 p jaj
| | fO
[TRAINS TO LONDo n I
sT IS
14 n n
15 15
lo 15
16 15
11 15
15
17 15
18 15
13 15
1 ....Sftch... player has three cards.
2 Kate has read
book in the library.
3
side o f a square is the sam e length.
4
seat in the theatre w as taken.
5 T here are six a p artm en ts in the building. ................... one has a balcony.
6 T here's a train to L o n d o n ................... hour.
She w as w earing to u r rings - one o n ................... finger.
8 O u r football team is playing well. W e’ve w o n ...................gam e this season.
91.2
Put in each or every.
1 T here w ere four books on the ta b le .................... book w as a different colour.
2 The Olym pic G am es are h e l d ................. four years.
3
p arent w orries ab o u t their children.
4 In a gam e of tennis there are tw o o r four players................................... player has a racket.
5 N icola plays v o lle y b a ll............................... T h u rsday evening.
6 I understo o d m ost o f w h a t they said but n o t ............................... w ord.
7 The book is divided into five p arts and ............................... o f these has three sections.
8 1 get p a i d ............................... four weeks.
9 We had a g reat w eekend. 1 e n jo y e d ............................... m inute o f it.
10 I tried to phone her tw o o r three tim es, b u t ............................... tim e there w as no reply.
11 C ar seat belts save lives................................... driver should w ear one.
12
A nsw er all five questions. W rite your answ er t o ................................ question on
a sep arate sheet o f paper.
91.3
Com plete th e sen ten ces using each.
1 T he price of one o f those oranges is 30 pence. T h o s e ...............................................................................
2 I had ten pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia and I .........................................................................................
3 O ne o f those postcards costs 80 pence. T h o s e ............................................................................................
4 The hotel w as expensiv e. I paid £ 1 20 and so did you. W e .....................................................................
91.4
Put in everyone (1 word) or every one (2 words).
1 Sarah is invited to a lot of parties and she goes t o ...& ¥ . ? £ ! ......
2 As soon a s .................................................. had arrived, we began the m eeting.
3 I asked her lots o f questions an d she a n s w e re d .................................................. correctly.
4 She’s very popular. ................................................ likes her.
5 I d ro p p ed a tray o f glasses. U n fo rtu n a te ly .................................................. broke.
Look at this exam ple sentence:
T he w om an
w ho lives n ex t d o o r
■
-----------
is a doctor.
-----------
A
is a p a rt o f a sentence. A
tells us which person o r thing (or w h at kind of
person o r thing) the speaker m eans:
□ T he w om an w ho lives next d o o r ... (‘w ho lives nex t d o o r’ tells us w hich w om an)
□ People w ho live in the country ... (‘w ho live in the c o u n try ’ tells us w h at kind o f people)
We use w ho in a relative clause w hen we are talking a b o u t people (not things):
the w om an - she lives next d o o r - is a doctor
t
— ►T he w om an w ho lives n ext d o o r is a doctor.
w e know a lot of people - they live in the country
We know a lot of people
w ho live in the country.
□ An architect is som eone w ho designs buildings.
□ W h at w as the nam e of the person w ho phoned you?
□ A nyone w ho w ants to apply for the job m ust do so by Friday.
You can also use th a t (instead o f w ho), b u t you c a n ’t use w hich for people:
□ T he w om an th at lives next d o o r is a doctor.
the w om an which)
Som etim es you m ust use w ho
that) for people - see U nit 95.
W hen we are talking a b o u t things, w e use th a t o r w hich
w ho) in a relative clause:
w here is the cheese? - it w as in the fridge
I
W here is the cheese
t|lat,
w hich
was in the fridge?
□ I d o n ’t like stories th a t have u n h ap py endings,
stories w hich have ...)
□ Barbara w orks for a com pany th a t m akes furniture,
a com pany w hich m akes
furniture)
□ T he m achine th a t bro k e dow n is w orking again now.
T he m achine which broke dow n)
T h a t is m ore usual th an w hich, but som etim es you m ust use w hich - see U nit 95.
W hat = ‘the thing(s) th a t’. C om pare w h at and that:
□ W h at happened w as m y fault. (= the thing th a t happened)
□ E verything th a t h appened w as my fault,
Everything w h at happened)
□ T he m achine th at broke dow n is now w orking again,
The m achine w h at broke dow ni
R em em ber th a t in relative clauses we use w ho/that/w hich, not hc/she/they/it:
□ I’ve never spoken to the w om an w ho lives next door,
the w om an she lives)
92.1
In this exercise you have to explain w hat som e words m ean. Choose the right m eaning
from th e box and th en w rite a sen ten ce with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.
he/she
steals from a shop
designs- b u ild ings
d o esn 't believe in G od
is n o t brave
1 Ian architect)
An
he/she
buys som ething from a shop
pays rent to live in a house o r flat
breaks into a house to steal things
expects the w o rst to happen
s omeone who
b u ild in g s.....................................................
2
3
4
5
6
la burglar)
A b u rg lar is s o m e o n e .............................. .................................................................................
la custom er) ........................... ...............................................................................................................................
(a shoplifter) ................................................................................... -......................................................................
la cow ard)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(an atheist) ....................................................................................................................................................... ...
la pessimist) ................ ..........................................................................................................................................
8 (a tenant)
........................... ..............................................................................................................................
92.2
Make one sen ten ce from two. Use w h o /th at/w h ich .
1 A girl w as injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
...The
who w as
in
is now In h o sp ita l......................................
2 A w aitress served us. She w as im polite and im patient.
T h e ............................................................................... 1............................................................................. ..............
3 A building w as destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
T h e .................................*...........................................................................................................................................
4 Some people w ere arrested. They have now been released.
T h e ................................................... .........................................................................................................................
5 A bus goes to the airp ort. It runs every half hour.
T he ........................................................... .................................................................................................................
92.3
Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a relative clause.
he invented the telephone
she runs aw ay from hom e
they stole my car
they w ere on the wall
it gives you the m eaning of w ords
it can su p p o rt life
it can n o t be explained
1 Barbara w o rk s for a c o m p a n y .......................................................................................
2 The book is ab o u t a g i r l ...................................................................................................
3 W h at happened to the p ic tu re s ............................. ........................................................
4 A m ystery is s o m e th in g ....................................................................................................
5 The police have caught the m e n .... ...............................................................................
6 A dictionary is a b o o k ......................................................................................................
“ A lexander Bell was the m a n .............................................................................................
8 It seems th a t the earth is the only p la n e t.....................................................................
92.4
Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 I d o n 't like sw n es^w ho jiaye unhappy endings.
2
3
4
5
6
.....s.tpri&S„..^^..h.arve
W hat was the nam e of the person w ho phoned you?
.....QKr...............................
W here’s the nearest shop w ho sells new spapers?
.......................................
T he driver w hich caused the accident w as fined £ 5 0 0 .............................................
D o you know the person th a t to o k these p h o to g ra p h s ? ........................................
We live in a w orld w h a t is changing all the time.
.......................................
D an said som e things a b o u t me th a t w ere nor true.
.......................................
8 W h a t w as the nam e of the horse it w on the race?
.......................................
Look at these exam ple sentences from U nit 92:
□ T he w o m an
w ho
lives next d o o r is a doctor, (or T he w om an th a t lives ...)
T he w o m an
□ W here is the cheese
w ho (= the w om an) is the
lives next door.
th a t
was in the fridge?
T he cheese
w as in the fridge,
the cheese w hich w as ...)
th a t (= the cheese) is the
You m ust use w ho/that/w hich w hen it is the subject o f the relative clause. So you ca n n o t say
‘T he w om an lives n ext d o o r is a d o c to r’ o r ‘W here is the cheese w as in the fridge?’.
Som etim es w h o /th at/w h ich is the
□ T he w om an
w ho
o f the verb. For exam ple:
I w anted to see was aw ay on holiday.
You lost
the keys.
you is the
W hen w ho/th at/w h ich is the object, you can leave it o u t. So you can say:
T h e w om an I w anted to see was away,
The w om an w ho I w anted to see ...
□ H ave you found the keys you lost?
... the keys th a t you lost?
□ T h e dress Liz b o u g h t d o esn ’t fit her very well,
The dress th at Liz bought ...
□ Is there anything I can do?
... anything th at I can do?
N o te th a t w e say:
the keys you lost (not the keys you lost them )
the dress Liz b o u g h t
the dress Liz bought it)
N o te the position o f prepositions (in/to/for etc.) in relative clauses:
Tom is talking
to
a w om an - do you know her?
---- ►D o you know the w om an (w ho/that) Tom is talking
I
slept
in
to
?
a bed last night - it w asn ’t very com fortable
— ►T he bed (that/w hich) I slept
in
last night w a sn 't very com fortable.
□ Are these the books you w ere looking for?
... the books that/w hich you w ere ...
□ T he w om an he fell in love w ith left him after a m onth,
T he w om an w h o /th at he ...
□ T he m an I was sitting n ext to on the plane talked all the rime,
T he m an w h o /th a t I w as sitting n ext to ...
N o te th a t we say:
the books you w ere looking for
the books you w ere looking for them)
You ca n n o t use w h a t in sentences like these (see also U nit 92C):
□ Everything (that) they said w as true.
Everything w h at they said)
□ I gave her all the m oney (that) I had.
all the m oney w h a t I had)
W h at = ‘th e thing(s) th a t’:
□ D id you h ear w h at they said? (= the things th a t they said)
93.1
In some of th e se sentences you need who or th a t. Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 T h e ^ v o m a n J iv e s ji^ ^
is a doctor.
2 H ave you found the keys you lost?
3 The people we m et last night w ere very nice.
4 T he people w ork in the office are very nice.
5 T he people I w ork w ith are very nice.
6 W h at have you done w ith the m oney I gave you?
W h at happened to the m oney w as on the table?
8 W h a t’s the w o rst film you've ever seen?
9 W h a t’s the best thing it has ever happened to you?
93.2
W hat do you say in th e se situ atio n s? Com plete each sen ten ce with a relative clause.
1 Your friend lost som e keys. You w a n t to k n ow if he has found them . You say:
H ave you f o u n d ...£h.e...tceiis you...Lost......................................................................................................... ?
2 A friend is w earing a dress. You like it. You tell her:
1 like the d r e s s ........................................................................................................................................................
3 A friend is going to see a film. You w a n t to know the nam e o f the film. You say:
W h a t’s the nam e of the f ilm ............................................................................................................................ ?
4 You w an ted to visit a m useum . It w as shut w hen you got there. You tell a friend:
The m u s e u m ................................................................................................. w as shut w hen we g o t there.
5 You invited some people to your party. Some of them c o u ld n 't com e. You tell som eone:
Some o f the p e o p le ................................................................................................. co u ld n ’t com e.
6 Your friend had to do som e w ork. You w a n t to know if she has finished. You say:
H ave you finished the w o r k ..................................................................................................?
You hired a car. It broke dow n after a few miles. You tell a friend:
T he c a r ................................................................................................. broke dow n after a few miles.
8 You stayed at a hotel. Tom had recom m ended it to you. You tell a friend:
We stayed a t a h o t e l ...............................................................................................................................
93.3
Com plete each sen ten ce using a relative clause with a preposition. Choose from the box.
we w ent to a party last night
I w ork w ith som e people
vou w ere lookim»-for som e books
you can rely on G ary
I applied for a job
1 saw vou w ith a man
we were invited to a w edding
you told me a b o u t a hotel
1 Are these the b o o k s ................................................ ?
2 U n fortunately we c o u ld n ’t go to the w e d d in g ..........................................................................
3 I enjoy my job. I like the p e o p le ..........................................................................
4 W h a t’s the nam e of th at h o t e l ............................... :....................................... ?
5 T he p a r t y ........................................................................w asn’t very enjoyable.
6 I d id n ’t get the j o b ..........................................................................
7 G ary is a good person to know. He's s o m e b o d y ..........................................................................
8 W ho was th at m a n .............................................. -........................in the restaurant?
93.4
Put in th a t or w hat where necessary. If the senten ce is already com plete, leave the space empty.
1 I gave her all the m o n e y .........I had. (all the m oney th at I had
D id you h e a r ................they said?
3 They give their children e v e ry th in g ................................they w ant.
4 Tell m e ............................... you w a n t and I’ll try to get it for you.
5 W hy do you blam e me for e v e ry th in g ............................... goes w rong?
6 I w o n ’t be able to do m uch, but I'll d o ................................I can.
7 I w o n ’t be able to do m uch, but I'll do the b e s t ................................I can.
8 I d o n ’t agree w ith ............................... y o u ’ve just said.
9 I d o n ’t tru st him. I d o n 't believe a n y th in g ............................... he says.
W hose
We use w hose in relative clauses instead o f his/her/their:
we saw som e people — ►We saw som e people
th eir car had broken dow n
I
w hose car had broken dow n.
We use w hose m ostly for people:
□ A w idow is a w om an w hose h u sband is dead, (her husband is dead)
□ W h a t’s the nam e of the m an w hose car you borrow ed? (you borrow ed his car)
□ I met som eone w hose b rother I w ent to school with. (1 w ent to school with his/her brother)
C om pare w ho and whose:
□ I m et a m an w ho know s you. (he know s you)
□ 1 m et a m an w hose sister know s you. (his sister know s you)
W hom
W hom is possible instead o f w ho w hen it is the
o f the verb in the relative clause (like the
sentences in U nit 93B):
□ T he w om an w hom I w anted to see w as away. (I w anted to see her)
You can also use w hom w ith a preposition (to w hom / from w hom / w ith w hom etc.):
□ T he people w ith w hom I w o rk are very nice. (I w ork w ith them )
But we do not often use w hom in spoken English. We usually prefer w ho o r th a t, o r nothing
(see U nit 93). So we usually say:
□ T he w om an I w anted to see ...
T he w om an w h o /th at 1 w anted to see ...
□ T he people I w o rk w ith ...
T he people w h o /th at I w ork w ith ...
W here
You can use w here in a relative clause to talk a b o u t a place:
the restau ran t - we had d inner
►T he restau ran t
w here
there
- it w as near the airp o rt
we had dinner w as near the a irp o rt.
□ I recently w ent back to the tow n w here I grew up.
(or ... the tow n I grew up in
... the tow n th a t I grew up in)
□ I w ould like to live in a place w here there is plenty o f sunshine.
We say:
the day / the year / the tim e etc.
som ething happens
th a t som ething happens
□ D o you rem em ber the day (that) we w ent to the zoo?
□ T h e last tim e (that) I saw her, she looked fine.
□ I haven’t seen them since the year (that) they got m arried.
We say:
the reason
som ething happens
that/w h y som ething happens
□ T h e reason I’m phoning you is to ask your advice.
T he reason th a t I’m phoning / T he reason w hy I’m phoning)
94.1
You m et th e se people a t a party:
The next day you tell a friend ab o u t th ese people. Com plete the sen ten ces using who or whose.
1 I m et s o m e b o d v ...w hose mo th er wri t e s d e te c tiv e s tories
2
3
4
5
6
94.2
I m et a m a n ...........................................................................................................................................................
I m et a w o m a n .....................................................................................................................................................
I met s o m e b o d y ....................................................................................................................................................
I m et a c o u p le .......................................................................................................................................................
I m et s o m e b o d y ...................................................................................................................................................
Read the situatio ns and com plete th e senten ces using where.
1 You grew up in a small tow n. You w ent back there recently. You tell som eone this.
I recently w ent back ro the small t o w n ...Wb.?££....!....9r.^!L.k*P......................................................................
2 You w an t to buy som e postcards. You ask a friend w here you can do this.
Is there a shop near h e r e ................................................................................................................. ................ ?
3 You w ork in a factory. The factory is going to close dow n next m onth. You tell a friend:
T he f a c to r y ..................................................................................... is going to close dow n n ex t m onth.
4 Sue is staying a t a hotel. You w a n t to know the nam e o f the hotel. You ask a friend:
Do you know the nam e o f the h o t e l ............................................................................................................ ?
5 You play football in a park on Sundays. You show a friend the park. You say:
This is the park ..............................................................................................................on Sundays.
94.3
Com plete each sen ten ce using w ho/w hom /w hose/w here.
1 W h a fs the nam e o f the m a n .................. c a r y p U borrow ed?
2 A cem etery is a p l a c e ............................... people are buried.
3 A pacifist is a p e r s o n ................................believes th a t all w ars are w rong.
4 An o rp h an is a c h i l d ............................... p aren ts are dead.
5 W h at w as the nam e of the person t o ............................... you spoke on the phone?
6 T he p la c e ................................we spent o u r holidays w as really beautiful.
7 T his school is only for c h ild r e n ................................first language is n o t English.
8 T he w o m an w i t h ................................he fell in love left him after a m onth.
94.4
Use your own ideas to com plete these sentences. They are like th e exam ples in Sections D and E
1 I'll alw ays rem em ber the d a y ...L.&§£...!£.$k..y?!!*........................................................................................
2 I'll never forget the t i m e ....................................................................................................................................
3 T he r e a s o n ....................................................................................... w as th a t I d id n 't know your address
4 U nfortunately I w a sn ’t at hom e the e v e n in g ...............................................................................................
5 T he r e a s o n ..........................................................................................................is th a t they d o n ’t need one
6
w as the v e a r .................................................................................................................... -
T here are tw o types of relative clause. In these exam ples, the relative clauses are underlined.
C om pare:
□ The w om an w ho lives next d oor is
a doctor.
□ B arbara w orks for a com pany th a t
m akes furniture.
□ We staved at the hotel (that) vou
recom m ended.
B
Mv brother Rob. w ho lives in A ustralia.
is a doctor.
□ Colin told me a b o u t his new iob. w hich
he's enioving verv m uch.
□ We staved a t the Park H otel, w hich a
friend o f ours recom m ended.
In these exam ples, the relative clause tells you
w hich person or thing (or w h at kind o f •
person o r thing) the speaker m eans:
‘T he w om an w ho lives next d o o r' tells us
w om an.
‘A com pany th a t m akes fu rn itu re' tells us
o f com pany.
‘T he hotel (that) Ann recom m ended' tells
us
hotel.
In these exam ples, the relative clauses do not
tell you w hich person or thing the speaker
m eans. We already know w hich thing or
person is m eant: ‘M y bro th er R o b ', ‘Colin's
new job' and ‘the Park H o tel’.
The relative clauses in these sentences give us
a b o u t the person o r thing.
We do n o t use com m as (,) w ith these clauses:
□ We know a lot of people w ho live in
London.
We use com m as (,) w ith these clauses:
□ M v b ro th e r R ob. w ho lives in London.
is a doctor.
In both types o f relative clause w e use w ho for people and which for things. But:
You can use that:
□ Do you know anyone w h o /th at speaks
French and Italian?
□ B arbara w orks for a com pany
w h ich /th at m akes furniture.
You can n o t use that:
□ Jo h n , w ho
th a t I speaks French and
Italian, w orks as a to u rist guide.
□ Colin told me a b o u t his new job, which
that) he's enjoying very much.
You can leave o u t w ho/w h ich /th at w hen it is
the object (see U nit 93):
□ We stayed at the hotel (that/w hich) you
recom m ended.
□ T his m orning I m et som ebody
(w ho/that) 1 h a d n ’t seen for ages.
You ca n n o t leave o u t w ho o r which:
We do n o t often use w hom in this type of
clause (see U nit 94B).
You can use w hom for people (when it is the
object):
□ T his m orning I m et C hris, w hom I
h a d n 't seen for ages.
□ W'e stayed at the Park H otel, w hich a
friend of o u rs recom m ended.
□ T his m orning I m et C hris, w ho I h a d n ’t
seen for ages.
In both types o f relative clause you can use w hose and where:
□ We m et som e people w hose car had
broken dow n.
□ W h at’s the nam e of the place w here you
w ent on holiday?
□ Liz, w hose car had broken dow n, w as in
a very bad m ood.
□ Jill has just been to Sweden, w here her
daughter lives.
95.1
Make one sen ten ce from two. Use th e sen ten ce in brackets to m ake a relative clause (Type 2).
You will need to use w ho(m )/w hose/w hich/w here.
1 C atherine is very friendly. (She lives next door.)
2 \X'e stayed a t the Park H otel. (A friend o f o u rs had recom m ended it.)
3 We often go to visit o u r friends in Bristol. (It is n o t very far away.)
4 I w ent to see the doctor, i He told me to rest for a few d a y s.)
5 John is one of my closest friends. 11 have know n him for a very long time.)
J o h n ............ .................................................. ..................... .................................................
6 Sheila is aw ay from hom e a lot. (H er job involves a lot of travelling.)
T he new stadium will be opened next m onth. (It can hold 9 0,000 people.)
8 G lasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (M y bro th er lives there.)
9 A friend of mine helped me to get a job. (His father is the m anager of a com pany.)
95.2
Read th e inform ation and com plete each sentence. Use a relative clause o f Type 1 or Type 2.
Use com m as where necessary.
1 T here's a w om an living next d o o r to me. She's a doctor.
T he w o m a n ....
.......................................................................
2 I've got a bro ther called Rob. He lives in A ustralia. H e’s a doctor.
M v b roth er Rob ,
.....................................................................
3 T here w as a strike at the car factory. It began ten days ago. It is now over.
T he strike at the car f a c to r y ..............................................................................................................................
4 I was looking for a book this m orning. I've found it now.
I've found ................................................ ...............................................................................................................
5 London was once the largest city in the w orld, b ut the p op u latio n is now falling.
T he po pulation of L o n d o n ................................................................................................................................
6 A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications.
Few o f .......................................................................................................................................................................
Amy has a son. She show ed me a ph oto grap h o f him. H e’s a policem an.
Amy show ed m e ....................................................................................................................................................
95.3
Correct the sen tences th a t are wrong and p ut in com m as where necessary. If th e sentence is
correct, write 'OK'.
1 Colin told me ab o u t his n e w ^ o b jh a t,h e ’s enjoying very much.
2 M y office th a t is on the second floor is very small.
3 T he office I’m using at the m om ent is very small.
4 Ben’s father th a t used to be a teacher now w orks for a TV com pany.
5 The do cto r th a t exam ined me c o u ld n ’t find anything w rong.
6 The sun th a t is one o f millions o f stars in the universe provides us w ith heat and light.
w hom /w hich
You can use a
before w hom (for people) and w hich (for things). So you can say:
to w hom / w ith w hom / ab o u t w hich / w ith o u t w hich etc. :
□ M r Lee, to w hom I spoke a t the m eeting, is very interested in o u r proposal.
□ F ortunately we had a m ap, w ith o u t w hich we w ould have got lost.
In inform al English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. W hen we
do this, we norm ally use w h o
w hom ) for people:
O This is my friend from C an ad a, w ho I w as telling you about.
□ Y esterday we visited the City M useum , w hich I'd never been to before.
All o f / m ost o f etc. + w hom /w hich
Study these exam ples:
M ary has three brothers. All o f
them
are m arried.
— *- M ary has three brothers, all o f
w hom
are m arried.
They asked me a lot o f questions. I c o u ld n 't answ er m ost o f them .
— ►They asked me a lot of questions, m ost o f w hich
In the sam e w ay you can say:
n one o f / neither of / any o f / either of
som e o f / m any o f / m uch o f / (a) few o f
b o th o f / h alf o f / each o f / one o f / tw o o f etc.
I c o u ld n 't answer.
+ w hom (people)
+ w hich (things)
□ M artin tried on three jackets, none o f w hich fitted him.
□ Tw o m en, neither o f w hom I had seen before, cam e into the office.
□ T h ey ’ve got three cars, tw o o f w hich they rarely use.
□ Sue has a lot o f friends, m any o f w hom she w as a t school w ith.
You can also say the cause o f w hich / the nam e o f w hich etc. :
□ T he building w as destroyed in a fire, the cause o f which w as never established.
□ We stayed a t a beautiful hotel, the nam e o f w hich I c a n 't rem em ber now.
W hich
w hat)
Study this exam ple:
Joe got the job.
Joe got the job,
T his
surprised everybody.
w hich
surprised everybody.
I------------
------------<
In this exam ple, w hich = ‘the fact th a t he got the job'. You m ust use w hich (
w hat) in
sentences like these:
□ Sarah c o u ld n ’t m eet us, w hich w as a pity. (
w h at w as a pity)
□ T he w eath er w as good, w hich w e h a d n 't expected,
w h a t we h a d n 't expected)
For w h at, see Units 92C and 93D .
96.1
W rite th e relative clauses in a more form al way using a preposition + w hom /w hich.
1 Yesterday we visited the City M useum , w hich I'd never been ro before.
Yesterday we visited the City M u s e u m ,.......................................................................................................
2 M y b ro th er show ed us his new car, w hich he’s very proud of.
My b ro th er show ed us his new c a r , ..............................................................................................................
3 This is a p h o to g rap h o f o u r friends C hris and Sam, w ho we w ent on holiday w ith.
T his is a p h o to g rap h o f o u r friends C hris and S a m ,...............................................................................
4 T he w edding, w hich only m em bers o f the family w ere invited to, took place on Friday.
T he w edding...........................................................................................................................................................
too k place on Friday.
96.2
Use the inform ation in th e first sen ten ce to com plete the second sentence. Use all o f / m ost o f
etc. or th e .. of + w hom /w hich.
1 All o f M a ry ’s broth ers are m arried.
M ary has three b r o th e r s ,.......................................................................................................................... ..... .
2 M ost of the inform ation we w ere given w as useless.
We w ere given a lot o f in fo rm atio n ................................................................................................................
3 Jan e has received neither o f the letters I sent her.
I sent Jane nvo le tte r s ,.......................................................................................................................................
4 N one of the ten people w ho applied for the job w as suitable.
Ten people applied for the j o b , .......................................................................................................................
5 K ate hardly ever uses one o f her com puters.
Kate has got tw o c o m p u te r s ,...........................................................................................................................
6 M ike gave half o f the £ 5 0 ,0 0 0 he w on to his parents.
M ike w on £ 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,............................................................................................................................................
Both of Julia's sisters are teachers.
Julia has nvo s is te r s ,...........................................................................................................................................
S I w ent to a party - I knew only a few of the people there.
There w ere a lot o f people at the p a r ty ,......................................................................................................
9 T he sides of the ro ad we drove along were lined w ith trees.
We drove along the ro ad , t h e ..........................................................................................................................
10 T he aim of the com pany's new business plan is to save money.
The com pany has a new business p l a n , .......................................................................................................
96.3
Join sen ten ces from the boxes to m ake new sentences. Use which.
1 Laura co u ld n 't com e t o the party.
2 Jane doesn't have a phone.
3 Neil has passed his exam s.
4 O u r flight was delayed.
5 K ate offered to let me stay a t her house.
6 T he street 1 live in is very noisy a t night.
O u r car has broken dow n.
T his w as very kind o f her.
T his m eans we c an ’t go aw ay tom orrow .
T his m akes it difficult to co n ta ct her.
T his m akes it difficult to sleep som etim es.
T h is-wa s a-p ity.
T his is good news.
T his m eant we had to w ait three hours a t the
airp o rt.
1 L aura couldn’t com e to the p a r ty ,...
2 Jane ...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
4
........................................................................................
5
6
-.......................................................
A
is a p a rt o f a sentence. Some clauses begin w ith -ing or -ed. For exam ple:
Do you know the w om an talking to T om ?
-ing
—
O.M
the w om an
talking to Tom
T he boy injured in the accident w as taken to hospita
--------- -cd
----------
the boy injured
in the accident
We use -ing clauses to say w h a t som ebody (or som ething) is (or was) doing a t a p articular time:
□ D o you know the w om an talking to Sam? (the w om an is talking to Sam)
□ Police investigating the crime are looking for three men. (police are investigating the crime)
□ W ho w ere those people w aiting outside? (they were w aiting)
□ I w as w oken up by a bell ringing, (a bell w'as ringing)
You can also use an -ing clause to say w h a t happens all the tim e, n o t just at a particu lar time.
F or exam ple:
□ T he ro ad connecting the tw o villages is very narrow , (the road connects the tw o villages)
□ 1 have a large room overlooking the garden, (the room overlooks the garden)
□ C an you think o f the nam e of a flower beginning w ith T? (the nam e begins w'ith T)
-ed clauses have a
m eaning:
□ T he boy injured in the accident w as taken to hospital, (he w as injured in the accident)
□ G eorge show ed me som e pictures painted by his father, (they had been painted by
his father)
Injured and invited are
N o te th at m any past participles are irregular and do n o t
end in -ed (stolen/m ade/w ritten etc.):
□ T he police never found the m oney stolen in the robbery.
□ M o st o f the goods m ade in this factory are exported.
You can use left in this way, w ith the m eaning ‘no t used, still there':
□ We’ve eaten nearly all the chocolates. T here are only a few left.
We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is / there w as etc. :
□ T h ere w ere som e children sw im m ing in the river.
□ Is there anybody w aiting?
□ T h ere w as a big red car parked outside the house.
97.1
Make one sen ten ce from two. Com plete th e sen ten ces with an -in g clause.
1 A bell w as ringing. I w as w oken up by it.
I w as w oken up b y ...............................................................................................................................................
2 A m an w as sitting n ex t to me on the plane. I d id n 't talk m uch to him.
I d id n 't talk m uch to t h e ......................................................................................................................................
3 A taxi w as taking us to the airp o rt. It broke dow n.
T h e .................................................................................................................................................broke dow n.
4 T here's a p ath a t the end o f this street. T he path leads to the river.
At the end of the street there's a ........................................................................................................................
5 A factory has just opened in the to w n . It em ploys 500 people.
A ....................................................................................................................has just opened in the tow n.
6 T he com pany sent me a brochure. It co ntained the inform ation I needed.
T he com pany sent m e ...........................................................................................................................................
97.2
Make one sen ten ce from two, beginning as show n. Each tim e m ake an -e d clause.
1 A boy w as injured in the accident. H e w as taken to hospital.
....................w as taken to hospital.
The b o y ...ui the.
2 A gate w as dam aged in the storm . It has now been repaired.
T he g a t e ...................................................................................................... has now been repaired.
3 A nu m b er o f suggestions w ere m ade at the m eeting. M ost o f them w ere n o t very practical.
M ost o f t h e ........................................................................................w ere n o t very practical.
4 Some paintings w ere stolen from the m useum . They haven’t been found yet.
T h e ...................................................................................................... . haven’t been found yet.
5 A m an w as arrested by the police. W h a t w as his name?
W h at w as the nam e o f ....................................................................................................................................... ?
97.3
Com plete th e sen ten ces using th e following verbs in th e correct form :
blow
call
invite
live
offer
read
-ring^
sit
study
w ork
1 I w as w oken up by a b e l l .....................
2 Some of the p e o p le ....................to the party c a n 't com e.
3 Life m ust be very unpleasan t for p e o p le ......................................near busy airports.
4 A few days after the interview, I received a le t t e r ......................................me the job.
5 Som ebody ..................................... Jack phoned w hile you w ere out.
6 T here w as a t r e e ......................................dow n in the storm last night.
T he w aiting room w as em pty except for a young m a n ......................................by the w indow
......................................a m agazine.
S Ian has a b r o th e r ......... ............................ in a bank in London and a s is te r ........................................
econom ics at university in M anchester.
97.4
Use th e words in brackets to m ake sen ten ces using There is / There was etc.
1 T h a t house is em pty, (nobody / live / in it) .................................................................................................
2 The accident w asn 't serious, (nobody / injure) ..........................................................................................
3 I can hear footsteps, (som ebody / com e)
T h e r e ..........................................................................................................................................................................
4 T he train w as full, (a lot of people / travel)
5 We w ere the only guests a t the hotel, (nobody else / stay there)
6 T he piece of paper w as blank, (nothing / w rite / on it)
T he college offers English courses in the evening, (a course / begin / next M onday)
T here are m any adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, for exam ple: boring and bored. Study this
exam ple situation:
Jane has been doing rhe sam e job for a very long
time. Every day she does exactly the same thing
again and again. She d o esn ’t enjoy her job any­
m ore and w ould like to do som ething different.
Jane's job is boring.
boring
Jane is bored (with her job).
Som ebody is bored if som ething (or som ebody else) is boring. Or, if som ething is boring,
it m akes you bored. So:
□ Jane is bored because her job is boring.
□ Ja n e ’s job is boring, so Jane is bored,
Jane is boring)
If a person is boring, this m eans th a t they m ake o th er people bored:
□ G eorge alw ays talk s a b o u t the sam e things. H e’s really boring.
C om pare adjectives ending in -ing an d -ed:
□ M y job is
boring.
interesting.
tiring.
satisfying.
depressing, etc.
In these exam ples, the -ing adjective tells
you a b o u t the job.
□ I'm bored w ith my job.
G I’m n o t interested in my job any m ore.
Z I get very tired doing my job.
G I'm not satisfied w ith my job.
Z M y job m akes me depressed, etc.
In these exam ples, the -ed adjective tells you
h o w som ebody feels (about the job
C om pare these exam ples:
interesting
G Julia thinks politics is interesting.
□ D id you m eet anyone interesting at
the party?
interested
Julia is interested in politics.
interesting in politics)
C Are you interested in buying a car?
I'm trying to sell mine.
surprising
O It w as surprising th a t he passed the
exam .
surprised
G Everybody w as surprised th a t he passed
the exam .
disappointing
Q T he film w as disappointing.
We expected it ro be m uch better.
disappointed
G We w ere disappointed w ith the film.
We expected it to be m uch better.
shocking
□ T he new s w as shocking.
shocked
I w as shocked w hen I heard the new s.
98.1
Com plete th e sen ten ces for each situ atio n . Use th e word in brackets + -in g or -ed.
1 T he film w a sn 't as g o o d as we had expected, (d isap p o in t...)
a T he film w a s ...
.....
b We w e r e ............................... w ith the film.
2 D onna tcaches young children. It's a very hard job, but she enjoys it. (ex h aust...)
a She enjoys her job, but it's o f t e n .....................................................
b At the end of a day ’s w ork, she is o f t e n .....................................................
3 It's been raining all day. I hate this w eather, (depress...)
a This w eather is .....................................................
b This w-eather m akes m e .............. ..............-.......................
c It's silly to g e t .............. ....................................because of the weather.
4 C lare is going to M exico next m o n th . She has never been there before. (cxcit— )
a It will be a n .................................................. experience for her.
b G oing to new places is a lw a y s .....................................................
c She is r e a lly .................................................. a b o u t going to M exico.
98.2
Choose th e correct word.
1 I w a s -disap p ointing-/ disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better.
(disappointed
I
2 Are you interesting / interested in football?
3 The football m atch w as very exciting / excited. I enjoyed it.
4 It's som etim es em barrassing / em barrassed w hen you have to ask people for money.
5 Do you easily get em barrassing / em b arrassed?
6 I had never expected to get the job. I was really am azing / am azed when I w as offered it.
She has really learnt very fast. She has m ade astonishing / astonished progress.
8 I d id n 't find the situation funny. I w as not am using / am used.
9 It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. A fterw ards everybody was very shocking /
shocked.
10 W hy do you alw ays look so boring / b o red ? Is your life really so boring / b o red ?
11 He's one of the m ost boring / bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he never
says an ything interesting / interested.
98.3
Complete each sen tence using a word from the box.
am using/am used
confusing/confused
exhausting/exhausted
annoying/annoyed
disgusting/disgusted
interesting/interested
boring/bored
exciting/excitcd
surprising/surprised
1 He w orks very hard. It's n o t ...surprisin g...th at he’s alw ays tired.
2 I've got noth in g to do. I 'm .....................................................
3 T he teach er’s explanation w a s ..................................................... M ost o f the students d id n ’t
u n derstand it.
4 T he kitchen h a d n 't been cleaned for ages. It w as r e a lly .....................................................
5 I seldom visit a rt galleries. I'm n o t p a rtic u la rly .................................................. in art.
6 T h ere’s no need to g e t .................................................. just because I’m a few m inutes late.
7 The lecture w a s ..................................................... I fell asleep.
8 I've been w orking very hard all day and now I’m .....................................................
9 I'm starting a new job next week. I'm v e r y .................................................. a b o u t it.
10 Steve is very good at telling funny stories. He can be v e r y .....................................................
11 Liz is a v e r y .................................................. person. She know s a lot, she’s travelled a lot and she’s
done lots o f different things.
Som etim es we use tw o o r m ore adjectives together:
□ M y b ro th e r lives in a nice new house.
□ In the kitchen there w as a beautiful large round w ooden table.
A djectives like n ew /large/round/w ooden are
adjectives. They give us factual inform ation
a b o u t age, size, co lo u r etc.
A djectives like nice/beautiful a re
adjectives. T hey tell us w h at som ebody thinks of
som ething o r som ebody.
O p in io n adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.
a
an
a
nice
interesting
delicious
beautiful
long
young
hot
large ro u n d w ooden
sum m er holiday
m an
vegetable soup
table
Som etim es we use tw o o r m ore fact adjectives together. Usually (but n o t alw ays) we put fact
adjectives in this order:
a tall young m an (1 -* 2)
big blue eyes (1 —» 3)
a small black plastic bag (1 —» 3 —» 5)
a large w ooden table (1
5)
an old R ussian song (2 -* 4)
an old w hite cotton shirt (2 —» 3 —» 5)
A djectives o f size and length (big/sm all/tall/short/long etc.) usually go before adjectives o f shape
and w idth (round/fat/thin/slim /w ide etc.):
a large ro u n d table
a tall thin girl
a long n arro w street
W hen there are tw o o r m ore co lo u r adjectives, w e use and:
a black and w hite dress
a red, w hite and green flag
T his does not usually happen w ith o th er adjectives before a noun:
a long black dress (
a long and black dress)
We use adjectives after be/get/becom e/seem :
□ Be careful!
□ I’m tired and I’m getting hungry.
□ As the film w ent on, it becam e m ore and m ore boring.
□ Your friend seems very nice.
We also use adjectives to say how som ebody/som ething looks, feels, sounds, tastes o r smells:
□ You look tired. / 1 feel tired. / She sounds tired.
□ T he d in n er smells good.
O T his tea tastes a bit strange.
But to say
som ebody does som ething you m ust use an
□ D rive carefully! (
Drive careful)
□ Susan plays the piano very well,
plays ... very good)
(see Units 100-101):
We say ‘the first tw o days / the n ext few weeks / the last ten m inutes’ etc. :
□ I d id n ’t enjoy the first tw o days o f the course,
the tw o first days)
□ T h ey ’ll be aw ay for the n ext few w eeks,
the few next weeks)
99.1
Put th e adjectives in brackets in th e correct position.
1 a beautiful table (w ooden / round)
...............................................................................................
2 an unusual ring (gold)
............................................................. ..................................
3 an old house (beautiful)
...............................................................................................
4 black gloves (leather)
...............................................................................................
............................................................. -................................
5 an A m erican film (old)
6 a long face (thin)
...............................................................................................
7 big clouds (black)
...............................................................................................
8 a sunny day (lovely)
........... .,.................................................................................
9 an ugly dress (yellow)
...............................................................................................
10 a wide avenue (long)
............................................-.................................................
11 a red car (old / little)
12 a new sw eater (green / nice)
...............................................................................................
13 a m etal box (black / small)
...............................................................................................
14 a big cat (fa t/b la c k )
...............................................................................................
......... ....................................................................................
15 a little village (o ld /lo v e ly )
16 lo n g h a ir (black / beautiful)
...............................................................................................
17 an old painting (interesting / French) ...............................................................................................
18 an enorm ous um brella (red / yellow) .......................................................................................... ....
99.2
Complete each sentence with a verb (in th e correct form) and an adjective from the boxes.
feel
smell
look
sound
seem
taste
awful
nice
fine
^ipset
interesting
wet
1 H e le n ...
..!£RS&k..1. this m orning. D o you know w h a t w as w rong?
2 1 c a n 't eat this. I’ve just tried it and i t .....................................................
3 I w asn ’t very well yesterday, but I .................................................. today.
4 W h at beautiful flowers! T h e y .................................................. too.
5 Y o u ..................................................... H ave you been o u t in the rain?
6 Jim w as telling me a b o u t his new job. I t ...........................................- much better than his old job.
99.3
Put in th e correct word.
1 This tea tastes a b i t ...SkftOgfe...... (strange / strangely)
2 I alw ays f e e l............................... w hen the sun is shining, (happy / happily)
3 T he children w ere p la y in g ............................... in the garden, (happy / happily)
4 T he m an b e c a m e ................................w hen the m anager o f the re sta u ra n t asked him to leave.
(violent / violently)
5 You l o o k ............................... ! Are you all right? (terrible / terribly)
6 T here's no p o in t in doing a job if you d o n ’t do i t .................................. (proper / properly)
7 T he soup ta s t e s .................................. (good / well)
8 H u rry up! You’re alw ays s o .................................. (slow / slowly)
99.4
W rite th e follow ing in an o th e r way using th e f i r s t ... / th e n ex t ... / th e last ... .
1 the first day and the second day of the course .....&^.fe§L.fe^.fi...^!0^§....fi£...t!!!.6...fiP.!4.r.§fe,...................
2 next week and the week after
weeks..................................................
3
4
5
6
7
8
yesterday an d the day before yesterday
the first week and the second week o f M ay
to m o rro w and a few days after th a t
questions 1, 2 and 3 in the exam
n ext year and the year after
the last day o f o u r holiday and the tw o days
before th at
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.................................................................. -........................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
L ook at these exam ples:
□ O u r holiday w as to o sh o rt - the tim e passed very quickly.
□ Tw o people w ere seriously injured in the accident.
Q uickly an d seriously are
M any adverbs are form ed from an adjective + -ly:
quick
serious
careful
quiet
heavy
bad
quickly
seriously
carefully
quietly
heavily
badly
F or spelling, see A ppendix 6.
N o t all w ords ending in -ly are adverbs. Some
friendly
lively
elderly
lonely
silly
end in -ly to o , for exam ple:
lovely
A djective o r adverb?
Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us a b o u t a
(som ebody o r som ething). We use
adjectives before nouns:
□ Sam is a careful driver.
a carefully driver)
□ We d id n ’t go o u t because o f the heavy
rain.
A dverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us ab o u t
a
som ebody does som ething or
som ething happens):
□ Sam drove carefully along the n arrow
road,
drove careful)
□ We d id n 't go o u t because it w as raining
heavily. (
raining heavy)
C om pare:
1
1_
□ She speaks perfect English.
□ She speaks English perfectly.
We also use adjectives after som e verbs, especially be, and also look/feel/sound etc.
C om pare:
□ Please be quiet.
□ I w as disapp o in ted th a t my exam results
w ere so bad.
□ W hy do you alw ays look so serious?
□ I feel happy.
We also use adverbs before
reasonably cheap
terribly sorry
incredibly quickly
and
+
+
+
□ Please speak quietly.
□ I w as unhappy th a t I did so badly in the
exam . (
did so bad)
□ W hy do you never take me seriously?
C T he children w ere playing happily.
For exam ple:
□ It’s a reasonably cheap restau ran t and the food is extrem ely good.
□ I’m terribly sorry. I d id n ’t m ean to push you. (
terrible sorry)
□ M aria learns languages incredibly quickly.
□ T he exam in atio n w as surprisingly easy.
You can also use an adverb before a
(injured/organised/w ritten etc.):
□ Tw o people w ere seriously injured in the accident,
serious injured)
□ T he m eeting w as very badly organised.
100.1 Com plete each sen ten ce with an adverb. The first letters of th e adverb are given.
1 We d id n 't go o u t because it w as raining heM .4i)......
2 O u r ream lost the gam e because we played very b a ..................................
3 I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea ..................................
4 We had to w ait for a long tim e, but we d id n ’t com plain. We w aited p a t..................................
5 N o b o d y knew Steve w as com ing to see us. H e arrived u n ex ..................................
6 M ike keeps fit by playing tennis reg..................................
7 I d o n 't speak French very well, but I can u n d erstand p er............................... if people speak
si............... ............... and cl......... ..........................
100.2 Put in th e correct word.
1 Tw o people w ere ........................injured in the accident, (serious / seriously)
2 T he driver of the car had .................... injuries, (serious / seriously)
3 I think you behaved v e r y .................................. (selfish / selfishly)
4 Rose i s ............................... upset a b o u t losing her job. (terrible / terribly)
5 T here w as a ............................... change in the w eather, (sudden / suddenly)
6 Everybody a t the party w a s ................................ dressed, (colourful / colourfully)
7 Linda likes w e a r in g ............................... clothes, (colourful / colourfully)
8 Liz fell and h u rt herself q u i t e .................................. (bad / badly)
9 Joe says he d id n 't do well a t school because he w a s ................................taught, (bad / badly)
10 D o n 't go up th a t ladder. It d o esn 't l o o k ................................... (safe / safely)
100.3 Com plete each sen ten ce using a word from th e box. Som etim es you need th e adjective (careful
etc.) and som etim es th e adverb (carefully etc.).
careful(ly)
hap p y /h ap p ily
com plete(ly)
nervous(lv)
continuous(lv)
perfect(ly)
fin a n c ia lly )
quick(ly)
flucnt(ly)
special(ly)
1 O u r holiday w as to o sh o rt. T he tim e passed v e r y ...‘Jwick.U)......
2 Steve d o esn ’t take risks w hen he’s driving. H e’s a lw a y s ..................................
3 Sue w o r k s .................................. She never seems to stop.
4 Rachel and Patrick are v e r y ............................... m arried.
5 M aria’s English is v e r y ............................... alth o ugh she m akes quite a lot of m istakes.
6 I cooked this m e a l ............................... for you, so I hope you like it.
7 Everything w as very quiet. T here w a s ............................... silence.
8 I tried on the shoes and they fitted m e ..................................
9 Do you usually f e e l................................before exam inations?
10 I'd like to buy a car, but it’s .................................im possible for me at the m om ent.
100.4 Choose tw o words (one from each box) to com plete each sentence.
absolutely
reasonably
unnecessarily
badly
seriouslv
unusually
com pletely
slightly
changed
enorm ous
planned
^heap^
ill
quiet
dam aged
long
1 I th o u g h t the restau ran t w ould be expensive, bur it w a s ...........................................
2 Steve’s m other i s ............................................................... in hospital.
3 W h at a big house! It’s .............................................. ...................
4 It w asn’t a serious accident. T he c a r w as o n l y ..................................................................
5 The children are norm ally very lively, but they’r e ...............................................................today.
6 W hen I returned hom e after 20 years, everything h a d ..................................................................
7 The film w a s ........................................................... It could have been much shorter.
8 A lot w ent w rong during our holiday because it w a s ...........................................................
G ood/w ell
G ood is an
T he
□ Your English is good.
□ Susan is a good pianist,
is well:
You speak English well.
Susan plays the piano well.
We use well
good) w ith
(dressed/know n etc.):
w ell-dressed
w ell-know n
w ell-educated
well-paid
□ G ary ’s father is a w ell-know n writer.
But well is also an adjective w ith the m eaning ‘in good health':
□ ‘H o w are you today? ‘I’m very well, th an k s.’
F ast/hard/latc
These w ords are both adjectives an d adverbs:
□ D arren is a very fast runner.
□ K ate is a hard w orker.
□ I w as late.
Lately = recently:
□ H ave you seen Tom lately?
D arren can run very fast.
Kate w orks hard,
w orks hardly)
I got up late this m orning.
H ardly
H ard ly = very little, alm ost not. Study these exam ples:
□ Sarah w a sn ’t very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me.
(= she spoke to me very little, alm ost n o t a t all)
□ W e’ve only m et once o r tw ice. We hardly knowr each other.
H a rd and h ardly are different. C om pare:
□ He tried h ard to find a job, b u t he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, w ith a lot o f effort)
□ I’m n o t surprised he d id n ’t find a job. H e hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very little)
You can use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anvw here:
□ A: H o w m uch m oney have we got?
B: H ard ly any. (= very little, alm ost none)
□ T hese tw o cam eras are very similar. T h ere’s hardly
any difference betw een them .
□ T he exam results w ere very bad. H ardly anybody in
o u r class passed. (= very few stud ents passed)
N o te th a t you can say:
□ She said hardly anything.
She hardly said anything.
□ W e’ve got hardly any money,
W e’ve hardly got any money.
I can hardly do som ething = it’s very difficult for me, alm ost im possible:
□ Your w riting is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is alm ost im possible to read it)
□ M y leg w as h u rtin g me. I could h ardly w alk.
H ard ly ever = alm ost never:
□ I’m nearly alw ays a t hom e in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.
H ard ly also m eans ‘certainly n o t’. For exam ple:
□ It’s h ardly surprising th a t y o u ’re tired. You h aven't slept for three days.
(= it’s certainly n o t surprising)
□ T he situ atio n is serious, but it’s hardly a crisis. (= it’s certainly n o t a crisis)
101.1 Put in good or well.
1 I play tennis hut I'm n o t v e r y ...jp o d ..... ............ 7 Lucy speaks G erm an v e r y ...............................
2 Your exam results w ere v e r y ............................
8 Lucy’s G erm an is v e r y .............................
3 ’lo u d i d ......................... in your exam s.
9 O u r new' business isn’t doing very
4 The w eath er w a s .........................w hile we
......................... at the m om ent.
w ere on holiday.
10 I like your hat. It lo o k s ....................... on you.
11 I’ve m et her a few tim es, but I d o n ’t know
5 I d id n ’t s le e p ......................... last night.
6 H ow are you? Are y o u ................. ........?
h e r .........................
101.2 Com plete th e se sen ten ces using well + th e following words:
b ehaved
dressed
inform ed
kept
know n
paid
w ritten
1 T he children w ere very good. They w e r e ...w ^ - b ^ & v e c l......
2
3
4
5
6
I'm surprised you h av en 't heard o f her. She is q u i t e ...............................................................................
O u r neigh b o urs' garden is n eat and tidy. It is v e r y .................................................................................
I enjoyed the book vou lent me. It's a g reat story and it's v e r y ..........................................................
Tania know s a lo t a b o u t m any things. She is v e r y ..................................................................................
M ark 's clothes are alw ays sm art. He is a lw a y s ........................................................................................
Jane has a lot of responsibility in her job, but she isn't v e r y ...............................................................
Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct them w here necessary.
1 I'm tired because I've been w orking h a rd . ’
.....QK....................................................................
2 I tried hard to rem em ber her nam e, but I c o u ld n 't......................................................................................
3 This co at is practically unused. I've hardlv w orn it.....................................................................................
Judy is a good tennis player. She hits the ball h ard lv ..................................................................................
5 D o n't w alk so fa st! I c an 't keep up w ith you.
............................................................................
6 I had plenty of tim e, so I was w alking slow .
............................................................................
Complete th e sentences. Use hardly + the following verbs (in the correct form):
change
hear
know
recognise
say
sleep
speak
1 Scott and Tracy have only m et once before. T h e y ............................... each other.
2 Y ou're speaking very quietly. I c a n ............................................................... you.
3 I'm very tired this m orning. I ............................................................... last night.
We w ere so shocked w hen we heard the new s, we c o u ld ..................................................................
5 Kate w as very quiet this evening. S h e ...............................................................a w ord.
6 You look the same now as you looked 15 years ago. You’v e .................................................................
I m et Dave a few days ago. h a d n 't seen him for a long tim e and he looks very different now.
I ............................................................... him.
Com plete th ese sentences with hardly + any /an yb ody/anything/anyw here/ever.
1 I’ll have to go shopping. T h e r e 's .... to eat.
2 It w as a very w arm day and there w a s .................................................. w ind.
3 'D o you know m uch a b o u t co m p u ters?’ ‘N o , ..................................................... ’
The hotel was alm ost empty. T here w a s .................................................. staying there.
5 I listen to the radio quite often, b ut I .................................................. w atch television.
6 O u r new boss is n o t very popular. .................................................. likes her.
It was very crow ded in the room . T here w a s .................................................. to sit.
8 We used to be good friends, but w e .................................................. see each o th er now.
9 It was nice driving this m orning. T here w a s .................................................. traffic.
I hate this tow n. There’s .................................................. to do a n d .................................................... to go.
C om pare so and such:
We use so +
so stupid
so nice
so quick
so quickly
□ I d id n ’t like the book. T he story w as so
stupid.
□ I like Liz an d Joe. They are so nice.
We use such +
such a story
such people
We also use such +
+
such a stupid story
such nice people
□ I d id n ’t like the book. It w as such a
stupid story.
a so stupid story)
□ I like Liz and Joe. They are such nice
people.
so nice people)
We say such a ...
such a big dog
a such):
a such big dog)
So an d such m ake the m eaning o f an adjective (or adverb) stronger:
□ It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? It’s so w arm .
(= really w arm )
□ It’s difficult to und erstan d him because
he talks so quietly.
□ It w as a great holiday. We had such a
good time. (= a really good time)
You can use so ... that:
□ T he book w as so good th a t I c o u ld n ’t
p u t it dow n.
□ I was so tired th a t I fell asleep in the
arm chair.
You can use such ... that:
□ It was such a good book th a t I co u ld n 't
p u t it dow n.
□ It w as such nice w eather th at we spent
the w hole day on the beach.
We usually leave o u t that:
□ I w as so tired I fell asleep.
We usually leave o u t that:
Z It w as such nice w eather we spent ...
We also use so and such w ith the m eaning ‘like th is’:
□ Som ebody told me the house w as built
100 years ago. I d id n ’t realize it w as
so old. (= as old as it is)
□ I’m tired because I g o t up at six.
I d o n ’t usually get up so early.
□ I expected the w eath er to be cooler.
I’m surprised it is so w arm .
□ I d id n ’t realise it w as such an old house.
□ You know it’s n o t true. H o w can you
say such a thing?
N o te the expression no such ... :
□ You w o n ’t find the w ord ‘blid’ in the
dictionary. T h ere’s no such w ord.
(= this w ord does n o t exist)
C om pare:
so long
□ I hav en ’t seen her for so long I’ve
forgotten w h a t she looks like.
such a long time
□ I haven’t seen her for such a long time.
so long time)
so far
□ I d id n ’t know it w as so far.
such a long w ay
□ I d id n ’t know it w as such a long way.
so m uch, so m any
□ I’m sorry I’m late - there w as so m uch
traffic.
such a lot (of)
□ I’m sorry I'm late - there w as such a lot
o f traffic.
102.1 Put in so, such or such a.
1 It’s difficult to und erstan d him because he s p e a k s ... ... quietly.
2 1 like Liz an d Joe. T h ey ’r e ............... nice people.
3 It w as a g reat holiday. We h a d ...sucH.A... good time.
4 I w as surprised th a t he lo o k e d ............................... well after his recent illness.
5 Everything i s ............................... expensive these days, isn’t it?
6 T he w eath er is beautiful, isn't it? I d id n ’t expect it to b e ................................nice day.
7 I have to go. I d id n 't realise it w a s ................................late.
8 H e alw ays looks good. H e w e a r s ........................ .......nice clothes.
9 It w a s ............................... boring film th a t I fell asleep while I w as w atching it.
10 I c o u ld n 't believe the news. It w a s ................................shock.
11 I think she w orks to o hard . She l o o k s ............................... tired all the time.
12 T he food a t the hotel w a s ............................. aw ful. I’ve never e a t e n ...............................aw ful food.
13 T h ey ’ve g o t ................................m uch m oney they d o n ’t know w h a t to do w ith it.
14 I d id n ’t realise you liv e d ............................... long w ay from the city centre.
15 The party w as really great. It w a s ............................... pity you c o u ld n ’t com e.
102.2 Make one sen ten ce from two. Use so or such.
1 4 h e - w e f M - b a « i,
2 jf-was-a- beautiful da v.3 I w as tired.
4 We had a good tim e on holiday.
5 She speaks English well.
6 I’ve got a lot to do.
7 T he m usic w as loud.
8 I had a big breakfast.
9 It w as h orrible w’eather.
10 I w as surprised.
2
You could hear it from miles away.
You w ould think it w as her native language.
We spent the w hole day indoors.
She m ade herself ilb
I c o u ld n ’t keep my eyes open.
I d id n ’t eat anything else for the rest of the day.
JW e-deetded-te-ge-to the beach.
I d id n 't know w h a t to say.
I d o n ’t know w here to begin.
We d id n ’t w an t to com e hom e.
She work e d so H a rd s h e m ad e h e r s e lf lit . ........................................
It m i s su c h a. b eau tcfu l d a g w e d e c id e d to go to th e beach.
3 I w a s ...................... ...................................................................................................
4
_.............................................. ....
.............................................................................................................................
5
.......................................................................................... .....................
8 ...... ........................................................................................ ...........................................
9
10
............................................................................... ............ ......................
102.3 Use your own ideas to com plete th e se pairs o f sentences.
1 a We enjoyed o u r holiday. It w as so
..........................................
b Wc enjoyed o u r holiday. We had s u c h .... a..good..tiroe........................
2 a I like C atherine. She's s o ................................................................................
b I like C atherine. She’s s u c h ............................................................................
3 a I like N ew York. It’s s o ..................................................................................
b I like N ew York. It’s s u c h ..............................................................................
4 a I w o u ld n ’t like to be a teacher. It’s so .......................................................
b I w o u ld n ’t like to be a teacher. It’s s u c h ....................................................
5 a It’s great to see you again! I haven’t seen you for s o ............................
b It’s great to see you again! I haven’t seen you for s u c h .......................
E nough goes
adjectives and adverbs:
□ I c a n ’t run very far. I'm n o t fit enough,
enough fit)
□ Let’s go. We’ve w aited long enough.
□ Is Joe going to apply for the job? Is he experienced enough?
C om pare too ... and not ... enough:
□ You never stop w orking. You w o rk too hard.
(= m ore than is necessary)
□ You’re lazy. You d o n ’t w ork h ard enough.
(= less th an is necessary)
Enough norm ally goes
nouns:
□ I can ’t ru n very far. I haven’t got enough energy,
energy enough)
□ Is Joe going to apply for the job? Does he have enough experience?
□ We’ve g o t enough m oney. We d o n ’t need any m ore.
□ Some o f us had to sit on the floor because there w eren ’t enough chairs.
N o te th a t we say:
□ We d id n ’t have enough tim e,
the tim e w asn 't enough)
□ T here is enough m oney,
the m oney is enough)
You can use enough alone (w ith o u t a noun):
□ We d o n ’t need any m ore money. W e’ve got enough.
C om pare too m uch/m any and enough:
□ T h ere’s to o m uch furn itu re in this room . T h ere’s n o t enough space.
□ T here w ere to o m any people and n o t enough chairs.
We say enougW too ... for som ebody/som ething:
□ We hav en ’t got enough m oney for a holiday.
□ Is Joe experienced enough for the job?
□ This sh irt is too big for me. I need a sm aller size.
But we say en o u g h /to o ... to d o som ething
for doing). For exam ple:
□ We hav en ’t got enough m oney to go on holiday,
for going)
□ Is Joe experienced enough to d o the job?
□ T hey’re to o young to get m arried. / T hey’re n o t old enough to get m arried.
□ Let’s get a taxi. It’s to o far to w alk hom e from here.
□ T he bridge is just w ide enough for tw o cars to pass each other.
We say:
T he food w as very hot. We c o u ld n ’t eat it.
T he food w as so h o t th a t we c o u ld n 't eat it.
T he food w as to o hot to eat.
it)
Some m ore exam ples like this:
□ These boxes are to o heavy to carry.
to o heavy to carry them )
□ T he w allet w as too big to p u t in my pocket.
to o big to p u t it)
□ This ch air isn’t strong enough to stand on.
strong enough to stand on it)
103.1 Com plete th e sen ten ces using en o u g h + th e following words:
big
chairs
cups
-fit-
milk
m oney
qualifications
room
time
w arm
well
1 I c a n 't run very far. I'm n o t ..............................
2 Some of us had to sit on the floor because there w eren’t ...^® wg|l.icn& irs......
3 I'd like to buy a car. b u t I haven’t g o t ...............................................................at the m om ent.
4 H ave you g o t .............................................................. in your coffee o r w ould you like som e more?
5 Are v o u ...............................................................? O r shall I sw itch on the hearing?
6 It's only a sm all car. T here i s n 't ............................................................... for all o f us.
Steve d id n 't feel ...............................................................to go to w ork this m orning.
8 I enjoyed my trip to Paris, but there w asn ’t ............................................................... to do everything
I w anted.
9 D o you think I've g o t ...............................................................to apply for the job?
10 Try this jacket on and see if i t 's ............................................................... for you.
11 There w e r e n 't...............................................................for everybody to have coffee a t the same time.
103.2 Com plete th e answ ers to th e questions. Use to o or eno u g h + the word(s) in brackets.
Y \
1
Are thev soinii ro se t m a rrie d ? \
2
I need to talk to you a b o u t som ething.
3
Let's go to the cinem a.
4
W hv d o n 't we sir outside?
5
W ould you like to be a politician?
6
W ould you like to be a teacher?
*7
Did you hear w h at he w as saying?
8
C an he read a new spaper in English?
^U )ld)
N o , thev’re n o t ...
get married.
Well, I’m afraid I’m ............................
............................................to you now.
(late)
N o , it’s ....................................................
to the cinem a.
(w arm )
It’s n o t .....................................................
outside.
(shv)
N o , I’m ...................................................
............................................ a politician.
(patience) N o , I haven’t g o t .................................
................................................ a teacher.
(far aw ay) N o, we w e r e ..........................................
........................... w h at he w as saving.
(English)
N o, he do esn ’t k n o w ..........................
.......................................... a n e w sp a p e r/
(busy)
103.3 Make one sen ten ce from two. Com plete the new sen ten ce using to o or enough.
1 We c o u ld n ’t carry the boxes. They w ere too heavy.
2 I c a n 't drink this coffee. It's to o hot.
T his coffee i s ............................................................................................................................
3 N o b o d y could m ove the piano. It w as too heavy.
The p i a n o .................................................................................................................................
4 D o n ’t eat these apples. T hey’re n o t ripe enough.
These a p p le s ...................................................................................... ......................................
5 I c a n ’t explain the situation, it is to o com plicated.
T he s itu a tio n ............................................................................................................................
6 We c o u ld n ’t clim b over the wall. It w as to o high.
T he wall ....................................................................................................................................
T hree people c an ’t sit on this sofa. It isn’t big enough.
This s o f a ...................................................................................................................................
8 You c a n 't see som e things w ith o u t a m icroscope. They are to o small.
S o m e .................................................................-...................... -................................................
You can use quite/pretty /rath er/fairly + adjectives o r adverbs. So you can say:
□ It’s quite cold.
It’s p retty cold.
It's rath e r cold.
It’s fairly cold.
Q uite/p retty /rath er/fairly = less than ‘very’ b u t m ore than ‘a little’.
Q u ite and p retty are very sim ilar in m eaning:
□ You’ll need a co at w hen you go o u t. It’s quite cold / pretty cold. (= less than ‘very cold",
but m ore th a n ‘a little co ld ’)
□ I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She’s quite fam ous / pretty fam ous.
□ A m anda lives quite n ear me, so we see each o th e r pretty often.
Pretty is an inform al w o rd an d is used m ainly in spoken English.
Q u ite goes before a/an:
□ We live in quite an old house,
C om pare:
□ Sally has quite a good job.
Sally has a p retty good job.
a quite old house)
You can also use quite (but n o t pretty) in the follow ing ways:
q uite a/an + noun (w ith o u t an adjective):
□ I d id n ’t expect to see them . It w as quite a surprise. (= quite a big surprise)
quite a lot (of ...):
□ T here w ere quite a lot o f people a t the meeting,
quite + verb, especially like an d enjoy:
□ I quite like tennis, b u t it’s n o t m y favourite sport.
R ath er is sim ilar to q uite an d p retty. We often use ra th e r for negative ideas:
□ T he w eather isn’t so good. It’s ra th e r cloudy.
□ Paul is ra th e r shy. H e d o esn ’t talk very much.
Q u ite and p retty are also possible in these exam ples.
W hen w e use ra th e r for positive ideas (good/nice etc.), it m eans ‘unusually’ o r ‘surprisingly’:
□ T hese oranges are ra th e r good. W here did you get them ?
Fairly is w eaker th an qu ite/rath er/p retty . For exam ple, if som ething is fairly good, it is n o t very
good and it could be better:
□ M y room is fairly big, b u t I’d prefer a bigger one.
□ We see each o th er fairly often, b u t n o t as often as we used to.
Q u ite also m eans ‘com pletely’. For exam ple:
□ ‘Are you sure?’ ‘Yes, q uite su re.’ (= com pletely sure)
Q u ite m eans ‘com pletely’ w ith a nu m b er of adjectives, especially:
sure
certain
right
w rong
true
safe
clear
obvious
different
unnecessary
incredible
ex trao rd in ary
□ She w as quite different from w h at I expected. (= com pletely different)
□ Everything they said w as quite true. (= com pletely true)
We also use quite (= com pletely) w ith som e verbs. For exam ple:
□ I quite agree w ith you. (= I com pletely agree)
N o t quite = n o t com pletely:
□ They h av en ’t q u ite finished their dinner yet.
□ I d o n ’t quite u n d erstan d w h at you m ean.
□ ‘Are you ready yet?’ ‘N o t q u ite.’ (= n o t com pletely)
am azing
im possible
104.1 Com plete th e sen ten ces using quite + th e following:
fam o u s
good
hungry
late
noisy
often
old
surprised
1 I'm surprised you h av en 't heard o f her. She’s
......
2 I 'm ............................................... Is there anything to eat?
3 ‘H o w w ere the p h o to g rap h s you to o k ? ’ ‘...............................................Better th an usual.’
4 I go to the c in e m a ............................................- m aybe once a m onth.
5 We live near a very busy ro ad , so it’s o f t e n ...............................................
6 I d id n 't expect Laura to contact me. I w a s ............................................ when she phoned.
T I w ent to b e d ............................................ last night, so I’m a bit tired this m orning.
8 I d o n 't know exactly when these houses were built, but they’r e ..............................................
104.2 Complete th e sentences using quite + the following:
a busv dav
•i 11*
n i VV. U
n ci t\r ’
W
a good voice
a long way
a nice time
a strong w ind
a lot of traffic
1 The w eather was better than we had expected. It w a s ........................................................................
2 Tom often sings. H e’s g o t .............................................................................................................................
3 T he bus sto p w asn ’t very n ear the hotel. We had to w a l k .................................................................
4 It’s w arm today, b ut th e r e 's ..........................................................................................................................
5 The journey took longer than I expected. T here w a s .........................................................................
6 I'm tired. I've h a d ..... ................... ..................................................................................................................
O u r holiday w as OK. We h a d .....................................................................................................................
104.3 Use your own ideas to com plete these sentences. Use ra th e r + adjective.
1 The w eather isn't so good. I t 's ....................................
2 I enjoyed the film, b u t it w a s .................................................................
3 The hotel we staved a t w asn 't very good. I w a s ..................................................................
4 I think i t 's ...............................................................th a t C hris w ent aw ay w itho ut telling anybody.
5 Lucy do esn 't like having to w ait. Sometimes she’s ..........................................
104.4 W hat does q uite m ean in th e se sentences? Tick ( / ) th e right m eaning.
m ore
1 It's quite co ld . You'd better w ear your coat.
2 ‘Are you sure?' ‘Yes, quite sure.’
3 M a ria ’s English is quite g o o d .
4 I co u ld n 't believe it. It w as quite incredible.
5 M y bedroom is quite big.
6 I'm quite tire d . I thin k I'll go to bed.
7 I quite agree w ith you.
•
...............................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
....7 .........
104.5 Com plete th e se sen ten ces using q u ite + th e following:
different
im possible
right
safe
sure
tru e
1 I d id n ’t believe her a t first, but in fact w h at she said w a s ... wite...true ..
2
3
4
5
6
You w o n ’t fall. T he ladder i s .................................................................
I'm afraid I can ’t do w h at you ask. It’s ..............................................................
I co uld n’t agree w ith you more. You a r e ...........................................................
You c a n ’t com pare the tw o things. They a r e ............................................ ........
You needn’t have done th at. It w a s ..................................................................
I think I saw them go o ut, but I'm n o r ...............................................................
unnecessary
Study these exam ples:
H o w shall we travel? By c a r or by train?
L et’s go by car. It’s cheaper.
D o n ’t go by train. It’s m ore expensive.
C heaper an d m ore expensive are
form s.
A fter com paratives you can use th an (see U nit 107):
□ It’s cheaper to go by car than by train.
□ G oing by train is m ore expensive th an going by car.
T he com p arativ e form is -er o r m ore . . . .
We use -er for sh o rt w ords (one
syllable):
cheap -» ch eap er
fast -* faster
large -» larger
thin —» thinner
We use m ore ... for longer w ords (tw o
syllables o r m ore):
m ore serious
m ore often
m ore expensive
m ore com fortable
We also use -er for tw o-syllable w ords th at
end in -y (-y —> ier):
lucky -» luckier
early —» earlier
easy -» easier
pretty —*• prettier
We also use m ore .
in -ly:
m ore slowly
m ore quietly
for adverbs th a t end
m ore seriously
m ore carefullv
For spelling, see A ppendix 6.
C om pare these exam ples:
□ You’re old er than me.
□ T he exam w as fairly easy - easier than
I expected.
□ C an you w alk a bit faster?
□ I’d like to have a bigger car.
□ Last night I w ent to bed earlier than
usual.
C Y ou're m ore p atien t th an me.
□ T he exam w as quite difficult - m ore
difficult than I expected.
□ C an you w alk a bit m ore slowly?
□ I'd like to have a m ore reliable car.
□ I d o n 't play tennis m uch these days.
I used to play m ore often.
You can use -er o r m ore ... w ith som e tw o-syllable adjectives, especially:
clever
n a rro w
quiet
shallow
simple
□ It’s to o noisy here. C an we go som ew here quieter / m ore quiet?
A few adjectives an d adverbs have irregular com parative forms:
good/w ell -» better
□ T he garden looks b etter since you tidied it up.
□ I know him well - p ro b ab ly b etter th a n anybody else know s him.
bad/b ad ly —* w orse:
□ ‘H ow is y our headache? B etter?’ ‘N o , it’s w orse.’
□ H e did very badly in the exam - w orse th an expected.
far —» furth er (or farther):
□ It’s a long w alk from here to the p ark - further th an I thought, (or farth er than)
F u rth er
farther) can also m ean ‘m o re’ or ‘a d d itio n a l’:
□ Let me k n o w if you h ear any fu rth er news. (= any m ore news)
Com plete th e sen ten ces using a com parative form (older / m ore im p o rta n t etc.).
1 It's to o noisy here. C an we go s o m e w h e re .................... ?
2 This coffee is very w eak. I like ir a b i t .....................................................
3 The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to b e .....................................................
4 The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to b e .....................................................
5 T he w eather is to o cold here. I'd like to live s o m e w h e re .....................................................
6 M y job is a bit boring sometimes. I’d like to do so m e th in g .....................................................
7 It's a pity you live so far away. I wish you liv e d .....................................................
8 I w as surprised how easy it w as to use the com puter. I th o u g h t it w ould be
9 Your w ork isn't very good. I'm sure you can d o .....................................................
10 D o n ’t worry. T he situation isn't so bad. It could b e .....................................................
11 I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to t a k e ...............................................
12 Y ou're talking very loudly. Can you speak a b i t .................................................. ?
13 You hardly ever phone me. W hy d o n 't you phone m e .................................................. ?
14 Y ou're standing too near the cam era. C an you move a b i t .................................................. away?
15 You w ere a bit depressed yesterday, but you l o o k .................................................. today.
Com plete th e sentences. Each tim e use th e com parative form of one of the words in th e box.
Use th a n where necessary.
big
crow ded
early
easily
high
im p ortant
interested
peaceful
reliable
serious
simple
thin
1 I w as feeling tired last night, so I w ent to b e d .............................. usual.
2 I'd like to have a ................................ car. T he one I’ve g o t keeps breaking dow n.
3 U nfortunately her illness w a s ............................................................... we th o u g h t at first.
4 You l o o k .................................................................. H ave you lost weight?
5 I w an t a ...............................................................flat. We d o n ’t have enough space here.
6 H e doesn’t study very hard. H e’s ...............................................................in having a good time.
7 H ealth and happiness a r e ............................... ................................money.
8 T he instructions w ere very com plicated. They could have b e e n .............................................................
9 T here w ere a lot o f people on the bus. It w a s ............................................................... usual.
10 I like living in the countryside. It’s ............................................................... living in a tow n.
11 You'll find your w ay around the t o w n ............................................................... if you have a good m ap.
12 In som e p arts o f the country, prices a r e ............................................................... in others.
105.3 Read th e situations and com plete th e sentences. Use a com parative form (-e r or m ore ...).
1 Yesterday the tem p eratu re w as six degrees. T oday it’s only three degrees.
It’s co ld er tocUuj th a n it w&s cj&stercUuj.................................................................................................
2 T he journey takes fo u r hours by c a r and five hours by train.
It t a k e s ......................................................................................................................................................................3 D ave and I w ent for a run. I ran ten kilom etres. D ave stopped after eight kilom etres.
I r a n ......... ..................................................................................................................................................................
4 C hris an d Joe b o th did badly in the test. C hris got 3 0 % , b u t Joe only g o t 2 5 % .
Joe d i d ................................... -..................................................................................................................................
5 I expected my friends to arrive a t a b o u t 4 o ’clock. In fact they arrived a t 2.30.
M y frie n d s ................................................................................................................................................................
6 You can go by bus o r by train . T he huses run every 30 m inutes. T he trains run every hour.
T he b u s e s .................................................................................................................................................................7 We w ere very busy a t w ork today. We’re n o t usually as busy as th at.
W e ......................................................................................................... .........................................- ..........................
Before com paratives you can use:
m uch
a lot
far (= a lot)
a bit
a little
slightly (= a little)
□ Let’s go by car. It’s m uch cheaper, (or a lot cheaper)
□ ‘H ow d o you feel?’ ‘M uch b etter, th a n k s.'
□ D o n ’t go by train. It’s a lot m ore expensive, (or m uch m ore expensive)
□ C ould you speak a b it m ore slowly? (or a little m ore slowly)
□ T his bag is slightly heavier th an the o th er one.
□ H er illness w as far m ore serious than we th o u g h t a t first, (or m uch m ore serious / a lot
m ore serious)
You can use any and no + com parative (any longer / no bigger etc.):
□ I’ve w aited long enough. I’m n o t w aiting any longer. (= n o t even a little longer)
□ We expected their house to be very big, b u t it’s no bigger than ours,
... it isn’t any bigger th an ours. (= n o t even a little bigger)
□ H ow d o you feel now ? Do you feel any better?
□ This hotel is better th a n the o th e r one, and it’s no m ore expensive.
B etter and b etter / m ore and m ore etc.
We repeat com paratives (better and b etter etc.) to say th a t som ething changes continuously:
□ Your English is im proving. It’s getting b etter and better.
□ T he city is grow ing fast. It’s getting bigger and bigger.
□ C athy got m ore and m ore bored in her job. In the end she left.
□ These days m ore an d m ore people are learning English.
T h e ... the ...
You can say the (sooner/bigger/m ore etc.) the better:
□ ‘W h at tim e shall we leave?’ ‘T h e sooner the b e tte r.' (= as soon as possible)
□ A: W h at so rt of box d o you w an t? A big one?
B: Yes, the bigger th e better. (= as big as possible)
□ W hen y o u ’re travelling, the less luggage you have the better.
We also use the ... the ... to say th a t one thing depends on an o th er thing:
□ T h e w arm er the w eather, the b e tte r I feel. (= if the w eather is w arm er, I feel better)
□ T h e sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive.
□ T h e younger you are, the easier it is to learn.
□ T h e m ore expensive the hotel, the b etter the service.
□ T h e m ore electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
□ T h e m ore I th o u g h t a b o u t the plan, the less I liked it.
O ld er and elder
T he com parative of old is older:
□ D avid looks older th an he really is.
You can use elder (or older) w hen you talk a b o u t people in a family. You can say
(m y/your etc.) elder sister/brother/daughter/son:
□ M y elder sister is a TV producer, (or My older sister ...)
We say ‘my elder sister’, b u t we do not say th at ‘som ebody is elder’:
□ M y sister is older th a n me.
elder th a n me)
106.1 Use th e words in brackets to com plete th e sentences. Use m uch / a bit etc. + a com parative
form . Use th a n where necessary.
1 H er illness w a s ........................................................we th o u g h t at first, (m uch / serious)
2 This bag is to o sm all. I need s o m e th in g .................................................................. (much / big)
3 I'm afraid the problem i s ....................................................................... it seems, (much / com plicated)
4 It w as very hot yesterday. Today it’s .................................................................. (a bit / cool)
5 I enjoyed o u r visit to the m useum . It w a s ............................................................................... I expected.
(far / interesting)
6 Y ou're driving to o fast. C an you d r iv e ........................................................................ ? (a bit / slowly)
7 I t 's ............................................................... to learn a foreign language in a country where it is
spoken, (a lo t/e a s y )
8 I thought she was younger than me, but in fact s h e 's .................................................................
(slightly / old)
106.2 Complete th e sen tences using any/no + com parative. Use th a n where necessary.
1 I've w-aited long enough. I'm no t w aiting
......
2 I'm sorry I'm a bit late, but I co u ld n 't get h e r e ..............................................................................
3 T his shop isn 't expensive. T he prices a r e ..........................................................................anyw here else.
4 1 need to stop for a rest. 1 c a n 't w a l k ..............................................................................
5 T he traffic isn’t particularly bad today. It’s ........................................................................... usual.
106.3 Com plete th e sen ten ces using th e stru c tu re in Section C (... and ...).
1 C athy g o t ...™?!lL..^.4...™.9.r£....k.or s d ...in her job. In the end she left, (bored)
2 T h ar hole in your sw eater is g e ttin g .............................................................................. (big)
3 M y bags seemed to g e t ........................................................................... as I carried them, (heavy)
4 As I w aited for my interview, I b e c a m e .............................................................................. (nervous)
5 As the day w ent on, the w eather g o t .............................................................................. (bad)
6 H ealth care is b e c o m in g ............................................................................. (expensive)
7 Since A nna w ent to C an ad a, her English has g o t ........................................................................ (good)
8 As the conversation w ent on , Paul b e c a m e ............................................................................. (talkative)
106.4 These sen ten ces are like those in Section D. Use th e words in brackets (in the correct form) to
com plete the sentences.
1 I like w arm w eather.
The w arm er the w e a th e r,...l
.............................(feel)
2 I d id n 't really like him w hen we first met.
But the m ore I g o t to know him ........................................................................................................... (like)
3 If y o u 're in business, you w ant to m ake a profit.
The m ore goods you s e l l ,................................................................................................................... (profit)
4 It's hard to con cen trate w hen y o u 're tired.
T he m ore tired you a r e , ........................................................................................................................ (hard)
5 Kate had to w ait a very long time.
The longer she w a ite d ,............................................................................................... (im patient / become)
106.5 Which is correct, older or elder? Or both of them ?
/
/
1 My older / elder sister is a TV producer, (older
elder
2 I'm surprised D iane is only 25. I th ou g ht she w as older / elder.
3 Ja n e ’s younger sister is still at school. H er older / elder sister is a nurse.
4 M artin is older / elder than his brother.
)
Longer
BUDAPEST
DANUBE
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