Искусство схемотехники: учебник по электронике

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THE ART OF ELECTRONICS
Second Edition
Paul Horowitz Harvard University
Winfield Hill Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge
New York
Port Chester
Melbourne
Sydney
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ISBN 5-03-002336-4
ISBN 0-521-37095-7 (aurn.)
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1981
poB, CTa6HJIH3aTopoB, HCTO'IHHKOB 3TanOHHb!X HaIIplllKe-
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(R = 10 MOM)
~a
IIaiiKa (350 °c Ha paCCTO!IHHH 3 MM)
±2
±2
I.l,HKJIH'!ecKaSI Harpy3Ka (50 IIMKJIOB BKJI/BhIKJI 3a 1000 q)
+4-6
+4-6
BH6pa11HSI (20 g) M y,11ap (100 g)
±2
±2
))
BJialKHOCTb (95%-HaSI 0TH. BJiaJKHOCTb IlpH 40 °C)
+6
+JO
HeT
))
Ko3q>qJHIIMeHT HanpsiJKeHH!I (H3MeHeHMe, paBHOe IO B)
-0,15
-0,3
))
TeMnepaTypa (oT 25 AO -15°C)
+2,5
+4,5
))
TeMnepaTypa (OT 25 AO 85 °C)
+3,3
+5,9
))
13
0CHOBL1 :meKTpoHIIICH
B
cxeMax,
CTa6MJibHOCTb,
r.[le
Tpe6yeTCll
CJie,L\yeT
BhlCOKal! TO'IHOCTb HJIH
HCilOJib30BaTb
pe3HCTOpb!
113
Ilpaeu110 2. ,[(onycTHM, Bbl XOTHTe Y3HaTb,
qeMy paBHO
conpOTHBJieHHe
~Byx
napaJI-
pe3HCTOpOB,
o6Jia-
1% (CM. npHJIO)KeHHe r). OHM o6ecneq11aaI0T CTa6HJibHOCTb He xy)Ke 0, 1%
B HOpMaJibHhlX ycJIOBHlIX H He xy)Ke 1% B caMb!X )KeCTKMX
~aJOrn;Hx conpoTHBJieHHeM 5 H 10 KOM. EcJIII
ycJIOBHlIX.
B006pa3HTb, qTo pe3HCTOp conpOTHBJieHHeM
MeTaJiillf'leCKOH IlJieHKM C ,L\OnyCKOM
IIpenH3HOHHh!e
npoBOJIO'IHble
pe3HCTOpbl
cnoco6Hbl Y.LIOBJieTBOpHTb HaH6onee Bb!COKMM Tpe6oaaHlll!M.
EcJIH O)KM.[laeTCll, 'ITO MO!IlHOCTb, paccenaaeMall B
JieJibHO
coe~HHeHHbIX
5 KOM npe~cTaBJI51eT co6oii napaJIJieJibHOe
coe~HeHHe ~BYX pe3HCTOPOB conpOTHBJie-
CJie,L\yeT
HHeM
l O K0M, To cxeMa 6y~eT npe~cTaB-
aw6paTb pe3HCTop c 6oJibIIIHM 3Ha'!eHHeM paccenaaeMoii
JieHa
napaJIJieJibHbIM
MO!IlHOCTH. KoMil03HilHOHHble yrnepO.L\HCTbie pe3HCTOpb!
pe3HCTopoB c conponrnJieHHeM 10 KOM. TaK
cxeMe,
6y.L1eT
COCTaBJil!Tb
6onee
0,1 BT,
TO
xapaKTepH3YIOTCll MO!IlHOCTb!O .LIO 2 BT, a MO!IlHbie npoBOJIO'!Hble
pe3HCTOpb! - 6onee
Bh!COKHMH
3Ha '!eHHl!MH.
KaK
conpOTHBJieHHe
Tpex
O~HHaKOBbIX
napaJI-
pe3HCTOpOB
paBHO
,[(Jill MO!IlHbIX cxeM HaHJiy'IIIIHe xapaKTepHCTHKH o6ecne-
JieJibHO
'IHBaeT pe3HCTOp C OTBO.LIOM Tenna. Pe3HCTOpb! 3TOro
1/n-H qacTH conpOTMBJieHH51 O~Horo H3 HHX,
THna awnycKaIOTCll c .[lonycKoM
1% H MoryT Ha.[le)KHO
250°C a
pa6oTaTb npH co6cTBeHHoii TeMnepaType .LIO
Te'leHHe .LIJIHTeJibHoro nepno.[la apeMeHH. ,[(onycTHMall
paccenaaeMal! MO!IlHOCTb 3aBHCHT OT B03.LIYIIIHOrO no-
coe~HeHHbIX
coe~HHeHHeM
10 KOM/3,
TO OTBeT B Harneii 3a~aqe 6y~eT
mrn
3,33 KOM.
3TO
npaBHJIO
noJie3HO
yCBOHTb, TaK KaK C ero noMOrn;bJO MO)KHO
TOKa, TeMnepaTypHbIX ycJIOBHH Ha Bb!BO,L\ax H IlJIOTHOCTH
6bICTpo npoaHaJIII3HpOBaTb cxeMy «B yMe».
cxeMbI; CJie,L\OBaTeJibHO, MO!IlHOCTb Ha pe3HCTOpe CJie.L1yeT
Mb! XOTHM, qTo6bI Bbl HayqHJIHCb pernaTb
paccMaTpHBaTb KaK rpy6YIO
opHeHTHpOBO'IHYIO BeJIH-
'IHHy. 0TMeTHM TaK)Ke, 'ITO MO!IlHOCTb pe3HCTOpa CBll3a-
CT051rn;He
nepe~
BaMH
3a~aqH,
HMe51
pyKoii
B cxeMe, H MO)KeT cymecTBeHHO npeBbIIIlan,Cll B KOpOT-
noqToBoro KOHBepTa H py~y. Tor~a 6Jie-
me HHTepBaJibl BpeMeHH (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT «TeilJIOBOH
Macchi»
3TH
HHTepaaJibl
MoryT
,L\JIHTbCll
HeCKOJibKO
ceKyH.LI MJIH 6onee ).
YnpalKHeHHe 1.1. Bo3bMeM .L1Ba pe3HCTopa conpoTHBJieHHeM 5 n
10 KOM. qeMy paBHO conpOTHBJieHHe npH (a)
llOCJie,L\OBaTeJibHOM 11 (6) napanneJibHOM HX coe,L\HHeHHH?
B
YnpalKHeHHe 1.2. KaKYIO MOIIlHOCTb 6y.L1eT paccenBaTb
pe3HCTop c conpoTHBJieHHeM 1 OM,
npocTpaHCTBO
IlO,L\KJIIO'leHHblli K 6aTapee aBTOMo6irnl! c Hanpl!)KeHIIeM
1 B?
YnpalKUeHHe 1.3. ,[(oKa)KHTe cnpaBe,L\JIHBOCTb qJOPMYJI
.LIJill conpoTHBJieHHll nocne.LIOBaTeJibHoro H napannenhaoro coe,L\HHeHHll pe3HCTOpOB.
CKOJibKMX napanJieJibHO coe,L\HHeHHblX pe3HCTOpOB onpe-
I1
ern:e
HeCKOJibKO
npMHn:HnOB
Harneii
~oMoporn:eHHOH qmJiocoqmH: cpe~ HaqffffaJOrn;Hx Ha6JIJO~aeTC51 TeH~eHU:H51 BbJqHCJI51Tb
3HaqeHH51
conpOTHBJieHHH
pe3HCTOpOB
H
xapaKTepHCTHKH ~pyrHX KOMnOHeHTOB cxeM
C 60JibllIOH
TOqffOCTblO,
~OCTynHOCTb
)Ke
KapMaHHbIX KaJibKYJI51TOpOB B Harne BpeM51
~aBaTbC51 eii He CJie~eT no ~BYM npHqMHaM:
KOMIIOHeHTbI
caMH
no
ce6e
( HaH6oJiee pacnpocTpaHeHHbie pe3HCTOpbI -
1/R, + l/R 2 + l/R 3 + ...
± 5%; xapaKTepHCTHKH TpaH3HCTOpOB, Ha-
CeKpeT pe3HCTOpOB, coe~HHeHHbIX napaJIHatJHHaJOIIJ;Iie
Ha rryTH CBoero pa3BHTH51.
HMeJOT onpe~eJieHHYIO KOHeqHYJO TOqffOCTb
1
R = --------.
CJIO)KHbIM
Bae B JIJ060H
MOMeHT, He 6y~yT BCTpeqaTb npen51TCTBHH
BO-nepBbIX,
,L\eJil!eTCll cne.LIYIOIIlHM o6pa3oM:
JieJibHO:
CT51rn;He H~eH, B03HHKIIIHe y
crnpoHy
noMoraeT pa3BHTHIO 3TOH TeH~eHUHH. Ilo~-
YnpalKHeHHe 1.4. IloKa)KMTe, 'ITO conpoTHBJieHHe He-
K
MHHHMYM- o6opoTHYJO
no~
Ha co cpe.LIHHM 3Ha'!eHHeM MO!IlHOCTH, paccenaaeMOH
npHMep qacTO 3a~aJOTC51 O~HHM-~YM51 K0-
qacTO
npHCTynaJOT
3<pqmn;HeHTaMH); BO-BTOpbIX, O~HHM H3 npH-
ame6paHqecmM
BbIKJia~KaM
3HaKOB
xoporneii
cxeMbI
51B.JrneTc51
ee He-
HJIH yrJiy6JI.Sil0TC5I B 3aKOHbI 3JieKTPOHHKH,
qyBCTBHTeJibHOCTb
a 3~ecb KaK pa3 Jiyqrne Bcero BocnoJib30-
KOMnOHeHTOB (6bIBaJOT, KOHeqHo, H HCKJIIO-
BaTbC51 HHTYHTHBHhlM npaBHJIOM. IlpHCTy-
qeHH51). I1 ern:e: Bbl CKopee npH~eTe K MHTYH-
K
TOqffOCTH
BeJIHqHH
IIHM Tenepb K OCBOeHHIO HHTYHTHBIJ;bIX npa-
THBHOMY nOHHMaHHJO cxeM, eCJIH pa30BbeTe
BHJI H pa3BHTHIO MHTym:i;HH.
B ce6e cnoco6HOCTb 6bICTpo npHKH~bIBaTb
IlpaBU/10 1. ConpOTHBJieHHe ~BYX pe3H-
«B YMe», a He 6y~eTe YBJieKaTbC51 BbJqHcJie-
CTOpOB, O~HH H3 KOTOpbIX o6Jia~aeT 60Jib-
HH51MH C HeHy)KHOH TOqffOCTblO Ha KpaCHBbIX
IIIHM conpOTHBJieHHeM, a
KaJibKYJI51Topax.
~pyroii MaJibIM,
coe~HeHHbIX Me)K~Y co6oii nocJie~oBaTeJib-
HeKOTOpbie CtJHTaJOT, qTo ~JI}( Toro qTo-
HO (napaJIJieJibHO ), npH6JIH3HTeJibHO paBHO
6bI CKopee HayqHTbC51 on:eHHBaTb BeJIHqHHY
60JibIIIeMy (MeHbIIIeMy) H3 ~Byx conpOTHB-
conpOTHBJieHH51, noJie3HO BBO~HTb nOH51THe
JieHHH.
npoeoiJuMocmb, G = I/R.
ToK,
npoTeKaJO-
rJiaBa 1
14
I.UHM qepe3 3JieMeHT C IIpOBO,IJ;HMOCThlO
K
KOTOpOMY
IIpHJIO)KeHO
HaIIp.SI)KeHMe
G,
U,
onpe,n;eJI.sreTc.sr KaK I= GU (3TO 3aKoH 0Ma).
qeM MeHhIIIe COIIpOTHBJieHHe IIpOBO,D;HHKa,
TeM 60JihIIIe ero IIpOBO,IJ;HMOCTh H TeM 60JihIIIe TOK, IIpOTeKaJOIUHM IIO,IJ; B03,n;eiicTBMeM
B pac'!eTe Ha
0,305 M,
HCXO.Llll H3 Toro, '!TO IlOTepn
OD;eHHBa!OTCll BeJIH'!HHOH / 2R ; 6) ,L\JIHHY Ka6eJill,
Ha
KOTOpOH 6y.LIYT IlOTepllHhl BCe 10 10 BT; B) ecJIH Bbl 3HaeTe
qJH3HKY, onpe,L\eJIHTe, .LIO KaKOH TeMIIepaTyphl HarpeeTCll
Ka6eJlh (cr
6· 10- 12 BT/(K 4 ·cM 2)).
=
EcJIH pac'!eT Bh!IlOJIHeH npaBHJlhHO, TO pe3yJihTaT,
BepOllTHO, Y.LIHBHJI sac. KaK JKe pa3peIIIHTh npo6neMy?
HaIIp.SI)KeHH.SI, IIpHJIO)KeHHOro Me)K,n;y KOHIJ;a-
Bxo,21;
MM IIpOBO,IJ;HHKa.
n
BL1xo,21;.
IIpaKTMqecKH
BO
Bcex
C 3TOM ToqKM 3peHH.sr qiopMyJia M.SI onpe-
3JieKTpOHHhIX cxeMax qTo-JIH6o tlO,IJ;aeTc.sr Ha
,n;eJieHM.SI COIIpOTHBJieHM.SI napaJIJieJihHO coe-
BX0,21; (06h1qHo 3TO HaIIp.Sl)KeHMe) M COOTBeT-
,IJ;MHeHHhIX IIpOBO,D;HHKOB BIIOJIHe oqeBM,IJ;Ha:
CTBeHHO CHHMaeTC.SI C BbIXO,LJ;a ( 3TO TaK)Ke
eCJIM HeCKOJihKO pe3MCTOPOB HJIM IIpOBO,Il;.SI-
qarn;e Bcero Hanp»)KeHMe). HanpHMep, c BhI-
O,IJ;HOMY M
xo.n;a ycHJIHTeJI.SI 3BYKOBOM qacTOThl CHHMa-
TOMY )Ke HaIIp.SI)KeHHJO, TO IIOJIHhIB TOK pa-
eTC.SI Haop.Sl)Kemre ( OHO HMeeT nepeMeHHoe
1.UHX yqacTKOB IIO,Il;KJIJOqeHhI K
100 pa3 npeBhIIIIaeT
BeH CYMMe TOKOB, IIpOTeKaJOIUHX B OT,IJ;eJih-
3HaqeHHe), KOTOpoe B
HhlX BeTB.SIX. B CB.SI3H C 3THM IIpOBO,D;HMOCTh
BXO,IJ;Hoe Hanp.sr)KeHMe (M3MeH.SIJOrn;eec.sr aHa-
coe,D;HHeHM.SI paBHa CYMMe OT,IJ;eJihHhIX npoBO,Il;MMOCTeii
+
COCTaBF!hlX
+
3JieMeHTOB:
+ ... ,
G=
G2
G3
a 3TO Bhipa)KeHMe
= G1
3KBMBaJieHTHO Bhipa)KeHMJO ,Il;JI.SI napaJIJieJih-
JiornqHo). B 3TOM ycMJIHTeJie BhlXO,Il;HOe HaIIp.SI)KeHHe
paccMaTpHBaeTc.sr
3HaqeHM.SI Hanp.sr)KeHM.SI,
BXO,IJ;e.
,n;JI.sr
.n;aHHoro
.n;eil:cTBYJOmero
Ha
llH)KeHephI IIOJih3YJOTC.SI IIOH.SITMeM
HO coe,n;MHeHHhIX pe3HCTOpOB, IIpMBe.n;eHHo-
nepeoamo•mou <ftyrtKlfUU H, KOTOpa.sr npe.n;-
MY BhIIIIe.
CTaBJI.SieT
co6oii
OTHOIIIeHHe
HaIIp.SI)KeHM.SI,
llH)KeHephI HepaBHO,IJ;YIIIHhI K o6paTHhIM
H3MepeHHOro Ha BhlXO,IJ;e, K HaIIp.SI)KeHMJO,
BeJiffqMHaM, H B KaqecTBe e,D;MHMDJ,I M3Mepe-
.n;eiicTBYJOlll;eMy Ha BXO,n;e; ,Il;JI.SI BhIIIIeynoM.SI-
HM.SI IIpOBO,D;HMOCTH OHH ycTaHOBHJIM
MeHC
(1 CM= 1/1 OM),
KOTOphIM
1 CM-
HHOr,n;a
H(H = 100). K
HYTOro ycn.rmTeJI.SI 3BYKOBoii qacTOThI
3TO
IIOCTO.SIHHa.SI
BeJIMqMHa
XoT.SI
M3yqeHHJO yCHJIMTeJieM Mhl IIpHCTynHM B CJie-
IIOH.SITMe IIpOBO,Il;HMOCTM M IIOMoraeT pa3-
,D;YJOIIJ;eM rJiaBe. 0.n;HaKo, y)Ke cehac, MMe.SI
Ha3hIBaJOT
«MO»
(«OM» Hao6opoT).
BMTh MHTymIMIO B OTHOIIIeHMM COIIpOTMBJie-
npe.n;cTaBJieHMe TOJihKO O pe3HCTOpax, Mhl
HH.SI
paccMoTpHM
pe3MCTOpOB,
IIIMpOKoro
IIpMMeHeHH.SI
oeAumellb
r1anpm>1certuR
(no
OHO He HaXO,D;MT, M 60JihIIIHHCTBO npe.n;no-
cyTH OH .SIBJI.SieTC.SI «.n;e-ycMJIMTeJieM»), KOTO-
qffTaeT MMeTh ,n;eJIO C BeJIMqMHaMH conpo-
pbIM nrpaeT HeMaJIOBa)KHYJO pOJih B 3JieKT-
TMBJieHH.SI, a He IIpOBO,IJ;MMOCTM.
pOHHhlX cxeMax.
Mo~HOCTb H pe3BCT0ph1. MOIUHOCTh, pacceMBaeMa.SI pe3MCTOpOM HJIM JIJ06hIM .n;pyrHM
3JieMeHTOM,
IlOJih3Y.SICh
onpe,n;eJI.SIJOTC.SI
3aKOHOM
0Ma,
KaK
P = UI.
3TY
q>OPMYJIY
MO)KHO 3aIIMCaTh B 3KBHBaJieHTHOM BH,n;e:
2 / R.
P 12 R n P
=
=u
YnpalKlleUHe 1.5. Bo3hMeM cxeMy, pa6orn10uw10 oT
6aTapeH C HanplDKeHHeM 15 B. ,[(oKalKHTe, '!TO He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, KaK 6y.[leT BKJIIO'!eH B CXeMY pe3HCTOp,
o6na.L1aIOII1,HH conpoTHBJieHHeM 6onee 1 KOM, MOIIJ,HOCTh
Ha HeM He npeBhICHT 1/4 BT.
Yn!'alKlleHHe 1.6. ,[(onoJIHHTeJihHoe ynpaxrneHne: .LIJlll
HbI0-11opKa rpe6yercll 10 10 BT 3JieKTpH'!eCKOH 3HepIBI!
npn HanplllKeHHH 110 B (n;mpph! snoJIHe npaB.L10IIO.L106HhI: 10 MJIH. JKHTeJieH, KaJK.[\h!H IlOTpe6JilleT s cpe,L\HeM
1 KBT 3JieKTp03HeprHH). BhICOKOBOJlhTHh!H Ka6eJlh MOlKeT HMeTh ,L\HaMeTp 25,4 MM. ,[(aBaHTe IlO.[\C'!HTaeM, '!TO
1.03 . .IJ:eJIHTeJin uarrpIDKeHHH
Mhl IIpMcTynaeM K paCCMOTpeHHJO ,n;eJIHTeJI.SI HaIIp.Sl)Kemr.SI, KOTOphIB HCIIOJih3yeTC.SI B
3JieKTpOHHhlX
cxeMax
BeChMa
IIIMpOKO.
B
JIJ06oii HaCTO.SIIIJ;eii cxeMe MO)KHO HaMTM He
MeHbIIIe IIOJI,Il;IO)KMHhl ,n;eJIHTeJieii HaIIp.SI)KeHH.SI. IIpocTeMIIIMii ,n;eJIHTeJih Haop.sr)Kemr.sr 3TO cxeMa, KOTopa.sr ,IJ;JI.SI ,n;aHHoro Hanp.sr)KeHH.SI Ha BXO,D;e C03,D;aeT Ha BhlXO,D;e HaIIpH)KeHHe, KOTOpoe .SIBJI.SieTC.SI HeKOTOpoii qaCThlO
Bxo.n;Horo.
IIpocTeiiIIIMM
cTaBJieH Ha pMc.
,n;eJIHTeJih
npe.n;-
1.5. qTo TaKoe UB.,x? Ilpe.n;-
IIOJIO)KHM 3,D;eCh M ,n;aJiee, qTo Harpy3KH Ha
BhIXO,n;e HeT, Tor.n;a TOK onpe,n;eJI.sreTc.sr cJie-
npOH30H,L\eT, ecJIH B Ka'!eCTBe Ka6enll B3l1Th npOBO.LI H3
'!HCTOH Me.[IH ,L\HaMeTpOM 0,305 M. ConpOTHBJieHHe TaKOro npOBO,L\a COCTaBJilleT 0,05 MKOM (5 · 10-s OM) B
,n;yJOrn;HM o6pa3oM:
pac'!eTe Ha 0,305 M. Onpe,L\eJIHTe: a) IlOTepn MOll(HOCTH
J = UBJ(R1 + R2).
0CHOBbl 3JieKTpoumrn
e
OTpHIIaTeJibHbIMH
15
«IIpHpameHH.sIMH» eo-
IIpOTMBJieHll.sr (B KatJeeTBe IIpMMepa MO)l{eT
eJiy)l{HTh
TyttHeJihHhIB
.[(MO.[()
HJIM IIpOeTO
e HaeTO.sIIIIMM OTpHIIaTeJibHblM eonpOTHBJieHHeM (HaIIpHMep, npeo6pa3oBaTeJih e OTpH11aTeJibHhIM MMIJe,[(aHeOM,
O KOTOpOM Mbl
IJOroBOpMM II03)1{e). 0.[(HaKO 3TH IIpMMephl
,[(OeTaTO'IHO
PHc. 1.5. ~emueJih aanpIDKeHHll. IlpHJIOlKeHHOe Hanp»JKeHHe U BX C03.[laeT Ha BbIXO.[le HanplllKeHHe U
(MeHbrnee npHJIOJKeHHOro ).
swx
eIJeIIHqlH'IHhl
H
He
,[(OJI)l{Hbl
3aHMMaTh eeiitJae BaIIIe BHMMaH11e.
,[(eJIHTeJIH HaIIpIDKeHM.sI tJaeTO HeIIOJib3YI0T B exeMaX ,[(JI.sI Toro, 'IT06bI IIOJIY'IMTh
(Mhl
BOeIJ0Jih30BaJIMeb
q>OpM)'JIOH
,[(JI.sI
3a,[(aHHoe
Hanp.sr)l{eHHe
H3
6oJihIIIero
no-
onpe,[(eJieHM.sI eonpOTMBJieHll.sr pe3MeTopa M
eTo.srHHoro (HJIH nepeMeHHOro) Hanp.sr)l{eHH.sr.
npaBMJIOM ,[(JI.sI noeJie,[(OBaTeJibHOro eoe,[(M-
HanpHMep,
HeHM.sI pe3MeTopoB). Tor.[(a .[(JI.sr R 2
pe3HeTop e peryJIMpyeMbIM eonpoTHBJieHHeM
UBhlX = JR2 = UBxR2/(R1 + R2).
eeJIM
B
R2
KatJeeTBe
B3.sITh
(pHe. 1.6,a), TO Mbl IIOJIY'IMM He 'ITO HHOe,
KaK exeM)' e ynpaBJI.sieMbIM BhIXO.[(OM; 6oJiee
06paTMTe BHMMaHlle, 'ITO BhIXO,[(HOe Ha-
npoeTbIM nyTeM KOM6HHaIIHIO R1 R2 MO)l{HO
IIpIDKeHMe Beer,[(a MeHbIIIe BXO,[(HOro (HJIM
IIOJIYtJMTh, eeJIH y Bae eeTh O,[(HH pe3HeTop
paBHO eMy); II03TOMY Mbl roBOpMM O ,[(emr-
e nepeMeHHbIM eonpOTHBJieHHeM, HJIH
no-
TeJie Hanp.sr)l{eHll.sr. EeJIM 0,[(HO H3 eonpOTHB-
mefll/UOMemp (pHe. 1.6,6). IlpoeTOH ,[(eJIH-
JieHHH 6y.[(eT OTpHIIaTeJibHbIM,
TeJib Hanp.sr)l{eHM.sI HrpaeT Ba)KHYJO poJib H B
TO MO)l{HO
IIOJIY'IHTh yeHJieHlle (T. e. BhIXO,[(HOe HaIIp.sr-
TOT MOMeHT, KOr,[(a Bbl 3aiJyMb/8aeme exeMy:
)l{eHHe 6y.[(eT 6oJibIIIe BXO.[(Horo). '.;)rn H,[(e.sr
BXO,[(HOe
He TaK HeBepo.srTHa, KaK Ka)l{eTe.sr Ha nepBbIH
BepxHeii tJaeTH pe3HeTopa MoryT npe,[(eTaB-
B3rJI.sI,[(: BIIOJIHe MO)l{HO e,[(eJiaTb yeTpoiieTBO
HaIIpIDKeHlle
eoIIpOTHBJieHHe
H
JI.sITh eo6oii, eKa)l{eM, BhIXO,[( yeHJIHTeJI.sI, a
eonpOTHBJieHHe Hll)l{HeH tJaeTH pe3HeTopa BXO.[( IJOeJie.[(yIOIIIeto KaeKa,[(a. B 3TOM eJiytJae,
BOeIJ0Jlh30BaBIIIHeb
ypaBHeHHeM
,[(JI.sI
,[(eJIHTeJI.sr HaIIpIDKeHll.sr, MO)l{HO onpe.[(eJIHTh,
'ITO IJOeTynHT Ha BXO,[( IJOeJie,[(Hero KaeKa,[(a.
CHrHa/1 Ha BblXOAe
Bee
eKa3aHHOe
tJYTh
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ecJIH ero nO.LIKJIIO'IHTh K .L1eJIHTeJI10 Hanpll)KeHHll c IlJle'laMH
10 KOM-10 KOM, nHTaroweMycll oT HCTO'!HHKa no-
CTOllHHoro Hanpll)KeHHll (c eyneBhIM conporuBneHlieM)
c eanpl!)KeHHeM 1 B?
Ynpal!WeHHe 1.8. ll3MepHTeJihHhIH npH6op c MaKCMMaJihHhIM OTKJIOHeHHeM yKa3aTeJill, COOTBeTCTBYJOWHM
Harpy3KY c onpe.n;eneHHhIM corrpoTHBJieHHeM.
HOBOe
qTo
5 K0M.
KaKoe
wyeTHpyrowee
conpoTHBJieHHe
BhIXO,IJ;HOe
HOBaH
He qTo
3KBHBaJieHTHOH
cxe-
HarrpIDKeHHe,
CXeMa
HHOe,
yqHThIBaH,
rrpe,n;cTaBJIHeT
co6oii
KaK .n;emueJib HanpIDKeHHH
(pHC. 1.10).
TOKY 50 MKA, HMeeT BHyTpeHHee conpOTHBJieHHe, paBHOe
YnpaaweHHe
HY)KHO
IlO.LIKJIIO'IHTh, 'IT06hi npH6op H3Mepl1Jl TOK B npe,L\eJiax
BocIIOJih3yiiTeCb
MOH, IlO,IJ;KJllOqffTe Harpy3KY H IlO,IJ;CqffTaiiTe
pee. 1.10,
1.9.
Jl:nll
cxeMhI,
noKaJaHHOH
Ha
u.. = 30 B, R 1 = R 2 = 10 KOM. Tpe6yeTcll
0-1 A? KaKoe conpoTHBJieHHe H~Ho nO.LIKJIIO'IMTh no-
onpe,L\eJIHTh:
cne.[loBaTeJihHO .LIJlll Toro, '!T06hl npH6op Mor H3MepHTh
earpy3KR (Hanpll)KeHlie pa3oMKeyTOii nenn); 6) BhIXO.LIHoe
a)
BhIXO.LIHOe eanpll)KeHHe
B OTCYTCTBHe
Hanpll)KeHHe B npe.L1eJiax 0-10 B?
Hanpll)KeH1Ie npH ycJIOBHH, no IlO.Lll;JIIO'!eea earpy3Ka
10 KOM (npe,L\cTaBhTe CXeMY B BH.Lle .LleJIHTeJill Hallpll)KeRz If R. o6be,L\HHHTe B O,L\HH pe3HCTop); B) 3KBH-
HHll
IIorrpo6yeM rrpHMeHHTh OIIHCaHHbIH MeTO,IJ; K
.n;enHTemo
Harrp.IDKemra,
.n;m1
qero
BaJieHTHYJO CXeMY; r) BhlXO.LIHOe Hanpll)Ke!iHe npll TOM )Ke
ycJIOBHH, '!TO II B n. 6), HO .[\Jill 3KBHBaJieHTHOH cxeMhl
COCTaBHM ero 3KBHBaJieHTHYJO CXeMY:
3.Llech npH.LleTCll HMeTh .[leJio c .L1eJIHTeJieM eanpll)KeHHll;
1. HarrpIDKeHHe rrpH pa30MKHyToii u;eIIH:
OTBeT .LIOJl)KeH 6hITh TaKHM )Ke, KaK B n. 6); .LI) MOWHOCTh,
U = U BX [R2/(R1 + R2)] ·
3KBHBaJJeHTBOe coupOTHBJieHHe HCTO'IIIHKa
2. ToK 3aMKHyTOH HaKOpOTKO u;eIIH:
H Harpy3Ka cxeMLI.
KaK Mbl TOJibKO qTo
y6e,IJ;HJIHCh, ,n;e.JIHTeJih HaIIpIDKemra, Ha KOTO-
UBJR1.
Tor.n;a
pacceeBaeMYJO Ka)K.L1hIM pe3RCTopoM.
pbIH rro.n;aeTCH HeKOTOpoe IIOCTOHHHOe Ha3KBHBaneHTHaH cxeMa
rrpe,n;cTaB-
npH)l(eHHe, 3KBHBaJieHTeH HeKOTOPOMY HC-
AAeT co6oii HCTOqffHK HaIIpH)l(effHH
TOqffHKY HanpIDKeHHH C nocne.n;oBaTeJibHO
u,KB = uBX[R2/(R1 + R2)J,
IIO,D;KJllOqeHHbIM K HeMy pe3HCTopoM; HanpH-
K KOTOpOMY rrocne.n;oBaTeJibHO IlO,Il;KJllOqeH
10 KOM, Ha KOTOpbIH rro.n;aeTCH HanpH)l(eHHe
Mep,
.n;enHTeJih
OT
R,KB = R1 R2/(R1 + R2).
30 B, B TOqffOCTH 3KBHBaJieHTeH H,IJ;eaJibHOH
6arapeiiKe HarrpIDKeHHeM 15 B c rrocne,n;OBa-
(He cnyqaiiHO conpOTHBJieHHe paBHO cope3HCTOpOB
R1
rrapaJIJieJibHO
H
coe,IJ;HHeHHhIX
R2. 06'bHCHeHHe 3TOMY
qiaKTY 6y.n;eT ,n;aHO HH)l(e.)
6aTapeHKH
10 KOM-
pe3HCT0p C conpoTHBJieHHeM
rrpOTHBJieHHJO
H,IJ;eaJihHOH
HanpIDKemra
HanpIDKe1meM
TeJihHO IIO,D;KJllOqeHHblM pe3HCTOpOM C conpOTHBJieHHeM 5 KOM (pHc. 1.11 ). IlO,D;KJllOqeHHe pe3HCTopa B KaqecTBe Harpy3KH BhI3hlBaeT na,n;eHHe HanpIDKeHHH Ha Bhixo.n;e ,n;eJIH-
19
0CHOBL1 :meKTpOHHKH
r---------,
r---------i
I
I
I
I
.-------.
+
I
I
10K0M
I
I
I
~ I
"-.r----,./ I
I
I
5KOM
~
I
l5B -
I
.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _JI
I ________ j
L
PeanbHa51 cxeMa
3Ks11saJ1eHTHa51 cxeMa
T
l
I
PHc.
I
I
I
I
I
--t----o
lOKOM
I 30B I
I
I
I
I
0
1.11.
Tem1, o6ycnOBJieHHoe HanwmeM HeKoToporo
pOH MeHbllle HJIH ,L(a)Ke cpaBHHMO C BHyTpeH-
conpomue11eHUR ucmO'lHUKa (BCIIOMHHM 3KBH-
HHM
BaJieHTHOe
TeJibHOe yMeHbllleHHe BbIXO,L(HOro rrapaMeT-
corrpoTHBJiemi:e
HarrpH)KeHmI,
ecJIH
,L(ml
.L(emuem1
ero, BblXO,L( BhlCTyrraeT
corrpOTHBJieHHeM,
BbI3bIBaeT
3HaqH-
pa. He)KeJiaTeJibHOe YMeH;bllleHHe HarrpH)Ke-
B Kaqecrne HCTOqHHKa HarrpH)KeHHH). QqeHb
HHH
(1um CHrHana) pa30MKHYTOM 11eIIH 3a
qacTO
cqeT
IIO,L(KJIIOqeHHH
3TO
HBJieHHe
He)KeJiaTeJibHO.
IIO.L(XO,L( K
perneHHIO
rrpo6JieMbI
0.L(HH
C03,L(aHHH
Harpy3KH
«rreperpy3KOM 11errH>>. B
Ha3bIBaeTCH
CBH3H C 3THM CJie-
«ycToMqHBOro» HCTOqHHKa HarrpH)KeHHH (Ha-
.L(yeT CTpeMHTbCH K TOMy, qTo6bI BbIIIOJIHH-
3bIBaeMoro «yCTOMqflBbIM» B TOM CMblCJie,
JIOCb ycnoBHe
qTO OH He IIO,L(,L(aeTCH ,L(eMCTBHIO Harpy3KH)
OMHaH
COCTOHT B HCIIOJib30BaHHH B ,L(eJIHTene Ha-
ocna6JIHIOI11ee BJIHHHHe Ha HCTOqHJfl( (pHC.
Re » RBHYTP' TaK KaK BbICOKO-
Harpy3Ka
OKa3bIBaeT
He60JibllIOe
IIpH)KeHHH pe3HCTOPOB C MaJibIMH corrpOTHB-
1.12); IIpHMepbl TOMY Bbl BCTpeTHTe B rro-
JieHHHMH.
I1HOr,L(a
3TOT
rrpHMOM
IIO,L(XO,L(
CJie.L(yIOIIIHX
IIOJie3HbIM.
0.L(HaKO
nyqrne
HOCTH HBJIHeTCH o6H3aTeJibHbIM ,L(JIH TaKHX
Bcero ,L(JIH C03,L(aHHH HCTOqHHKa HaIIpH)Ke-
H3MepHTeJibHblX rrpH6opoB, KaK BOJibTMeT-
HHH, HJIH KaK ero qacTO Ha3bIBaIOT, HCToq-
pbl H OCIIHJIJIOrpaq>bI. (ECTb H HCKJIIOqeHHH
HHKa
aKTHBHhie
H3 3Toro o6mero rrpaBHna; HarrpHMep, KOr,L(a
KOMIIOHeHTbl, TaKHe, KaK TpaH3HCTOpbl HJIH
peqb IIOM,L(eT O JIHHHHX rrepe,L(aq Ha pa,L(HO-
OKa3bIBaeTCH
IIHTaHHH,
HCIIOJib30BaTb
rnaBax.
YcJIOBHe
BbICOKOOM-
orrepaIIHOHHhie ycHJIHTeJIH, KOTOpbIMH Mhl
qacTOTax, Bbl Y3HaeTe, qTo cne.L(yeT «corna-
2-4. 3TOT IIO,L(XO,L( II03BO-
COBbIBaTb HMIIe,L(aHCbI» ,L(JIH rrpe,L(OTBpame-
3aMMeMCH B rn.
JIHeT C03,L(aTb HCTOqHHK HaIIpH)KeHHH, BHyTpeHHee corrpOTHBJieHHe KOTOporo (HJIH 3KBHBaJieHTHOe
corrpOTHBJieHHe)
COCTaBHT
HHH OTpa)KeHHM H IIOTepb 3HeprHH.)
HecKOJibKO
CJIOB
O
rrpHHHTbIX
Bbipa)Ke-
HHHX: qacTO MO)KHO YCJibilllaTb «corrponrn-
MHJIJIHOMbl (TblCj{qHhle ,L(OJIH OMa), rrpH 3TOM
JieHHe co CTOpOHbl BXO,L(a ,L(eJIHTeJIH HaIIpH-
He Tpe6YJOTCH 60JibIIIHe TOKH H He pacceH-
)KeHHH» HJIH «Harpy3Ka co CTOpOHbl BbIXO,L(a
BaeTCH
3HaqHTeJibHaH MOIIIHOCTb,
paKTepHO
,L(JIH
HH3KOOMHoro
qTo
xa-
1,0
,L(eJIHTeJIH
HaIIpH)KeHHH C TaKHMH )Ke pa60qflMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH.
KpoMe
Toro,
B
aKTHBHOM
HCToqHHKe IIHTaHHH He rrpe.L(CTaBJIHeT Tpy.L(a
peryJIHpOBKa BbIXO,L(HOro HarrpH)KeHHH.
IloHHTHe
3KBHBaJieHTHoro
BHyTpeHHero
corrpOTHBJieHHH rrpHMeHHMO KO BCeM THIIaM
HCTOqHHKOB,
,L(eJIHTeJIHM
a
He
TOJibKO
HaIIpH)KeHHH.
K
6aTapeHM H
Bee
HCTOqHHKH
:s:
.,
C:
::r
,,;
c..
:::,
"'
0,5
")(
"
:::,"'
0 L..1--'--'--'-'--'--'--'-~.1.-J--'--'-.....__,
ORBblX
CHrHaJIOB (HarrpHMep, reHepaTOpbl CHHycoH,L(aJibHbIX CHrHaJIOB, YCHJIHTeJIH H H3MepHTeJibHhie rrpH6opbI) o6Jia,L(aIOT 3KBHBaJieHTHhIM BHyTpeHHHM
corrpOTHBJieHHeM.
Ilo,L(-
KJIJOqeHHe Harpy3KH, COIIpOTHBJieHHe KOTO-
5RBb1X
10RBblX
15RBblX
Conpon1BneH11e Harpy3K"1 (KpaTHO RBblX)
PHc.
1.12. ConpOTHBJieHHe
Harpy3KH
,llOJllKHO
6blTb
60JibIIIHM no cpaBHeHHIO C BbIXO,llHbIM conpoTHBJieHHeM
,11JISI Toro, 'IT06hl CHfHaJI HCTO'IHHKa He OCJ1a6JIS1JICSI HHJKe
3Ha'!eHHS1 HanpS1JKeHHS1 npH pa3oMKHyTOH IlenH.
20
rJiaea 1
COCTaBmleT CTOJihKO-TO OM». CoBeTyeM rrpH-
I
HHTh 3TH o6opOThl Ha Boopy)l(eHHe, TaK KaK
OHH B IIOHHTHOH qiopMe yKa3bIBaJOT, r.L(e, no
OTHOIIIeHHIO K cxeMe, HaXO,L(HTCH pe3HCTOp.
Ilpeo6pa30Bauue
3Hepruu.
3a.ri;yMaHTeCh
Ha.[( TaKHM HHTepeCHhIM BOIIpOCOM: KaKHM
,:., . )JDKHO
6bITh
corrpOTHBJieHHe
Harpy3KH,
qTo6bI IIpH .ri;aHHOM corrpOTHBJieHHH HCToqHHKa
e.ii
6brna
rrepe.ri;aHa
MaKcHMaJihHaH
a
MOIIIHOCTb? (TepMHHhl «corrpOTHBJieHHe HCTOqHHKa», «BHyTpeHHee corrpoTHBJieHHe» H
«3KBHBaJieHTHOe corrpOTHBJieHHe» OTHOCHTCH
K
0,L(HOMY
H
TOMY
)l(e
corrpOTHBJieHHIO).
HeTpy.ri;Ho 3aMeTHTh, qTo rrpH BhlIIOJIHeHHH
ycnoBHH
RH= 0
MOIIIHOCTh paBHa
03HaqaeT, qTo
3TOMY
H
RH= ro,
HyJIIO.
RH= 0
UH= 0, a JH = UH/R 0 H rro-
PH= UHIH = 0.
03HaqaeT, qTo
rrepe.ri;aHHaH
YcnoBHe
YcnOBHe
RH= ro
PeanbHbtM
cma61mn·
mpott
u
11,ueanbHbtl1
cma61,1m1mpoH
UH= U,. H JH = 0, II03TOMY
PH= 0. MaKCHMYM 3aKnJOqeH, CJie,L(oBaTeJihHo, Me)l(,L(y O H ro.
6
Ynpal!WeHHe 1.10. .[(oKalKHTe, qTo npu BblilOJIHeHlill
ycJIOBHSI R. = R. MOIUHOCTb B narpy3Ke MaKCHMaJibHa
AJISI Aannoro conpoTHBJieHHSI HCToqnuKa. 3aMeqanue:
nponycTHTe :no ynpal!rnenue, ecJIH Bbl He 3naere AHcjJcjJepenUHaJibHoro HCqHCJieHHSI, H npHMHTe Ha Bepy, qTO
npHBeJ:(eHHOe 3):(eCb YTBepJKJ:(eHHe cnpaBeJ:(JIHBO.
q T06bI rrpHBe,L(eHHhIH rrpHMep He BhI3BaJI
Puc. 1.13. BoJibT-aMnepHble xapaKTepHCTHKH. a-pe3HCTop (JIHHeHHaSI 3aBHCHMOCTb); 6-3enep0BCKHH AMOA (neJIHHeHHaSI 3aBHCHMOCTb).
OMax) H BO MHOrHX pacqeTax HrpaeT pOJih
corrpOTHBJieHHH. OHO Ha3hIBaeTCH corrpOTHB-
y Bae HerrpaBHJihHOro BrreqaTJieHHH, XOTHM
JieHHeM ,L(JIH MaJibIX CHrHaJIOB, .L(HqJqJepeH-
ern;e pa3 rro.ri;qepKHYTh, qTo 06h1qHo cxeMhl
IIHaJibHhIM
rrpoeKTHPYJOT TaKHM o6pa30M, qTo6hI co-
KHM HJIH HHKpeMeHTHhIM corrpOTHBJieHHeM.
IIpOTHBJieHHe Harpy3KH 6bIJ10 3HaqHTeJibHO
6oJibIIIe,
qeM
BHyTpeHHee
corrpOTHBJieHHe
HCToqHHKa CHrHana, pa6oTaJOrn;ero Ha 3TY
corrpOTHBJieHHeM,
,L(HHaMHqec-
3euepOBCKHe .ri;uo.r.LI (cTa6BJIHTp0Hb1). B
KaqecTBe
rrpHMepa
paCCMOTpHM
3eHepoB-
CKHH .[(HO.I( (cTa6HJIHTpOH), BOJihT-aMrrepHaH
Harpy3Ky.
xapaKTepHCTHKa
1.06. .Ll:HHaMH'ICCKOe conpoTUBJieHUe
pHC.
KOTOporo
IIpHBe,L(eHa
Ha
1. 13. 3eHepOBCKHe ,L(HO,L(hl HCIIOJ1h3YJOT
,L(JIH rronyqeHHH IIOCTOHHHOro HaIIpH)l(eHHH
qaCTO IIpHXO,L(HTCH HMeTb ,L(eJio C 3JieKTpOH-
Ha KaKOM-JIH6o yqacTKe cxeMbl. 3TO ,L(OCTH-
I He
raeTCH 3a cqeT TOKa (B rpy6oM rrpH6JIH)l(e-
HhlMH ycTpOHCTBaMH, B KOTOpbIX TOK
rrporropIIHOHaJieH HaIIpH)l(eHHIO U; B rro.ri;o6-
HHH IIOCTOHHHoro ), rronyqaeMoro OT HCToq-
HhIX cnyqaHx HeT CMbICJia roBOpHTh O co-
HHKa 60JibIIIero HaIIpH)l(eHHH B TOH )l(e cxe-
rrpOTHBJieHHH, TaK KaK OTHOIIIemre
U/1 He
HBJIHeTCH IIOCTOHHHOH BeJIHqHHOH, He3aBHCHMOH OT U, a, Hao6opoT, 3aBHCHT OT
rro.ri;o6HbIX
ycTpOHCTB
IIOJie3HO
u. )];JIH
3HaTb
Ha-
Me.
HarrpHMep, 3eHepoBCKHH .L(HO.L(, rrpe.L(-
cTaBneHHbIH Ha pHC.
1.13, rrpeo6pa3yeT IIH-
TaJOIIIHH TOK, H3MeHHIOIIIHHCH B YKa3aHHOM
,L(Harra30He, B COOTBeTCTBYIOIIIHH (HO 6onee
U-1 (BOJihT-aMrrepHOH
Y3K1i-.ii) ,L(Harra3oH HarrpH)l(eHHH. Ba)l(HO rro-
xapaKTepHCTHKH). I1HhIMH CJIOBaMH, rrpe.ri;-
HHTh, KaK 6y.L(eT BeCTH ce6H COOTBeTCTBYJO-
CTaBJIHeT HHTepec OTHOIIIeHHe He60JihIIIOro
rn;ee
H3MeHeHHH
K
(3eHepoBcKoe HarrpH)l(eHHe rrpo6oH) rrpH H3-
COOTBeTCTBYJOIIIeMy H3MeHeHHIO TOKa qepe3
MeHeHHH IIHTaJOrn;ero TOKa, 3TO H3MeHeHHe
cxeMy: !iU/111 (HJIH dU/dl). 3TO OT~OIIIeHHe
eCTh Mepa BJIHHHHH H3MeHeHH.H IIHTaJOrn;ero
H3MepHeTCH B e,L(HHHIIax COIIpOTHBJieHHH (B
TOKa. OHO xapaKTepH3yeTCH ,L(HHaMHqecK.RM
KJIOH 3aBHCHMOCTH
rrpHJIO)l(eHHOro
HaIIpH)l(eHHH
HarrpH)l(eHHe
Ha
3eHepOBCKOM
,L(HO,L(e
0CHOBL1 3JieKTpOHHKH
21
I
10 MA
Pnc. 1.14. PeryJUITOp Ha 3eHepoBCKOM J:(MOJ:(e.
COITpOTHBJieHHeM
3eHepOBCKoro
,D.HO,D.a,
OITpe.n.emreMblM ITPH 3a,D.aHHOM TOKe. (Y'ITH-
0, 1 0,2 0,3 0,4
U, B
0,5
Pnc. 1.15.
Te, 'ITO ,D.HHaMHtJeCKOe COITpOTHBJieHHe 3e-
HHH, 3HaH, 'ITO MaKCHMaJibHOe COITpOTHBJie-
HepOBCKOro ,D.HO,D.a B pe)KHMe CTa6HJIH3aIIHH
HHe
H3MeHHeTCH
ITpOITOpIIHOHaJibHO
7 OM ITPH TOKe 50 MA. B ~aITa3oHe H3MeHe-
TOKy). HaITpHMep, ~HaMHtJeCKOe COITpOTHB-
HHH BXO,D.HOro HaITpH)KeHHH TOK tJepe3 3e-
JieHHe
HepOBCKHH ~O,D. H3MeHHeTCH OT
o6paTHO
3eHepoBcKoro
.n.Ho.n.a,
co3.n.a10111ero
5 B, MO)KeT
6hITh paBHO 10 OM ITPH TOKe 10 MA. Boc-
HaITpH)KeHHe
CTa6HJIH3aIIHH
)].JIH
BbI6paHHOro
~o.n.a
COCTaBJIHeT
50 MA ,D.O
33 MA; H3MeHeHHe TOKa Ha 17 MA BhI3hIBaeT
H3MeHeHHe HaITpH)KeHHH Ha BhIXO,D.e cxeMhI,
liU = RJI. /il, HJIH 0,12 B. ,[(pyrne
ITOJih30BaBIIIHCh OITpe.n.eneHHeM ~HaMH'lec-
paBHoe
KOro COITpOTHBJieHHH, HaH,D.eM, tJeMy 6y,D.eT
ITpHMephI HCITOJih30BaHHH 3eHepOBCKHX ~0-
paBHO H3MeHeHHe HaITpH)KeHHH ITPH H3MeHe-
,D.OB Bbl Hail:,D.eTe B pa3,D..
10%: liU =
= RJI.OHM = 10·0,1 ·0,001 = 10 MB
HJIH
liU/U = 0,002 = 0,2%. TeM caMhIM ITO.D.-
peaJibHhIX ycJIOBHHX 3eHepOBCKHH ~O,D. o6e-
TBep)K,D.aIDTCH BhICOKHe CTa6HJIH3HpyID,II1He
ITO oITpe.n.eneHHID RJI.HH
KatJeCTBa 3eHepoBcKoro ~o.n.a. Ha ITpaKTHKe
OT HaITpH)KeHHH).
HHH
IlHTalOIIIero
TOKa
Ha
08
2.04 H 16.14. B
CITe'IHBaeT HaHBhICIIIYIO CTa6HJihHOCTh, eCJIH
OH ITHTaeTCH OT HCTO'IHHKa TOKa, y KOTOporo
= ro (TOK He 3aBHCHT
Ho HCTO'IHHK TOKa ITpe.n.-
tJaCTO ITPHXO,D.HTCH HMeTb .n.eno C TaKHMH
CTaBJIHeT co6oil: ,D.OCTaTO'IHO CJIO)KHOe ycT-
1.14.
pOHCTBO, H IT03TOMY Ha ITpaKTHKe Mhl tJa111e
3.n.ecb TOK, ITpOTeKalOIIIHH tJepe3 CTa6HnH-
Bcero Y.D.OBJieTBOpHeMCH ITpOCThIM pe3HCTO-
TpOH H pe3HCTOp, o6ycJIOBJieH HMelOIIIHMCH
poM.
cxeMaMH,
KaK
ITOKa3aHHaH
Ha
pHC.
B TOH )Ke cxeMe HaITpH)KeHHeM, 6oJibIIIHM
TyuueJILHbie .r.no.r.hl, E111e o.n.HH HHTepec-
'leM HarrpH)KeHHe CTa6HJIH3aIIHH. IlpH 3TOM
HhlH
1 = (UBX - u •• J/R H 111 = (/iUBX - 11uBbIJR,
Tor.n.a
11u•• x = RJI. /1/ = (R11. /R)(/1Uax - Ii Ua•ix) H HaKoHeII, Ii U Bblx = Ii Uax RJI. J
.[(HHaMHtJecKoro
1
1
00
00
0
(R + RJI. 00) . Cne.n.oBaTeJihHO, ITO OTHOIIIemrID
K
H3MeHeHHHM
HaITpH)KeHHH
cxeMa
Be,D.eT
ITPHMep
paBHO
,D.HHaMH-
C
1.15. B
ompu1.1ameflbHblM .[(HHaMH'leCKHM COITpOTHBCTBHe:
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IlpOMbIIIIJieHHOCTb BbIIIYCKaeT KOH,[(eHCaTOphl pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX q>OpM M pa3MepoB,
B rrepBOM rrpH6JimKeHHH KOH,[(eHCaTOpbI -
qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH Bbl II03HaKOMMTeCh
:no qacTOTH0-3aBHCHMbie pe3HCTOpbI. OHH
c HaH6onee pacrrpocTpaHeHHbIMH rrpe.[(cTa-
II03BOJ1HI0T C03,[(aBaTb, HarrpHMep, qacTOT-
BMTeJIHMH
H0-3aBHCHMbie ,[(eJIHTeJIH HaIIpH)l(eHHH. .D:nH
IlpocTeHIIIHH KOH,[(eHCaTop COCTOHT M3 .[(BYX
3Toro
o6IIIllpHoro
ceMeHCTBa.
ptmreHHH HeKOTOpbIX 3a,[(aq (IIIyttTHpOBaHHe,
rrpOBO,[(HHKOB, pacIIOJIO)l(eHHbIX Ha He60Jib-
CBH3bIBaHHe KOHTYPOB) 66JihllIHX 3HaHHH 0
llIOM paCCTOHHHH .[(pyr
KOH,[(eHCaTope H He Tpe6yeTCH, .[(pyrHe 3a,[(a-
corrpHKacaIOrn;HXCH Me)l(,[(y co6oii), HaCTOH-
qff
IUHe
(rrocTpoeHHe
q>HJibTpOB,
pe30HaHCHbIX
cxeM, HaKorrneHHe 3HeprHH) Tpe6y10T 6onee
rrpocTeHIIIHe
OT .[(pyra
KOH,[(eHCaTOpbI
(HO
He
HMeIOT
HMeHHO TaKyIO KOHCTPYKU:HIO. qT06bI rrony-
rny6oKHX 3HaHHH. HarrpHMep, KOH,[(eHCaTO-
qHTb 66JihllIYI0 eMKOCTb, HY)l(Hbl 66JibIIIaH
pbI He pacceHBaIOT 3HeprHIO, XOTH qepe3 HHX
IIJiorn;a,[(h H MeHbllIHH 3a30p Me)l(,[(y rrpOBO,[(-
TOK
HHKaMH, o6brqHo ,[(JIH 3TOro O,[(MH H3 rrpo-
H HarrpH)l(em1e Ha KOH,[(eHCaTope CMern;eHbI
BO,[(HHKOB IIOKpbIBaIOT TOHKHM CJIOeM M30-
H
rrpoTeKaeT
TOK,- ,[(eJIO
B
TOM,
qTo
.[(pyr OTHOCHTeJibHO .[(pyra ITO q>a3e Ha 90°.
IlpO.[(Hq>q>epemi;HpOBaB
Bbipa)l(eHHe
J1Mpy10rn:ero MaTepHana (Ha3bIBaeMoro .[(H-
,[(JIH
Q (CM. rrpHJIO)l(eHHe 6), rronyqMM
3JieKTpHKOM), ,[(JIH TaKMX KOH,[(eHCaTOpOB MCIIOJib3YIOT, HarrpHMep, aJIHTMpOBaHHYIO (rroKpbITYIO aJIIOMMHHeM) MaiinapoByIO IIJieHKy.
I= C(dU/dt).
IIIMpOKOe pacrrpocTpaHeHMe IIOJIYqffJIH CJieCJIO)l(HbIH
.[(YIOllIMe THIIbI KOH,[(eHCaTopoB: KepaMHqec-
3JieMeHT, qel\'.I pe3HCTop; TOK rrporropn:HOI-Ia-
KHe, 3JieKTPOJIHTMqecKMe (M3rOTOBJieHHhie H3
JieH He rrpOCTO HarrpH)l(eHHIO:
MeTaJIJIHqecKOH qJOJihrH C OKCH,[(HOH IIJieH-
I1TaK,
KOH,[(eHCaTop-3TO
6onee
a
CKOpOCTM
H3MeHeHHH HarrpH)l(eHHH. EcJIH HaIIpH)l(eHHe
Ha KOH,[(eHCaTope, HMeIOrn;eM eMKOCTb
H3MeHHTCH Ha
1 <I>,
1 B 3a 1 c, TO rronyqHM TOK
1 A. 11 Hao6opoT, rrpoTeKaHHe TOKa 1 A
qepe3 KOH,[(eHCaTop eMKOCTblO
eT H3MeHeHHe HarrpH)l(eHHH Ha
EMKOCTb,
paBHaH
0,[(HOH
B
KaqecTBe
(mroTOBJieHHbie
CJIIO,[(bI).
H30JIHTOpa),
H3
Ka)l(,[(OMY
CJIIO,[(HHhie
MeTaJIJIH3HpoBaHHOH
THIIY
KOH,[(eHCaTOpOB
rrpMCYllIM CBOH KaqecTBa, KpaTKMH rrepeqeHb
1 <I> BbI3bIBa1 B 3a 1 C.
qiapa.[(e,
KOH
oqeHb
OTJIHqMTeJibHbIX
TMIIa
oco6eHHOCTeH
KOH,[(eHCaTOpOB
Ka)l(,[(Oro
rrpMBe,[(eH
MeJIKHM
IIIpHq>TOM B pa3,[(ene «KoH,[(eHcaTopbr».
B
H II03TOMY qaiu:e HMeIOT ,[(eJIO C
o6in:eM MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, qTo ,[(JIH HeKpHTITT-
MHKpoqiapa.[(aMH {MK<I>) MJIH IIHKOq>apa,[(aMH
HbIX cxeM IIO,[(XO,[(HT KepaMHqecKHe M MaH-
(rr<I>) . .D:nH Toro qTo6bI c6HTb c TOJIKY He-
napOBbie KOH.[(eHcaTophr, B cxeMax, r,[(e Tpe-
BeJIHKa,
IIOCBHrn;eHHbIX, Ha IIpHHn;HIIMaJibHbIX cxeMax
6yeTcH
HHOr.[(a
TaHTaJIOBbie KOH,[(eHCaTOpbI, a ,[(JIH qJHJibTpa-
orrycKaIOT
o603HaqeHHH
e,[(HHHU:
6oJibIIIaH
eMKOCTb,
rrpHMeHHIOTCH
H3MepeHHH. I1x rrpHXO,[(HTCH yra.[(bIBaTb H3
UHH
KOHTeKCTa.
3JieKTpOJIHTITTeCKMe KOH,[(eHCaTOpbI.
HarrpHMep,
eCJIM
IIO,[(aTb
TOK
1 MA Ha KOH,[(eHCaTop eMKOCTblO 1 MK<I>, TO
1 c B03pacTeT Ha 1000 B.
I1MIIYJibC TOKa rrpO.[(OJI)l(HTeJibHOCTblO 10 MC
HarrpH)l(eHMe 3a
B
HCTOqHHKax
IIHTaHMH
HCIIOJib3YIQT
IIapaJIJ1eJibHoe n noCJie,[(oBaTeJibuoe coe,rotueHHe KOH,[(encaTOpOB, EMKOCTb HeCKOJibKHX rrapaJIJieJibHO coe,[(HHeHHbIX KOH,[(eHca-
BbI30BeT yBeJIHqeHHe HarrpH)l(eHHH Ha KOH-
TOpOB pa:sHa CYMMe HX eMKOCTeii. HeTpy.[(HO
10 B (pMc. 1.28).
B 3TOM y6e.[(HTbCH: rrpHJIO)l(HM HarrpH)l(eHHe
,[(eHcarnpe Ha
u
. . . - , , - - - - UHOB
10 B
10MI\
~10MG~
l.1cmap 1 - - - ~ - - - - ' - -
t
Pnc. 1.28. HanpsllKeHHe Ha KOHAeHCaTope H3MeHSieTCS1, KOfAa qepe3 Hero npoTeKaeT TOK.
t
0CH0Bbl 3J1e1np0BHKH
29
B OTJIHqHe OT TOKa, rrpo-
K rrapam1eJihHOMy coe,rurneHHIO, Tor;:i;a
MH CBOHCTBaMH.
CU = Q = Q1 + Qz + Q3 + · · · =
= C 1 U + C 2 U + C 3 U + ... =
= (C1 + C2 + C3 + ... ) U
TeKa10111ero qepe3 pe3HCTOp, OH rrporrop11HoHaJieH He HarrpH)KeHHIO, a CKOpOCTH H3MeHeHHH HarrpH)KeHHH (T. e. ero rrpOH3BO,D;HOH no
BpeMeHH). ,[(anee, MOIIIHOCTh (U YMHO)KeHHOe Ha /), KOTopaH CBH3aHa C rrpoTeKaIOIIIHM
M.JIH
qepe3 KOH,D;eHCaTop TOKOM, He 06pa111aeTCH
B
TeIIJIO,
a
coxpaHHeTCH B
BH,D;e 3HeprHH
BHyTpeHHero 3JieKTpHqecKoro IIOJIH. B KOH,[(JIH IIOCJie,D;OBaTeJihHOro coe,D;HHeHHH KOH,D;eHcaTOpOB HMeeM TaKoe )Ke Bhipa)KeHHe,
KaK ,D;JIH rrapannenhHoro coe,D;HHeHHH pe3H-
,D;eHCaTope.
IlpH
KOH,D;eHCaTopa
HHTHhie CBOHCTBa Mhl paCCMOTpHM C ;:i;pyroii
TOqKM 3peHHH,
CTopoB:
pa3pH;:i;e
rrpOHCXO,D;HT H3BJieqeHHe 3HeprHH. 3TH 3aKOr,D;a
6y;:i;eM myqaTh
aKmUBHOCmb (HaqHHaH C pa3,D;.
1
1/C1 + l/C2 + 1/C3
pe-
1.18).
C=------.
KOH,ll;EHCATOPhl
B qacTHOM CJiyqae ,D;JIH .D;Byx KOH,D;eHCaTOpoB:
C = C 1 C 2 /(C 1 + C 2 ).
ToK, 3apH)Ka10111Hii KOH,D;eHcaTop (I =
= CdU/dt), o6na;:i;aeT HeKoTophIMH oco6b1-
THn
,ll;Hana30H eMKOCTH MaKCHMaJibHoe To'IHOCTh TeMnepaTypaanpmKeHHe
Ha!I CTa6HJibHOCTb
1 n<t>-0,01 MK<l>
100-600
l.l;HJIHHApH'!e- 0,5 n<t>-100 n<t>
CKHH KepaMH'!ecKHii
KepaMH'!eCKHH 10 n<t>- l MK<l>
100-600
CJIIOASIHOH
IlpOMhlUJJieHHOCTb!O BhrnycKaeTC!I MHOfO THilOB KOHAeHcaTopoB. 3AeCb nepe'!IICJieHbl OCHOBHbie npeHMyUJeCTBa
H HeAOCTaTKH pa3JIH'lHbIX THilOB. O'ieBHAHO, 'ITO AaHHa!I
oneaKa HMeeT HeCKOJ!bKO cy6beKTHBHbIH xapaKTep (CM.
rn6JIHny).
50-30000
IlOJIH3qJHpHh!e 0,001 MK<l>-50 MK<l> 50-600
(MaHJiapoBb!e)
100-600
IloJIHCTHpOJIO- 10 n<t>-2, 7 MK<l>
Bh!e
XopoUJa!I
YTe'!Ka
Mana!I
BapbHpyeT
HH3Ka!I
HH3Ka!I
CpeAH!I!I
XopoUJa!I
HH3Ka!I
Mana!I
0TJIH'lHa!I Bb1c0KaS1
O'!eHb
MaJia!I
100 n<l>- 30 MK<l>
IIonHKap6oHaTHbie
IloJIHnponHJie- 100 n<t>- 50 MK<l>
HOBbie
50-800
0TJIH'!Ha!I 0TJIH'!Ha!I
Mana!I
100-800
0TJIH'lHa!I Bb1c0KaS1
QqeHh
MaJia!I
Te(jJJIOHOBbie
100 n<t> - 2 MK<l>
50-200
0TJIH'lHa!I 0TJIH'lHa!I
CaMa!I
Mana!I
CTeKJIS1HHb1e
10 n<t>-1000 MK<l>
100-600
XopoUJa!I
<t>apqiop0Bb1e
100 n<t>-0,1 MK<t>
50-400
XopoUJa!I
Bb!COKa!I
QqeHb
MaJia!I
Mana!I
TaHTaJIOBbie
0, 1 MK<t>-500 MK<l>
6-100
HH3Ka!I
HH3Ka!I
IlpHMe'!aHHe
Qqeab xopoUJHe: peKOMeHAYIOTC!I AJI!I paAHO'!aCTOT
HecKOJibKo 3Ha'!eHHii TeMnepaTypaoro
K03qJ(jJHnHeHTa, BKJIIO'la!I 0
Manb1e ra6apHThI, HeAopofH, lliHpOKO HCilOJ!b3YIOTC!I
XopoUJHe, aeAoporHe, UJHpOKO HCil0Jlb3YIOTCS1
BbICOKOKa'!eCTeHHhle, KpynHOra6apHTHbie, peKoMeHAYIOTC!I AJI!I qJHJ!bTpOB
Bb!COKOKa'!eCTBeHHbie,
HMe!OT MaJih!e ra6apHTbl
Bb!COKOKa'!eCTBeHHhle; HH3AH3JieKTpH'!eCKOe
Koe
IlOfJIOUJeHHe
BbICOKOKa'!eCTBeHHhle, caMoe HH3KOe AH3JieKTpH'!eCKOe IlOfJIOUJeHHe
CTa6HJibHhl npH AJIHTeJihuoii 3KcnnyaTanHH
XopoUJHe: cra6HJihHble npH
AJIHTeJihHOH 3KCilJiyaTaIlHH
EoJibUJa!I eMKOCTb; IlOJI!IpH30BaHHble; Manora6apHTHh!e; ae6oJibUJa!I
HHAYKTHBHOCTb
30
rJiaBa 1
IIpoooAJK:enue ma6A.
~Hana30H eMKOCTH MaKCHMaJ!hHOe TO'IHOCTh TeMnepaTypHanplDKeHHe
Hall CTa6HJThHOCTh
YTe'!Ka
3neKTponHTH- 0,1 MK<l>-1,6 <1>
'!eCKHe
3-600
XyJKe He
6bIBaeT
XyJKe He
6hIBaeT
YJKacHaSI
C ABOMHhlM
1,5-6
HH3Ka11
HH3Kall
Mana11
0,1 <1>-10 <1>
CJIOeM
AH3JieKTPHKa
MacJillHhle
0,1 MK<l>-20 MK<l>
200-10000
BaKyyMHhie
2000-36000
1 n<t>-5000 n<t>
Mana.SI
Ynpal!WeHHe 1.12. Ilony'IHTe Bh!paJKeHHe AJI!I eMKOCTH
ABYX nocne,110BaTeJihHO coeAHHeHHhIX KOH,[leHCaTOpOB.
I10,11cKa3Ka: TaK KaK TO'!Ka coe,[IHHeHHSI KOH,[leHCaTopoB
He HMeeT BHelIIHHX IlO,[IKJIJO'!eHHii, TO 3apllA, HaKOnJieHHhlii ABYMll KOH,[leHCaTopaMH, AOJIJKeH 6h!Th OAHHaKOB.
B o6rn;eM c.JI)'qae cxeM, pa60TaI0Iu;HX c H3MeIDIIOiu;HMHCH HaIIpH)KeHH,SIMH H TOKaMH)
MO)KHO HCIIOJih30BaTb xapaKTepHCTHKH .[(BYX
THIIOB. Bo-rrepBbIX, MO)KHO paccMaTpHBaTb
HarrpH)KeHH,SI
U
H
TOKa
J
BO
BpeMeHH, a BO-BTOpbIX,- H3MeHeHHe aMIIJIHTY.[(hl IIpH H3MeHeHHH qacTOThl CIITHaJia.
I1
Te, H .[(pyrHe xapaKTepHCTHKH HMeIOT CBOH
rrpeHMyrn;ecTBa, H B Ka)K,[(OM rrpaKTHqecKOM
CJiyqae
rrpHXO,[(HTC,SI
IIO,[(XO,[(,SIIu;He.
BhI6HpaTb
HaH6onee
Mb! HalffieM H3yqeHHe u;erreii
rrepeMeHHOro TOKa C BpeMeHHhIX 3aBHCHMOCTeii, a B pa3,[(.
qiepeHQHaJibHoe ypaBHeHHe, perneHHe KOTOporo HMeeT BH.[(
U = Ae-t/Rc_
CJie.[(yeT,
qTo
ecJIH
3apH)KeHHhIH
KOH,[(eHcaTop IIO,[(KJIJOqHTh K pe3HCTopy, TO
,[(JUI aHamna u;erreii rrepeMeHHoro TOKa (mrn
H3MeHemra
3To Bhipa)KeHHe rrpe.[(CTaBJIHeT co6oii .[(mp-
0TCIO,[(a
1.13. RC-..enn: H3MeneHIDI
BO op,eMeHH uaupHiKeHHH H TOKa
<l>HJThTphl HCTO'IHHKOB IlHTaHHSI; IlOJillpH30BaHHhle;
KOpOTICHM CpOK CJiyJK6hi
IloMepJKKa naM.SITH; BhlCOKOe
IlOCJie,[IOBaTeJihHOe
conponrnneHHe
BwcoKoBOJihTHhle <pHJihTph1; KpynHora6apHTHhie,
AJIHTeJihHhiii cpoK cnyJK6w
IIepeAaT'IHKH
1.18 rrepeii.[(eM K qacTOTHhIM
OH 6y.[(eT pa3pH)KaTbC,Sl TaK, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha
pHC.
1.30.
IlocTOHHHaH BpeMeHH. IlpOH3Be,[(eHHe
R H3MepHTh B oMax, a C - B qiapa.[(ax, TO
RC 6y.[(eT H3MepHhCH B
rrpOH3Be.[(eHHe
ceKytt,[(aX.
,[(JI,SI
KOH,[(eHCaTopa
eMKOCThlO
1 MK<I>, IIO.[(KJIIOqeHHoro K pe3HCTopy corrpoTHBJieHHeM 1 KOM, IIOCTOHHHa,SI BpeMeHH
COCTaBJIHeT 1 MC, ecJIH KOH,[(eHcaTop 6hIJI
rrpe.ri;BapHTeJibHO 3apH)KeH H HarrpH)KeHHe Ha
HeM COCTaBJI,SieT
1 B, TO rrpH IIO,[(KJIIOqeHHH
pe3HCTOpa B u;eIIH IIO,SIBHTC,Sl TOK, paBHhIH
IMA
xapaKTepHCTHKaM.
KaKOBhl
)Ke
CBOHCTBa
cxeM,
B
COCTaB
u
KOTOpbIX BXO,[(,SIT KOH,[(eHCaTOpbI? ,[(JI,SI Toro
'IT06hI OTBeTHTh Ha 3TOT BOIIpoc, paCCMOTpHM rrpocTeiirny10 RC-u;errh (pHc.
1.29). Boc-
IIOJih3yeMCH rronyqeHHhIM paHee Bbipa)KeHHeM ,[(JI,SI eMKOCTH:
C(dU/dt)=I= - U/R.
t
Pnc. 1.29.
RC
Ha3bIBaIOT nocmO/lHHOu epeMeHu u;errH. EcJIH
Pnc. 1.30. Cirrnan pa3p11,11a RC-nerm.
Ocuosbl :me1npo11111m
31
R
~ ~ lI u
-=.. Hanplllllett110" Uax
_r_
-=-
--
--
PHc. 1.31.
Ha pHC. 1. 31 IIOKa3aHa HeCKOJII,KO HI:IaH
cxeMa. B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t
= 0 cxeMa 110.[l,-
5onee Hl13Kas:i
KJIIOqaeTcH K 6aTapee. YpaBHeHHe, OIIHCbIBaIOmee pa6oTy TaKoii cxeMbl, BhII'JIH,lJ,HT cne,lJ,yIOmHM o6pa3oM:
qacmoma
P11c.
1.33. HanpJIJKeB11e,
CB11MaeMoe
C
KOHAeHC3Topa
(BepXHHe Clil'HaJibl), np11 ycJIOBHH, '!TO Ha Hero '1epe3
I= C(dU/dt) = (UBX - U)/R
pe31!CTOp IlOAaeTCJI npllMoyroJlbHl,JH CIITHaJI.
H HMeeT perneHHe
YnpalKHeHHe 1.13. ,[(oKaJKHTe, '!To BpeMll HapacTaHl!ll
U = U Bx + Ae - t/RC.
c11rHaJia (BpeMll, B Te'!eHl!e KOToporo CHrHaJI 113Mem1eTCJI
He rryraihech, ecJIH He IIOHHJIH, KaK BbI-
JIJleT 2,2 RC.
OT 10 AO 90% CBOero M3KCl1MaJibHOro 3H3'!eHl!ll) COCTaB-
rroJIHeHo MaTeMaTHqecKoe rrpeo6pa3oBaHHe.
Y
Ba)l(HO 3aIIOMHHTh IIOJiyqeHHbIB pe3yJihTaT.
3aKOH
B .[l,aJihHefuneM MbI 6y,n:eM MHOroKpaTHO ero
U BX (t)? )];AA Toro qTo6bI OTBeTHTh Ha Hero,
HCIIOJih30.BaTh, He rrpH6eraH K MaTeMaTHqecKHM BbIKJia.[l,KaM. IloCTOB:HHaH BeJIHqHI:Ia
IJ;HaJihHOe ypaBHeHHe (cTaH.[1,apTHbie MeTO.[l,hl
A
perneHHH TaKHX ypaBHeHHii 3,n:ech He pac-
orrpe.n:enB:eTcB:
(pHC.
=-
H3
HaqaJihHbIX
ycnoBHii
1.32): U = 0 rrpH t = 0, OTKy,n:a A =
U H U = U (1 - e- t/RC).
y CTa::oBJieHHe p:SuoBeCHH. IlpH ycJIOBHH
t » RC HarrpIDKeHHe .[l,OCTHraeT 3HaqeHH51
UBx' (CoBeTyeM 3a110MHHTh xopornee rrpaKTHqecKoe rrpaBHJio, Ha3bIBaeMoe rrpaBHJIOM
IIHTH
RC.
0Ho rnacHT: 3a BpeMH, paBHoe
IIHTH IIOCTOHHHbIM BpeMeHH, KOH.[l,eHCaTop
3ap5DKaeTCH
HJIH
pa3pg)KaeTcB:
Ha
99%.)
EcJIH 3aTeM H3MeHHTh BXO.[l,HOe Harrpg)KeHHe
UBx (c.n:enaTh ero paBHhIM, HarrpHMep, HYJIIO),
TO HaIIpIDKeHHe Ha KOH.[l,eHCaTope
U 6y,n:eT
y6hIBaTh, CTpeMHCh K HOBOMY 3HaqeHHJO 110
3ICcrroHemurnnhHoMy 3aKOHY e- itRc. HarrpHMep, eCJIH Ha BXO.[I, 110,n:aTb rrpHMoyrOJihHhIB
CHrHaJI U BX' TO CHrHaJI Ha BbIXo,n:e U 6y,n:eT
HMeTb qiopMy, IIOKa3aHHYJO Ha pHC. 1.33.
Bae, HaBepHoe, B03HHK Borrpoc: KaKOB
H3MeHeHHB:
.[l,JIH
1IpOH3BOJihHOro
ffY)KHO peIIIHTb He0.[1,HOp0.[1,HOe .[l,Hq>q>epeH-
cMa TpHBaIOTCH). B pe3yJihTaTe rroJiyqffM
1
I
J Uex'te-<1-,)/Rcdt.
U(t)=-
RC_ 00
RC-
CornacHo rronyqeHHoMy Bhipa)KeHHJO,
uerrh
ycpe,n:HHeT
BXO.[l,HOe
K03qlqJHD;HeHTOM
e- At/Re, r.n:e !:it= 't -
HarrpH)KeHHe
C
rrporropIJ;HOHaJibHOCTH
t. Ha rrpaKTHKe, o.[l,Ha-
KO, TaKOH BOIIpoc B03HHKaeT pe,n:KO. qame
Bcero paccMaTpHBaIOTCH qacTOTHhie xapaKTepHCTHKH H orrpe,n:eJI51IOT, KaKHe H3MeHeHHH
rrpeTeprreBaeT Ka)K.[l,aH qacTOTHaH COCTaBJigJOmaH BXO.[l,Horo cnrHaJia. CKopo (pa3,n:.
1.18)
Mhl TaK)Ke rrepeii,n:eM K 3TOMY HeMaJIOBa)KHYIO BOIIpocy. A IIOKa paCCMOTpHM HeCKOJihKO HHTepeCHbIX cxeM, .[l,JIH aHaJIH3a KOTOphIX
,n:oCTaToqHo BpeMeHHhIX 3aBHCHMOCTeii.
Ynpo~eune C DOMO~LIO 3KBHBaJieHTHOl'O
npeo6pa3oBaHHH Te&eHHua. Mo)l(HO 6bIJio 6bl
u
Usx - - - - - - - - - - -
rrpHCTyrrHTh
K
aHaJIH3y
6onee
CJIO)l(HhlX:
cxeM, IIOJih3YHCh, KaK H paHbrne, MeTO.[l,OM
perneHHH
.D:Hq>q>epeHIJ;HaJibHhIX
ypaBHeHHH.
0,n:HaKO qame BCero He CTOHT rrpH6eraTb
K perneHHIO .D:Hq>q>epeHIJ;JlaJihHhIX ypaBHeHHH.
0
P11c. 1.32.
t=RC
t
DOJil,lIIHHCTBO cxeM MO)KHO CBeCTH K
RC-
cxeMe, IIOKa3aHHOH Ha pHc. 1.34. I10Jih3Y51Ch
3KBHBaJieHTHhIM rrpeo6pa30BaHHeM .[l,JIH .n:e-
rJiaBa 1
32
xapaKTepHCTHKe RC-u;errH,
BhIXO,n:Hoii cHr-
HaJI .ll;JIH Hee 3a.n;ep)KHBaeTCH OTHOCHTeJihHO
BXO.ll;HOro,
II03TOMY BhIXO.ll;HOM
6yqiepHhIM
YCHJIHTeJih rrepeKJIIOqaeTCH Ha 10 MKC II03)Ke
1
CKaqKa HaIIpH)KeHHH Ha BXO.n;e (HarrpH)KeHHe
Ha Bhlxo.n:e RC-u;errH .n;ocTHraeT 50% CBoero
Pnc. 1.34.
MaKCHMaJihHOro
Ha rrpaKTHKe
3HaqeHHH
rrpHXO.ll;HTCH
0,7 RC).
qepe3
rrpHHHMaTh
BO
JIHTeJI.Sr HarrpH)KeHmr, o6pa3oBaHHoro pe3H-
BHHMaHHe
cTopaMH R 1 H R 2 , MO)KHO orrpe.n;eJIHTh U(t)
.ll;JIH CKaqKa BXO.ll;Horo HarrpH)KeHHH
ax·
HarrpH)KeHHH IIHT8HHH, TaK KaK 3TO OTKJIOHe-
u
Te
OT
BXO.n;Horo
BeJIHqHHhI,
paBHOM
rropora
IIOJIOBHHe
Ha
HHe H3MeHHeT 3a.n;ep)KKY H IIIHpHHY BhIXO,n:-
= R 2 = IO KOM H C = 0,1 MK<l>. OnpeAeJIH-
HOro HMIIYJihca. I1irnr.n:a rro.n:o6HYIO cxeMy
YnpalKUeHHe
pHC. 1.34, R 1
6yqiepa
OTKJIOHeHHe
1.14.
CXeMhI,
,[(JIii
IlOK838HHOH
u (t) H H3o6pa3HTe noJiy'leHHYJO 38BHCHMOCTb B BH/:(e
rpacjmKa.
IIpuMep: cxeMa 38));eparnm. MhI y)Ke yrro-
HCIIOJih3YIQT .ll;JIH Toro,
qTo6bI 3a.n;ep)KaTh
HMIIYJihC
TeqeHHe KOTOporo
MO)KeT
Ha
BpeMH,
rrpOH30MTH
B
KaKoe-JIH6o
co6bITHe.
MHHaJIH JIOrHqecKHe ypoBHH - HarrpH)KeHHH,
IlpH rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH cxeM Jiyqrne He rrpH-
orrpe.n;eJIHIOrn;He pa6oTy u;mppOBhIX cxeM. Ha
6eraTh K rro.n:o6HhIM TpIOKaM, HO HHor.n:a
pHC.
1.35 IIOKa3aHO, KaK C IIOMOrn;hIO KOH-
OHH 6bIBaIOT IIOJie3HhI.
.n;eHcaTopoB MO)KHO IIOJiyqHTh 3a.n;ep)KaHHhlM
HMIIYJihC.
B BH,n:e TpeyrOJihHHKOB H306pa-
)KeHhI KMOII-6yqiepHhie
ycHJIHTeJIH.
0HH
1.14. .IJ:uct>ct>epe~upyromue ._enu
.n;aIOT BhICOKHM ypoBeHh Ha BhlXO,n:e (6oJiee
PaCCMOTpHM
IIOJIOBHHhI BeJIHqHHhI HaIIpH)KeHHH IIHTaHHH
1.36. HarrpH)l(eHHe Ha KOH.n;eHcarnpe C
paBHO U ax - U, rro1T0My
IIOCTOHHHOro TOKa)
H
Hao6opoT.
IIepBhlM
6yqiepHhIM ycHJIHTeJih BOCIIpOH3BO.ll;HT BXO,n:HOM CHrHaJI H o6ecrreqHBaeT He60JihIIIOe Bhl-
cxeMy,
H306pa)KeHHYI0
Ha
pHc.
I= Cd(UBX - U)/dt = U/R.
XO,n:Hoe corrpOTHBJieHHe, rrpe,n:OTBpamaH TeM
ECJIH pe3HCTOP H KOH,n:eHCaTop BhI6paTh TaK,
caMhIM B03,n:eiicTBHe Ha HCTOqHHK CHrHaJia
qTo6hI corrpOTHBJieHHe R H eMKOCTh C 6bIJIH
RC-u;errH
.n:ocTaToqHo MaJibIMH H BhIIIOJlHHJIOCh ycJIO-
(Borrpoc
paCCMOTpeJIH
B
o
Harpy3Ke cxeMhI MhI
pa3.n;.
1.05).
CornaCHO
BHe
dU/dt « dU 8 Jdt, TO
C(dU 8 Jdt) = U/R HJIH U(t) =
= RC[dUBX(t)/dt].
TaKHM o6pa30M, Mhl IIOJiyqHJIH, qTo BhIXO,n:HOe HaIIpH)KeHHe rrporropu;HOHaJihHO CKOpoCTH H3MeHeHHH BXO.n;Horo CHrHaJia.
,[(JIH Toro qTo6hI BhIIIOJIHHJIOCh ycJIOl.me
dU/dt « dUax/dt, rrpOH3Be.n;eHHe RC .ll;OJI)KHO
6bITh He60JihIIIHM, HO rrpH 3TOM corrpOTHB-
A-BXO/l
~
I
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qTo6bI He «Harpy)KaTh» BX0.11: (npH CKaqKe
I
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B-RC~
I
I
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I I
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PHc. 1.35. 11cnoJib30B8HHe RC-nenH AJI!I cjJopMHpOB8HHl!
38Aepl!<aHHOro UHcpposoro CITTHaJia.
PHC. 1.36.
0CH0Bbl 3JieKTpOHHKH
33
u ---t--.----~-.---
Pnc. 1.39.
Pnc. 1.37. BhDWiUIOH cnrnan (BepXHHii), CHHMaeMb1i! c
.L1mpcjJepeH[(HaTopa, Ha BXO.LI KOTOporo IlO):laCTCll npllMOyroJibHbIH cnrHan.
CTaBJI.sieT co6oil: Harpy3KY co CTOpOHhl BXO,n:a
cxeMhI). EoJiee TO'IHhIH Kp1uepuil: BhI6opa
,n:n.sr R H C MhI rronyqMM, Kor,n:a u3yqMM
qacTOTHhie xapaKTepMCTMKM. EcJIM Ha BXO,O:
cxeMhl rro,n:aTh rrp.srMoyrOJihHhlH CMrHaJI, TO
CMrHaJI Ha BhIXO,n:e 6y,n:eT MMeTh BMA, rrpek
CTaBJieHHhIH Ha pHC. 1.37.
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3aiJJ-le20 rjjp01-1moe MMIIYJihCHhlX CMrHaJTOB,
MB IIMqJpOBhIX cxeMax MO)l(HO MHor,n:a BCTpeTMTh 11errM, rro,n:o6Hble TOH, KOTOpa.sr IIOKa3aHa Ha puc. 1.38 . .[(uqiqiepeH11Mpy10II1a.sr RCu;errh reHepMpyeT MMIIYJihChl B BM,n:e KOpOTKMX IIMKOB B MOMeBThl rrepeKJIJOqeHMSl BXO,UHOro CMrHana, a BhIXO,O:HOH 6yqiepHhlH ycuJIMTeJih rrpeo6pa 1yeT 3TH MMIIy.JihChI B KOpOTKMe rrpSIMOyrOJihHhle MMIIYJihChI. B peaJihHhIX cxeMax OTPMIIaTeJihHhIH IIMK 6blBaeT
He60JihIIIMM 6Jiaro,n:apSI BCTpoeHHOMY B 6yqiep ,n:rro.u:y (pe'Ih 06 3TOM 3JieMe1ue rroil:.n:eT
B pa3,0:. 1.25).
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cxeMa HeO)l(H,n:aHHO HaquHaeT rrpo.srBJI.sITh
,n:uqiqiepeHIIMPYIOIIIMe cBoil:crna, rrpuqeM B
CMTya11u.srx, r,n:e OHM COBepIIIeHHO He)l(eJiaTeJihHhI. IlpM 3TOM MO)l(HO Ha6n10,n:aTh CMrHaJihl, rro,n:o6Hble IIOKa3aHHhlM Ha pHC. 1.39.
IlepBhIH CMrHaJI (a TOqHee, MMIIYJihCHa.sr rroMexa) MO)l(eT B03HMKHYTh rrpM HaJIMquM
eMKOCTHOH CB.sI3M Me)l(,n:y paccMaTpHBaeMOH
JIMHMeH M cxeMOH, B KOTOpoil: rrpucyTcTByeT
rrp.srMoyroJihHhIB cMrHan; rrpuqMHoil: rro.srBneHM.sr rro,n:o6HOH IIOMeXM MO)l(eT CJIY)l(MTh OTcyTCTBMe OKOHeqHoro pe3MCTOpa B JIMHMM.
EcnM )Ke pe3MCT0p eCTh, TO CJie,n:yeT JIM6o
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ocna6ne1m.sr eMKOCTHOH CB.sI3H C MCTOqHMKOM
curHanoB rrp.srMoyroJihHOH qiopMhI. CurHaJI
BToporo TMIIa MO)l(HO Ha6n10,n:aTh B 11errM,
no KOTopoil: ,n:OJI)l(eH rrpoxo,n:MTh curnan
rrp.sIMOyrOJihHOH qiopMhl, rrpH HaJIMqttM ,n:eqieKTa B KOHTaKTe C 3TOH 11eIIhI0, HaIIpMMep,
B IIIyrre OCIIMJIJIOrpaqia. He60JihIIIa.sr eMKOCTh,
B03HMKaIOIIIa.sI rrpM IIJIOXOM KOHTaKTe, M
BXO,O:HOe corrpOTMBJieHMe OCIIHJIJIOrpaqia o6pa3yI0T ,n:uqiqiepen11upy10II1yI0 11errh. Ecnu
Bbl o6Hapy)l(MJIH, qTo BaIIIa cxeMa «qTO-TO»
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M ycTpaHMTh ee.
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1.15. HnTerpupyromue ~enu
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C-BblXO.IJ.
v
nocmollHHa!I
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2-1614
PaccMoTpMM cxeMy, M3o6pa)l(eHHYIO Ha
puc. 1.40. Harrp.sr)l(eHMe Ha pe3MCTope R paB-
Pnc. 1.40.
34
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t
Ow1116Ka
np111
Osb1X
' -10% llsx
mrneM-
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t
Pnc. 1.41.
U, ene~oBaTeJThHO, I= C(dU/dt) =
U)/R. Eenu 06eerreq1ub BhIIIOJillemre yenoBmI U « U Bx 3a eqeT 6oJihrnoro
3HaqeHH.sr rrpoH3Be~eHH.sr RC, TO rroJiyqHM
C(dU/dt) ~ UBJR HJIH
1 t
U(t) =
UBx(t)dt + KOHeTaHTa.
RC 0
HO UBx -
= (U sx -
-J
Mbl IIOJiyqHJIH, qTo exeMa HHTerpHpyeT
BXO~HOH eJITHaJI BO BpeMeHH! PaeeMOTpHM,
KaKHM o6pa30M 3Ta exeMa o6eerreqHBaeT
arrrrpoKeHMau;mo HHTerpHpOBaHH.sI B enyqae
BXO~oro eJITHaJia rrp.sIMoyrOJibHOH qiopMb1:
U (t) rrpe~eTaBJI.sieT eo6oii 3HaKOMhm y)l(e
HaM rpaqJHK 3KeIIOHeHu;HaJibHOH 3aBHeHMOeTH, orrpe~emnomeii 3ap.sr~ KOH~eHeaTopa
(pne. 1.41). IIepBbIH yqaeTOK 3KeIIOHeHTbl
(HHTerpaJI OT rroqTH rroeTO.sIHHOH BeJIHqHHbl)-rrp.sIMa.sr C rroeTO.sIHHhlM yrJIOM HaKJIOHa; rrpH yBeJiflqeHHH rroeTO.sIHHOH BpeMeHH
RC HerroJib3yeTe.sr Bee MeHbIIIHH yqacTOK
3KeIIOHeHTbl, TeM eaMblM o6eerre•rnBaeTe.sr
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0TMeTHM, qTo yeJIOBHe U « U BX paBHOeHJibHO TOMY' qTo TOK rrporropu;HOHaJieH
Harrp.sr)l(eHmo U Bx· EeJIH 6b1 B KaqeeTBe
BXO~Horo eJITHaJia BbleTyrraJI TOK I (t), a He
HaIIp.sI)KeHHe, TO Mbl IIOnyqHJIH 6hl n~eaJibHblH mnerpaTop. I1eT011HllKOM TOKa MO)l(eT
eny)l(HTb pe3HeTop e 60JiblIIHM eorrpOTHBJieHHeM H e 60JiblIIHM rra~eHHeM HaIIp.sI)l(eHH.sI
Ha HeM, H Ha rrpaKTHKe qaeTO II0Jlb3YI0Te.sr
3TMM rrpH6JIM)l(eHHeM.
B ~aJThHeiirneM, KOr~a Mbl II03HaKOMHM
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Koa.11eacaTop, reaepnpyeT aanpS1JKem1e B BR.lie JIHHeHHOMeH!IIOmerocS1 cnrHana.
HHTerpaTop,
UBb!x
He
rrpH6era.sr
K
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B IIIHpOKOM ~arra30He qaeTOT M HaIIp.sI)l(eHHH e rrpeue6pe)l(HMO Manoii onrn6Koii.
I1HTerpHpyIOru;He uerrH Haxo~.sIT IIIHpOKOe
IIpHMeHeHHe B aHaJIOrOBOH TeXHHKe. I1x HeH0Jlb3YI0T B ynpaBJI.sIIOIUHX eHeTeMax, exeMax e o6paTHOH eB.sI3bI0, rrpH aHaJIOrO-Il;HqJpOBOM npeo6pa3oBamm H reuepal.(HM Kone6anHii.
reuepaTopbI nHJioo6pa3uorn CJD"HaJia. Terrepb Bbl 6e3 Tpy~a pa36epeTeeb B TOM, KaK
pa6oTaeT reuepaTop IIHJioo6pa3Horo CJITHana. 3Ta exeMa xoporno 3apeKoMe~oBaJia
ee6.sr H HaIIIJia oqeHb IIIMpOKOe rrpHMeHeHHe:
ee HeIIOJib3YI0T BO BpeM.sI-3a~aIOru;HX exeMax, B reuepaTopax eHHyeo~aJibHbIX H ~pyrHX THHOB KOJie6aHHii, B exeMax pa3BepTKM
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(pHe. 1.42). 113 ypaBHeHHH ~JI.SI TOKa, rrp0TeKa10mero qepe3 KO~eHcaTop, I= C(dU /dt)
IIOJiyqHM
(t) = (I/C) t. BbIXO~HOH CHrnan
M3o6pa)l(eH Ha pue. 1.43. JI1rnefuioe HapaeTamre eirrHana rrpeKpamaeresi Tor~a, Kor~a
«Hee.srKaeT» HaIIp.sI)l(eHI1e MCTO'IHHKa TOKa,
T. e. ~oeTJITaeTe.sr ero rrpe~eJlbHoe 3HaqeHHe.
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pHe. 1.43 3Ta BTOpa.sr KpHBa.sr IIOKa3aHa ~JI.sI
enyqa.sr, KOr~a R Bb16paHo TaK, qTo6bl TOK
u
IL..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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Puc. 1.43.
OcuoBbl :JJ1e1npoumcu
35
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HOCTb,
paBeH TOKY MCTO'IHMKa TOKa; npH 3TOM BTO-
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BBO)];MTCH TaKoe Ba)l(Hoe noHHTMe, KaK no11-
pa1.n;eJibI
3TOH
rJiaBbI,
B
KOTOpbIX
J rH, npM-
HOe conpomue11eHue, HJIM uMneHiJaHc, noKa-
BO)];HT K HapacTaHHIO TOKa 'Iepe3 HHJzyKTHB-
)KYT BaM, B tJeM 3Ta npOTHBOnOJIO)KHOCTb
npMJIO)KeHHOe K MH.D:YKTHBHOCTI1
HOCTb CO CKOpOCTblO
ToK,
npOHBJIHeTCH.
J A B 1 C.
npoTeKaIOIIJHH
'Iepe3
HH,I('KTMB-
1.17. Tpauc(J>opMaTOpLI
TpaHCqJOpMaTop- 3TO ycTpOHCTBO, COCTOH-
Puc. 1.44. I1H,nyKTifBHOCTh.
rn:ee H3 .n;Byx CBH3aHHbIX KaTymeK HH.LJ:YKTHB-
rJiaBa 1
36
=311[
q>OpMaTOpbI,
HCIIOTih3yeMbie
3neKTpOHHhIX
rrpH6opax,
o6bI'1H0
.n;Harra30H BTOpH'IHOro Harrp.sr)l(eHH.sI OT 10 .n:o
PHc. 1.45. TpaHcq>opMaTOp.
50 B, .n;Harra30H TOKa-oT 0,1 .n:o 5 A.
HOCTH (Ha3bIBaeMbIX rrepBH'IHOH H BTOpH'I-
TpaHCq>OpMaTOpbI,
HOH o6MOTKaMH). HarrpIDKeHHe, CHHMaeMoe
pa60ThI
B
co BTOpH'IHOH o6MOTKH, HHOe ITO cpaBHe-
HHor.n:a
HCIIOTih3YlQT
HHIO
q>opMaTOpbI.
IlpOMhIIIITieHHOCTh
C HarrpiDI<eHHeM
B
06ecrretJ1rna10T
rrepeMeHHOro
TOKa,
BhIIIYCKaeT
TaK)l(e
rrpe.n;Ha3HatJeHHbie
.n;HaIIa30He
.n:n.sr
3BYKOBhIX
tJaCTOT,
pe30HaHCHhie
TpaHC-
llHTepec
rrpe.n;cTaBTI.sIIOT
rro.n;aHHbIM Ha rrepBH'IHYIO o6MOTKY, rrpH'IeM
TpaHCq>OpMaTOpbI .n:n.sr TIHHHH
rrepe.n;a'I,
0
K03q>qrnu:HeHT H3MeHeHH.sI (TpaHCq>OpMaU:HH)
KOTOpbIX MbI HeMHOro rrorOBOpHM B rn.
13,
Harrp.sr)l(eHH.sr rrp.srMorrporropu:HoHaneH OTHO-
B
rneHHIO 'IHCTia BHTKOB o6MOTOK TpaHcq>op-
tJaCTOTHhIX TpaHCq>OpMaTopoB HCII0Tih3YI0T
13.10.
pa3.n;.
,l(n.sr cep.n;etJHID<OB
BhICOKO-
MaTopa, a K03q>q>HU:HeHT H3MeHeHH.sr TOKa -
crreu:HanhHhie MaTepHaTihI HnH rrpH6era10T
o6paTHo rrporropD;HoHaneH. MoID;HOCTh co-
K crreu:HaTibHhIM KOHCTPYKU:H.sIM .n:n.sr Toro,
xpaH.sreTc.sr HeH3MeHHOH. Ha pHc.
1.45 rroKa-
'IT06hI yMeHhIIIHTh IIOTepH 3HeprHH B cep-
3aHo ycnoBHoe o6o3HatJeHHe TpaHcq>opMa-
.n;etJHHKe;
Topa
HH3KO'laCTOTHhIX (T. e. CHTIOBhIX) TpaHcq>op-
C
rrnaCTHH'laTbIM
cep.n;e'IHID<OM
'ITO
)Ke
KacaeTC.sI
(TpaHCq>OpMaTOpbI TaKoro THIIa HCII0Tih3y-
MaTopOB,
I0TC.sI
KpyrrHora6apHTHbIMH.
.n:n.sr
rrpeo6pa3oBaHH.sr
Harrp.sr)l(eHH.sr
rrepeMeHHOro TOKa c tJaCTOTOH 60 ru:).
.n:n.sr
TpaHCq>OpMaTop o6na.n:aeT BeCbMa BhICO-
TO HX .n:enaIOT
BhICOKHX
H
cep.n;etJHHKOB
T.sJ:)l(eTihIMH
HTIH
TpaHcq>opMaTOpbI
HH3KHX
tJaCTOT,
BOo6me
rOBOp.sr, He B3aHM03aMeH.sieMbI.
KHM K03q>q>HU:HeHTOM rrone3Horo .n;eHCTBH.sI
(MOID;HOCTb Ha
ero
BbIXO,n:e IIO'ITH paBHa
MOII(HOCTH Ha Bxo.n:e); B CB.sI3H C 3THM IIO-
TIOJIHOE H PEAKTHBHOE
COTIPOTHBJIEHHE
BhIIIIaIOII(HH TpaHCq>OpMaTop o6ecrretJHBaeT
pOCT Harrp.sr)l(eHH.sI IIpH YMeHhIIIeHHH TOKa.
3aMetJaHHe: 3ToT pa3.n;en co.n;ep)l(HT MHoro
HeMHOro
'ITO
MaTeMaTH'leCKHX BhIKna.n;oK; rrpH )l(enaHHH
TpaHCq>OpMaTop C OTHOIIIeHHeM 'IHCna BHT-
HX MO)l(HO rrporrycTHTh, HO HH B KOeM cnytJae
KOB o6MOTOK, paBHhIM n, H3MeH.sreT IIOTIHOe
He
3a6era.sr
corrpOTHBTieHHe B
Brrepe.n:,
OTMeTHM,
n2 pa3. EcnH BTOpH'IHa.sr
o6MOTKa He Harpy)l(eHa, TO
B rrepBH'IHOH
B
3TieKTpOHHhIX rrpH6opax TpaHCq>OpMaBhIIIOTIH.sIIOT
.n;Be
Ba)l(Hbie
H3
BHHMaHH.sr
pe3yTihTaTbI.
T.sIMH CTIO)l(Hee, tJeM paCCMOTpeHHble paHee
pe3HCTHBHhie cxeMhI,-HX pa6oTa 3aBHCHT OT
rrpoTeKaeT OtJeHb He6onhIIIOH TOK.
TOpbI
yrrycKaHTe
CxeMbI C KOH,n:eHCaTopaMH H HH.11:YKTHBHOC-
q>YHI<U:HH:
'laCTOThI
BXO.n;Horo
CHrHana:
«.n;enHTenh
Harrp.sr)l(eHH.sI» C KOH,n:eHCaTopoM HTIH HH.ll;yK-
Bo-rrepBhIX, OHH rrpeo6pa3y10T Harrp.sr)l(eHHe
THBHOCThlO 6y.n;eT o6na.n;aTb tJaCTOTH0-3aBH-
rrepeMeHHOro TOKa ceTH K HY)l(HOMY, o6bI'1HO
CHMhIM
6onee HH3KOMY 3HatJeHHI0, KOTOpoe MO)l(HO
Toro, cxeMbI, B COCTaB KOTOpbIX BXO.ll;.sIT 3TH
HCIIOTih30BaTh B cxeMe, H, BO-BTOpbIX, OHH
KOMIIOHeHThI (HX, KCTaTH, OTHOC.sIT K Knaccy
K03q>q>HU:HeHTOM
.n:eneHH.sI.
KpoMe
«H30TIHPYI0T» 3TieKTpOHHYI0 cxeMy OT He-
nacCU6flblX), HCKa)l(aIOT TaKHe BXO.ll;Hbie CHr-
rrocpe,n:CTBeHHoro
HaTibI,
KOHTaKTa
C
~HTIOBOH
KaK,
HarrpHMep,
rrp.srMoyronhHhie
ceTbIO, TaK KaK o6MOTKH TpaHCq>OpMaTopa
Kone6aHH.sr - B 3TOM Mhl TOTihKO 'ITO y6e-
3TieKTpH'IeCKH H30nHpOBaHbI O.n;Ha OT .n:py-
.ll;HnHCh.
roii. BhrnycKaeMhie IIpOMhIIIITieHHOCThlO cu-
Jl06ble mpa1tcifJopMamopb1 (rrpe.n;Ha3HatJeHHhie
0.n;HaKO H
KOH,n:eHCaTOpbI,
HOCTH .sIBTI.sIIOTC.sI JlUfleUflblMU
H
HH,n:yKTHB-
3TieMeHTaMH .
.n:n.sr pa60ThI C Harrp.sr)l(eHHeM CHTIOBhIX ceTeH,
3TO 03HatJaeT, 'ITO aMIITIHTy.n;a BhIXO,n:Horo
paBHhIM 110, 127 HTIH 220 B) o6ecrretJHBaIOT
CHrHana, He3aBHCHMO OT ero q>OpMbI, CTporo
pa3H006pa3Hhie
rrporropD;HOHaTihHa
3HatJemrn
BTOpH'IHhIX
Ha-
rrp.sr)l(eHHH H TOKOB: ,n:Harra30H Harrp.sr)l(eHHH
BKTIIOtJaeT 3HatJeHH.sr OT
1 B .n:o HeCKOTihKHX
aMIITIHTy.n;e
BXO.ll;HOro
CHrHana. JlHHeHHOCThlO o6ycnoBneHbI MHOrHe
3aKOHOMepHOCTH
IIOBe,n:eHH.sI
cxeM,
H
TbIC.sI'I BOTihT, .n;HaIIa30H TOKa-OT HeCKOTih-
Ba)lrneHIIIa.sr COCTOHT B cne.n;y10meM: EC!lU Ha
KHX MHTITIHaMrrep .n:o COTeH aMrrep. TpaHC-
exoiJ J1uHeii1tnii cxeMbl noiJa1t cu1tycouiJaJ1bflblU
37
0CH0Bbl 3JICKTpOHHKH
u,
3
I
I
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I_ _ _ _ KoMneHcHpyto111H~
:;:
:c
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5.D 2
lpHnbTp
f-,
u
:x:
rpoMKorosop1ne/lb
0
.0
c:;
(l)
f-
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I
f-,
>..
:T
:c
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0
BblCOK8)1
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HOTa Ha
cpop emtaHo
0 '----:,-::',::-.L.----=="--,:-~,------;:-½:----'---..,,.,.i--=--2 Kru,
/
l1Hcp~
1- - - - - - -
YaCTOTbl
3ByKOBble
48CT0Tbl
f
-----~;../Y11~yK.
4acTOTa (!lor. MacwTao)
48CTOTbl
PHC. 1.46. IlpHMep qacTOTHOro aHaJIH3a: BbipaBHHBaHHe AJUI rpOMKOrOBOpHTeJISI.
cu2Hafl c <tacmomou f, mo Ha BbtxoiJe 6yiJem
nofly<teH maKJ1Ce CUHycouiJaflbHblU CU2HQ!l C
maKou J1Ce <tacmomou, Ho, B03MOJ1CHO, c iJpy2ou aMnAumyiJou u <fia3ou.
IlOMHH 06 3TOM 3aMeqaTeJibHOM CBOHCTBe
qacTOTe
6bIJIO
He,D;OCTaTKH
KOH,D;eHCaTOpbI H HH.D;YKTHBHOCTH, Bbl BCer,D;a
npHeMHHKa.
q>a3a)
OT
BXO,!l;HOro
cuHycouiJaJ1bH020
<tacmombl. 3TOT
6 6UOe
onpeiJe!leHHou
HaIIpH)I{eHHH
cu2HaJ1a
BOIIpOC
Ba)I{eH H
TOr,D;a,
B
penpo,D;yKTOpa
MO)I{HO
CKOM-
c HHBepcHo.ii A lIX (KaK noKa3aHo Ha rpaqmKe),
BhIXO,!l;HOe HanpH)I{eHHe ( ero aMIIJIHTy,D;a H
BeJiffqHHOH
neHCHpoBaTb 3a cqeT IIaCCHBHOro q>HJibTpa
IIpH aHaJIH3e cxeM, CO,D;ep)I<aIIl;HX pe3HCTOpbI,
,!l;OJI)I{Hbl OTBeTHTh Ha BOIIpoc: KaK 3aBHCHT
IIOCTOHHHOH
,D;HaIIa30He 3BYKOBhIX qacTOT. B 3TOM cJiyqae
BKJIIOqeHHoro
B
ycHJIHTeJih
pa,D;Ho-
KaK Mhl YBH.D;HM B ,D;aJibHe.HIIIeM, MO)I{HO
o6o6rn;HTh
3aKOH 0Ma,
<<COIIpOTHBJieHHe»
COIIpOTHBJieHHe»,
3aMeHHB IIOHHTHe
IIOHHTHeM
HJIH
«IIOJIHOe
«HMIIe,D;aHC»,
TOr,D;a
OH 6y.D;eT cnpaBe.D;JIHB MH JII06o.ii cxeMhl,
Kor.D;a cxeMa npe,D;Ha3HaqeHa .D;JIH .D;pyroro
B COCTaB KOTOpOH BXO,!l;HT JIHHe.HHbie nac-
pe)I{HMa pa60Th1. rpaq>HK pe3yJihTHpy10rn:e.ii
CHBHbie 3JieMeHThl (pe3HCTOpbI, KOH,D;eHCaTO-
aMIIJIHTY.D;HO-qacTOTHOH
pbl, HH,!l;YKTHBHOCTH). 11TaK, IIOHHTHH «HM-
xapaKTepHCTHKH,
OTpa)I{aJOrn;e.ii 01 HOIIIeHHe BhIXO,!l;HOro CHr-
IIe,D;aHC»
H
HaJia K BXO,!l;HOMY ,!l;JIH Ka)I{,D;Oro 3HaqeHHH
,D;eJiaIOT
3aKOH
qacTOThl CHHYCOH,!l;hl, IIOJie3eH IIpH aHaJIH3e
cxeM, CO,D;ep)I{arn;HX KOH,D;eHCaTOpbI H HH,!J;YK-
«peaKTHBHOe
pa60Thl cxeMbl co MHOrHMH BH,D;aMH CHr-
THBHOCTH.
HaJIOB.
ne,D;aHC-3TO
AMIIJIHTY,D;Ho-qacTOTHaH
xapaKTe-
(A lIX),
npe,D;CTaBJieHHaH
Ha
1.46, MO)I{eT IIpHHa,D;Jie)I{aTb, HaIIpHMep,
pHCTHKa
pHC.
0Ma
COIIpOTHBJieHHe»
cnpaBe,D;JIHBhIM
YToqHHM TepMHHOJIOrHIO.
HJIH
o6o6rn;eHHOe
,!l;JIH
11M-
IIOJIHOe
COIIpOTHBJieHHe, HH.D;YKTHBHOCTH H KOH,D;eHcaTOpbl o6Jia,D;aIOT peaKmu6HblM
penpo,D;yKTOpy KaKoro-HH6y.D;h <<rOBOpHrn;ero
fleHueM
Hrn;HKa». Ilo,D; BhIXO,!l;HhIM CHrHaJIOM B ,D;aH-
PYIOT Ha
HOM cnyqae IIOHHMaeTCH 3BYKOBOe ,D;aBJie-
,D;aIOT
(MO)I{HO CKa3aTb,
B03,D;e.iicrnHe);
conpomuB!leHueM
conpomuB-
qTo OHH pearHpe3HCTOphI
(no
o6Jia-
aHaJiorHH OHH
HHe, a He HaIIpH)KeHHe. )KeJiaTeJibHO, qTo6hI
OKa3hIBaIOT COIIpOTHBJieHHe B03,D;e.HCTBHI0 ).
A lIX penpo.D;YKTOpa 6hma «IIJIOCKOH», T. e.
11HblMH CJIOBaMH, HMIIe,D;aHC
qTo6bI OTHOIIIemJe 3BYKOBoro ,D;aBJieHHH K
HHe
= COIIpOTHBJie-
+ peaKTHBHOe COIIpOTHBJieHHe (6oJiee
rJiaBa 1
38
no,[(po6Ho noroBOpHM 06 '.ff OM n03)Ke). 0.[(-
I
HaKO MO)KHO BCTpennb, HanpHMep, TaKoe
Bb1pa)KeHF1e:
,[(aHHOH
«HMne,[(aHC KOH,[(eHcaTopa
'laCTOTe
COCTaBJUieT ... ».
.[(eno
Ha
B
TOM, 'ITO B HMne,[(aHC BXO,[(HT peaKTHBHOe
conpOTHBJieHHe, H n03TOMY He ofonaTeJibHO
rOBOpHTb
«peaKTHBHOe
u
conpOTHBJieHHe
KOH,[(eHCaTopa», MO)KHO CKa3aTb H «HMIIe-
t
,[(aHc KOH,[(eHCaTopa». Ha caMOM ,[(eJie CJIOBO
«HMne,[(aHc» 'laCTO yrroTpe6JIIDOT H TOr,[(a,
KOr,[(a H3BeCTHO, 'ITO pe'lb H,[(eT O conpOTHB-
PHc. 1.48.
JieIDm; HanpHMep, rOBOpHT «HMIIe,[(aHC HC-
ro = 2rcf )
TO'IHHKa» HJIH «BblXO.[(HOH HMne,[(aHC», HMeH
(HanoMHHM,
B BH.[(y 3KBHBaJieHTHOe conpOTHBJieHHe He-
Be,[(eT ce6H KaK pe3HCTOP,
KOToporo HCTO'IHHKa. To )Ke caMoe OTHO-
KOTOporo 3aBHCHT ot 'laCTOTbl H onpe,[(eJIH-
CHTCH H K «BXO,[(HOMy HMne,[(aHcy».
eTCH Bblpa)KeHHeM R =
I/roe, H, KpOMe Toro,
TOK,
'1epe3
KOH,[(eHCaTop,
90 °
OTHOCHTeJibHO
B ,[(aJibHemueM pe'lb no.H.[(eT o
,[(JIH
nHTaHHH
CHHycoH.[(aJibHbIH
'laCTOTOH.
KOTOpbIX
CHrHaJI
A1rnnH3
cxeM,
c
cxeMax,
'ITO
npoTeKalOIUHH
HCnOJib3yeTCH
C,[(BHHYT
onpe.[(eJieHHOH
HanpH)KeHHH (pHC.
pa6oTaIDIUHX
c
no
q>a3e
KOH,[(eHCaTop
1.48). HanpHMep, '1epe3
1 MK<l>, no,[(KJIIO-
eMKOCTblO
CHrHaJiaMH .[(pyro.ii q>OpMbl, Tpe6yeT 60Jib-
'leHHblH
llle.H TIIIaTeJlhHOCTH H npe.[(IIOJiaraeT HCnOJlh-
110 B (3q>q>eKTHBHoe 3Ha'leHHe) H tfacrnrn.ii
60 r11, 6y.[(eT npOTeKaTh TOK, 3q>q>eKTHBHaH
30BaHHe y)Ke H3BeCTHbIX HaM MeTO.[(OB (Ha-
K
Ha
KoH,[(eHcarnp
conpOTHBJieHHe
npHMep, MeTO,[(a .[(Hq>q>epeHIIHaJibHblX ypaB-
aMnJIHTy.[(a
HeHH.H HJIH MeTo.[(a npeo6pa3oBaHHH <l>ypbe,
.[(YIOIIIHM
CHJIOBOH
KOTOporo
X
HHe).
3aMe'laHHe:
pe.[(KO HCnOJib3YJOTCH.
C HanpH)KeHHeM
onpe.[(eJIHeTCH
C.Tie-
I= 110/[1/(2rc · 60 x
o6pa30M:
10- 6 )] = 41,5 MA
npH KOTOpOM CHrHaJI npe.[(CTaBJIHIOT B BH,[(e
pH.[(a CHHycoH.[(). Ha npaKTHKe 3TH MeTO.[(hl
ceTH
(3q>q>eKTHBHOe
ce.iitfac
HaM
3Ha'le-
Heo6xo.[(HMO
BOCnOJib30BaTbCH KOMIIJieKCHhlMH rrepeMeH-
1.18. qaCTOTHbIH aHaJIB3 peaKTHBHblX cxeM
HhlMH; npH )KeJiaHHH Bbl MO)KeTe rrporryc-
.[(JIH Ha'laJia paCCMOTpHM KOH,[(eHCaTop, Ha
Mhle B IlOCJie.[(yIDIIIHX pa3,[(enax, H rrpHIIHTb
KOTOpbl.H no,[(aeTCH CHHYCOH,[(aJibHOe HanpH-
Ha Bepy nOJIYtfeHHble pe3yJibTaTbl (omi: Bbl-
THTb MaTeMaTH'leCKHe BblKJia,[(KH, npHBO,[(H-
)KeHHe HCTO'IHHKa IIHTaHHH (pHC.
1.47). TOK
B cxeMe onpe.[(eJIHeTcH cJie.[(yIDIIIHM o6pa-
,[(eJiellbl B
TeKCTe).
He .[(yMa.HTe,
'ITO no-
.[(p06Hb1e anre6paH'lecKHe rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH,
30M:
rrpHBO,[(HMble B 3THX pa3,[(enax, Heo6XO,[(HMhl
l(t) = C(dU/dt) = Cro U 0 cosrot.
,[(JIH IJOHHMaHHH BCero OCTaJibHOro MaTepH-
J,h 3Toro ypaBHeHHH CJie.[(yeT, 'ITO TOK HMeeT
aMIIJIHTY.[(y I H onepe)KaeT BXO,[(HOe HanpH)KeHHe no q>a3e Ha 90 °. EcJIH He npHHHMaTb
MaTeMaTHKH IlOXBaJibHO, HO COBCeM He o6H3aTeJibHO.
Cne.[(YJOIIIHH pa3.[(eJI,
no)KaJiy.ii,
HaH6onee
Tpy.[(eH
Koro
BO BHHMaHHe COOTHOllleHHe q>a3, TO
,[(OCTaTO'IHOH MaTeMaTH'leCKOH IlO.[(rOTOBKH.
I= U/(I/roC).
Ho nycTb 3TO Bae He orop'laeT.
Onpe.a:eJieHne HanpHacelUHI n TOKa c no-
aJia KHHrH. 3To He TaK-rny6oKoe 3HaHHe
.[(JIH
Tex,
y
HeT
MOIQLIO KOMIIJieKCHblX lfHCeJI. ToJibKO 'ITO Bbl
y6e.[(HJIHCb B TOM, 'ITO B 11e1IH IIepeMeHHOro
U(t)=
lfo sin wt
61
LI
TOKa, pa60Ta10111e.ii C CHHYCOH,[(aJibHblM CHrHaJIOM
C
C,[(BHr
q>a3e
'laCTOTbl,
Me)K.[(y
B03MO)KeH
HaIIpH)KeHHeM
H
TOKOM. TeM He MeHee eCJIH cxeMa CO,[(ep)KHT
TOJibKO
Pnc. 1.47.
HeKOTopo.ii
no
/IUHeUHble
3JieMeHTbl
(pe3HCTOpb1,
KOH,[(eHCaTOpbl, HH.[(yKTHBHOCTH), TO aMIIJIH-
39
0CH0Bbl 3neKTpoHHKH
i,
Ty.IJ;a TOKOB Ha Bcex )"laCTKax CXeMhI rrpo-
JieKCHOM
lIOpIIHOHaJihHa aMIIJIHTy.IJ;e IIHTaIOw:ero Ha-
lfT06hI H36e)l(aTh rryTaHHllbI C TOKOM, KOTO-
B CB513H C 3THM MO)l(HO IIOIIhl-
phIM TaK)l(e o603Ha<IaI0T CHMBOJIOM i). 11TaK,
1Ip5DKeHIDI.
rrepeMeHHOM
CHMBOJia
C
TeM
TaThC51 HaMTH HeKOTOpbie o6w:He Bhipa)l(e-
B o6w:eM cn)"lae .11;eiicTBYIOIIIHe Harrp51)1(eHIDI
HH51
H TOKH onpe.11;eJ151IOTC51 cne.IJ;YIOID:HM o6pa-
TOKa,
Harrp51)1(eHH51 H
COIIpOTHBJieHH51
H o6o6m:HTh TeM caMhIM 3aKOH 0Ma. O<Ie-
30M:
BH.[(HO, 'ITO .[(J151 Toro, lfT06hI onpe.[(e.JIHTh
U (t) = Re (Ueirot) = Re (U) cos rot - Im (U) sin rot,
I (t) = Re (Ieirot) = Re (I) cos rot - Im (I) sin rot.
TOK B KaKoii-JIH6o TO<IKe cxeMhl, He.[(OCTaTO'IHO 3a.[(aTh O.[(HO 3Ha<IeHHe- .11;eno B TOM,
'ITO TOK xapaKTepH3yeTC51 KaK aMIIJIHTY.IJ;OM,
TaK H C.[(BHrOM q>a3hl.
KoHewo, MO)l(HO onpe.11;e.JI51Th aMn.JIHTY.IJ;hI
H
qJ830Bhie C.[(BHrH Ha1Ip51)1(eHHM H
51BHO, HalipHMep U (t)
HO
OKa3bIBaeTC51,
TOKOB
= 23,7sin (377t + 0,38),
'ITO
rrpow:e
3TO
.IJ;e.JiaTh
C IIOMOW:hlO KOMIIJieKCHhIX lfHCeJI. BMeCTO
Toro
lfT06hI
CJIO)l(eHHe
H
TpaTHTh
BpeM51
BhllfHTaHHe
H
CHJihl
HarrpHMep,
KOMITJieKcHOMY
Harrp51)1(eHHIO
U = 5) coorneTcrnyeT peaJihHoe Harrp51)1(eHHe
U(t) = Re[5jcosrot + 5j(!)sinrot] = 5sinrotB
Ha
PeaKTHBHOe
CHHyCOH.[(a.JihHhIX
conpOTHBJieHHe
KOtmencaTO-
qlYHKIIHM, MO)l(HO JierKo H rrpOCTO CKJia.[(hl-
poB H HHJ.IYKTHBHOCTeii. IlpHH51TOe cor.Jiarne-
BaTh H BhllfHTaTh KOMIIJieKCHhie lfHCJia. TaK
HHe II03BOJI51eT 1IpHMeH51Th 3aKOH 0Ma .[(JI51
KaK
.[(eMCTBYIOIIIHe
3HalfeHH51
Harrp51)1(eHH51
cxeM, co.11;ep)l(aW:HX KaK pe3HCTOphI, TaK H
pea.JihHhie
KOH.[(eHCaTOphI, H HH.IJ;yKTHBHOCTH. Orrpe.11;e-
KOJIHlfeCTBeHHhie BeJIH'IHHhl, H3MeH5IIOW:HeC5I
JIHM peaKTHBHOe corrpOTHBJieHHe KOH.IJ;eHca-
H
TOKa
npe.11;cTaBJI5IIOT
co6oii
BO BpeMeH~, CJie.11;yeT BhIBeCTH rrpaBHJIO M51
Topa
H
HH.IJ;yKTHBHOCTH.
U (t) = Re (U 0 eirot).
HaM
H3BeCTHO,
rrepeBO.[(a peaJihHhIX KOJIHlfeCTBeHHhIX Be.JIH-
<ITO
'IHH B KOMIIJieKCHOe rrpe.IJ;cTaBJieHHe H Ha-
KOH.IJ;eHcaTopa
o6opOT. HaIIOMHHM ew:e pa3, 'ITO Mhl HMeeM
I= C(dU/dt), IIOJIYlfHM
.[(e.JIO c <IaCTOTOM CHHYCOH.[(a.JihHOro KOJie6a-
I (t) = - U O Cw sin rot =
= Re [U 0 eiro1/( -J/roC)] = Re (U 0 eim'/Xd,
HH51 ro, H cqiopMynupyeM cne.11;y10w:ue npaBHna:
1. Harrp51)1(eHHe
H
npei)cma811R10mrn
TOK
KOMIIJieKCHhIMH BeJIH'IHHaMH U H I. Hanp51)l(eHHe
U O cos ( rot + cp)
KOMIIJieKCHhIM 'IHCJIOM
'ITO ei9
rrpe.11;crnBJI51eTc51
uoei'f!. HarroMHHM,
= COS 0 + j sin 0, r.11;e j = .j=I.
iJeucmey10UJe20
Harrp51)1(eHIDI
H
cnpaBe.IJ;JIHBO
TOKa,
HY)l(HO YMHO)l(HTh COOTBeTCTBYIOIIIHe KOMII-
T. e . .[(J151 KOH.[(eHCaTopa
Xe= -j/roC,
Xc-3TO
peaKTHBHOe
corrpOTHBJieHHe KOH-
KOCThIO 1 MK<I>, HalipHMep, HMeeT peaKTHBHOe corrpOTHBJieHHe -
2653) OM Ha <IaCTOTe
60 r11 H -0,16) OM Ha <IaCTOTe 1 Mr11. ,l(JI51
JieKCHhie npe.IJ;CTaBJieHH51 Ha eirot H BhI.[(eJIHTh
IIOCT051HHOro TOKa
.11;eiicTBHTe.JihHYI0 <IaCTh. 3TO 3aITHChIBaeTC51
JieHHe paBHO 6eCKOHelfHOCTH .
cne.11;yI0W:HM
o6pa3oM:
c.JI)"lae
Bhlpa)l(eHHe
.IJ;eHcaTopa Ha <IacToTe ro. KoH.IJ;eHcaTop eM-
2. ,l(JI51 Toro lfT06hI IIOJIYlfHTh Bhipa)l(eHHe
.IJ;JI51
TaK KaK B
U (t) = Re (Ueirot),
I (t) = Re (Ieirot). I1Ha<Ie roBop51,
HanpsnKeHHe B
KoMilJ!eKCHOe
cxeMe KaK cjJyH~Jrn
BpeMeHH
~======.:npe~cTaaneHHe
U 0 cos(rot + cp)
-ro U 0 eiro = a + jb
YMHOlKHTb Ha e1 '
H B3S!Tb ~eiiCTBH·
TenbHYIO 'IaCTb
peaKTHBHOe
corrpoTHB-
A1rnnorITTHh1e paccy)l(.IJ;eHIDI .IJ;J151 HH.IJ;yKTHBHOCTH .[(aIOT CJie.IJ;yIOw:Hii pe3y.JihTaT:
XL =JroL.
CxeMa, co.11;ep)l(aw:a51 TOJihKO KOH.[(eHCaTOphl
H
HH.IJ;YKTHBHOCTH,
Bcer.11;a
06na.11;aeT MHH-
MhIM HMIIe.IJ;aHCOM; 3TO 3H8'IHT, 'ITO HaIIp51)l(eHHe H TOK BCer.11;a C.[(BHHYThl no q>a3e .D;pyr
OTHOCHTe.JihHO .11;pyra Ha 90 ° - cxeMa a6coJIIOTHO peaKTHBHa. EcJIH B cxeMe rrpucyTCT-
(B
3JieKTpOHHKe
CHMBOJI
BMeCTO IIpHH51TOro
B
j
HCIIOJih3yeTC51
a.Jire6pe .[(J151 KOMII-
BYIOT
pe3HCTOphI,
TO
HMITe.IJ;aHC HMeeT
H
.IJ;eMCTBHTeJihHYIO lf8CTh. 110.11; peaKTHBHhlM
rJiaBa 1
40
COIIpOTHBJieHHeM
IIO,ll;pa3yMeBaeTC51
IIpH
3TOM TOJibKO MHHMa51 qacTb HMIIe,ll;aHca.
06060.-eHHLiii 1aKon 0Ma.
HOrO TOKa, BbITeKaeT, qTo TOK (KOMIIJieKCHbIH)
CornarneHH51,
IIpHH51Thie ,ll;J151 npe,ll;CTaBJieHH51 HaIIpIDKeHHH
H TOKOB, II03BOJ15IIOT 3aIIHCaTb 3aKOH 0Ma
B cne.D:YJOrn:eil: npocrnil: qiopMe:
I = U /Z,
I.
U, IIpHJIO-
z, IIOpO)K,ll;a-
COe,ll;HHeHHblX
H
3JieMeHTOB
onpe,ll;eJI51eTc51 no TeM )Ke npaBHnaM, qTo
H
COIIpOTHBJieHHe
BCIO.ll:Y
Ynpal!WeHHe 1.16. HcnoJih3YSI cpopMYJihI AJISI HMneBhIBeJ:(HTe cpopMyJihl (pa3J:(. 1.12) J:(JISI eM-
(6) IlOCJieJ:(OBaTeJihHO. IlOACKa3Ka:
JieJihHO,
11MIIe,ll;aHC IIOCJie,ll;OBaTeJibHO
napanneJibHO
n;eIIH
J:(aHca napaJIJieJihHOfO H IlOCJieJ:(OBaTeJihHOfO coeJ:(HHeHHSI
3JieMeHTOB,
U = IZ,
)KeHHoe K cxeMe C HMIIe,ll;aHCOM
TOK
IIOCJie,ll;OBaTeJihHOH
KOCTH ABYX KOHJ:(eHCaTOpOB, COeJ:(HHeHHhIX (a) napaJI-
03Haqa10meil:, qTo HaIIp51)KeHHe
eT
B
0,ll;HHaKOB.
IIOCJie,ll;OBaTeJibHO
H
AOilYCTHM,
'ITO B KalKJ:(OM CJiyqae KOHJ:(eHCaTOphi HMe!OT eMKOCTh
H
C2 .
3amrnmTe Bh1paJKeHHe AJISI HMneAaHca
JieJihHO
H
H
IlOCJieJ:(oBaTeJihHO
npHpaBHSiihe
ero
coeJ:(HHeHHhIX
HMileJ:(aHcy
c,
napaJI-
3JieMeHTOB
KOHJ:(eHCaTopa
C eM-
C. HaiiAHTe C.
KOCTh!O
IIonpo6yeM
BOCIIOJib30BaTbC51
peKOMeH-
,ll;OBaHHhIM MeTO,ll;OM ,ll;J151 aHaJIH3a npocTeH-
napanneJihHO coe,ll;HHeHHbIX pe3HCTOpoB:
rneil:
Z = Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 + ...
COCTOHT
n;enH
nepeMeHHoro
IIpHJIO)KeHO HaIIp51)KeHHe nepMeHHOro TOKa.
(.D:JI51 IIOCJie,ll;OBaTeJihHOro coe,ll;HHeHH51),
Ilocne
H3
TOKa,
KOH,ll;eHcaTopa,
3Toro
KpaTKO
K
KOTopa51
KOTOpOMY
OCTaHOBHMC51
Ha
BOIIpoce O MOUUIOCTH B peaKTHBHbIX cxeMax
1
Z=-----------
(3TO
1/Z1 + 1/Z 2 + 1/Z 3 + ...
6y,ll;eT
IIOCJie,ll;HHH
KHpnHq
B
q>yH,ll;a-
MeHTe HaIIIHX 3HaHHH) H paCCMOTpHM npoc-
(.D:JI51 napanneJibHoro coe,ll;HHeHH51).
TYIO,
HO
oqeHh
none3HYIO
RC-
cxeMy
q>HJib Tpa.
11 B 3aKJIJOqeHHe IIpHBe,ll;eM q>OpMyJibI ,ll;JI}[
IIpe,ll;CTaBHM ce6e, qTo K CHJIOBOH ceTH
onpe,ll;eJieHH51 HMIIe,ll;aHca pe3HCTOpOB, KOH-
C HaIIpIDKeHHeM 110 B (3q>q>eKTHBHOe 3Haqe-
,ll;eHCaTopoB H HH.ll:YKTHBHOCTeil::
HHe) H qacTOTOH 60 rn; IIO,ll;KJIJOqeH KOH,ll;eH-
.ZR=R
Zc = -j/roC
ZL =JroL
CaTOp eMKOCTblO
(pe3HCTOp ),
1 MK<l>. KaKOH TOK npo-
TeKaeT IIpH 3TOM qepe3 KOH,ll;eHCaTop? Boc-
(KOH,ll;eHCaTOp),
(HH.D:YKTHBHOCTb).
IIOJih3yeMC51
o6o6rn;eHHbIM
Z = - j/roC.
Cne,ll;OBaTeJihHO,
3aKOHOM
TOK
0Ma:
MO)KHO
IIonyqeHHbie 3aBHCHMOCTH II03BOJ15IIOT aHa-
onpe,ll;eJIHTh cne.D:YJOW:HM o6pa3oM: I= U/Z.
JIH3HpOBaTb
<l>a3a HaIIp51)KeHH51 IIpOH3BOJibHa, ,ll;OIIyCTHM
JII06bie
cxeMbI
nepeMeHHOrO
IIOJiyqHJIH IIpH aHaJIH3e TaKHx cxeM, KaK,
U = A, T. e. U (t) = A cos rot, r,ll;e aMIIJIHTy.D:a
A= 110j2 ~ 156 B, TOr.D:a I =jroCA ~
~ 0,059 sin rot. 11cKOMbIH TOK HMeeT aMIIJIHTY.ll:Y
59 MA (3q>q>eKTHBHoe 3HaqeHHe
COCTaBJI51eT 41,5 MA) H onepe)KaeT HaIIp51)KeHHe IIO q>a3e Ha 90 °. Pe3yJih TaT COOT-
HanpHMep,
BeTCTByeT
TOKa C IIOMOIIIbIO MeTO,ll;OB, IIpHH51TbIX ,ll;JI}[
cxeM IIOCT051HHOro TOKa, a HMeHHO C IIOMOIIIblO 3aKOHa 0Ma H q>OpMyJI ,ll;JI}[ IIOCJie,ll;OBaTeJibHOro
H
napanneJibHoro coe,ll;HHe-
HH51 3JieMeHTOB. Pe3yJibTaTbI, KOTOpbie Mb!
,ll;eJIHTenh
HaIIp51)KeHH51,
H51IOT noqTH TaKOH )Ke BH,ll;.
coxpa-
TaK )Ke KaK
IIOJiyqeHHbIM
paHee
BbIBO,ll;aM.
0TMeTHM, qTo ecnH 6hI Hae HHTepecoBana
H ,ll;JI}[ cxeM IIOCT051HHOro TOKa, ,ll;J151 CJIO)K-
TOJibKO aMIIJIHTy,ll;a TOKa, TO MO)KHO 6bIJIO
HbIX
6bI He IIpH6eraTb K KOMIIJieKCHbIM qHCJiaM:
pa3BeTBJieHHbIX
cxeM
nepeMeHHOro
A = B/C,
C-aMIIJIHTY.D:hI KOMIIJieKCHhIX qffceJI. To )Ke
J H HaIIp51)KeHHH U 3,ll;eCb CJie,ll;yeT HCIIOJib-
caMoe
30Ba Th
( CM. ynpa)l(HeHHe 1.17). ,[(n51 Harnero cnyqa51
KOMIIJieKCHbie
npe,ll;cTaBJieHH51:
CYMMa IIa,ll;eHHH HaIIp51)KeHH51 (KOMIIJieKCHOro)
B
3aMKHYTOM
KOHType
paBHa
cnpaBe,ll;JIHBO
H
,ll;J151
r,ll;e
A, B,
ecnH
HX
TO
A = B/C,
TOKa cnpaBe,ll;JIHBbI 3aKOHbI KHpxroqia; OTJIHqHe COCTOHT B TOM, qTo BMeCTO TOKOB
IIpOH3Be,ll;eHH51
l=U/Z=roCU.
HyJIIO;
CYMMa TOKOB (KOMIIJieKCHbIX), BTeKaIOIIIHX
B y3eJI, paBHa CYMMe TOKOB (KOMIIJieKCHbIX),
11HOr,ll;a 3TOT IIpHeM oqeHb IIOJie3eH.
KaK HH CTpaHHO, KOH,ll;eHCaTop B HaIIIeM
BhITeKaIOrn;HX H3 Hero. 113 IIOCJie,ll;Hero npa-
IIpHMepe
BHJia, KaK H B cnyqae C n;eII51MH IIOCT051H-
IIO,ll;KJIJOqeHHe K ceTH He IIpHBO,ll;HT K yBeJIH-
MOIIIHOCTb
He
pacceHBaeT.
Ero
41
0CH0Bhl 3JieKTpoHHKH
MeTpHqecKHX
yrrpa)l(HeHHe
cpyHKIIHH,
IIOMO)l(eT
TO
CJie.[(yr-oIIIee
BaM ,[(OKa3aTb
3TO
CBOHCTBO.
t
YnpalKlleBHe 1.18. (AOnOJIHHTeJibHOe). ,[(oKa)KHTe, qTo
cxeMa B cpeAHeM 3a nOJIHblH nepHOA He noTpe6JI~eT
MOIIUIOCTH, ecJIH npoTeKa!Oll(HH qepe3 Hee TOK CABHHYT
no cpa3e OTHOCHTeJihHO DHTa10mero Hanp~)KeH~ Ha 90 °.
KaK
orrpe.[(eJIHTb
cpe,[(HJOJO
rroTpe6JIHe-
MYJO MOIIIHOCTb ,[(JIH rrpOH3BOJibHOH cxeMb1?
A
C
B
B
D
Pnc. 1.49. Ilpn HCnOJib30BaHHH CHHYCOHJ:(aJibHOfO CHrHaJia TOK qepe3 KOHAeHcaTop onepe)KaeT Hanp~)KeHne no
cj>a3e Ha 90°.
06111eM cnyqae MO)l(HO rrpocyMMHpOBaTb
rrpOH3Be,[(eHHH
UJ H
pa3,[(eJIHTb cyMMY Ha
,[(JIHTeJibHOCTb HCTeKrnero
HHTepBaJia Bpe-
MeHH. l1HbIMH CJIOBaMH.
IT
J
qeHmo rroKa3amr.ii
cqeTqmca
:meKTp03Hep-
P = - U(t)I(t)dt,
To
rHH. Pa3ra.ru<y 3TOH «TaHHbl» Bbl Y3HaeTe,
r;::i;e T-IIOJIHhl.H rrepHO,[( BpeMeHH. IIpaKTH-
rrpoq1uaB cne.[(yJOIIIHH pa3,[(eJI. A 3aTeM Mbl
qecKH
rrpO.[(OJI)l(HM
orrpe;::i;eJIHIOT.
aHaJIH3
cxeM,
CO.[(ep)l(aIIIHX
TaK
MOIIIHOCTb
rroqTH
HeTpy;::i;Ho
HHKOr,[(a
,[(OKa3aTb,
He
qTo
pe3HCTOpb1 H KOH,[(eHCaTOpbl, C IIOMOIIU,IO
cpe,[(HHH MOIIIHOCTb orrpe,[(eJIHeTCH CJie,[(yJO-
0606111eHHOro 3aKOHa 0Ma.
IIIHM Bblpa)l(eHHeM:
YnpalKlleBHe 1.17. ,[(oKa)KHTe, qTo ec ,If A= BC, TO
A= BC, rAe A, B, C-aMnJIHTYAhI KOMnJieKCHbIX qnceJI.
P = Re (U* I) = Re (UI*),
IloJ:(CKa3Ka: npeACTaBbTe Ka)KJ:(Oe KOMnJieKCHOe qncJio
B cjJopMe A= Ad8 .
r;::i;e
U
I -3cpcpeKTHBHble
H
KOMIIJieKCHble
3HaqeHHH HaIIpH)l(eHHH H TOKa.
MomuoCTb B peaKTHBHblX cxeMaX. MrHO-
PaccMOTpHM rrpHMep. .[(orrycTHM, qTo B
BeHHOe 3HaqeHHe MOIIIHOCTH, IIOTpe6m1eMOH
rrpe,[(bl.[(YIIIe.H cxeMe KOH,[(eHCaTop IIHTaeTCH
J1106b1M 3JieMeHTOM
IIpOH3Be,[(eHHeM
cxeMbl,
p = UI.
orrpe.[(em1eTcH
0.[(HaKO
THBHblX cxeMax, r,[(e HarrpH)l(eHHe
B
peaK-
u H TOK
CHHyCOH,[(aJibHblM HaIIpH)l(eHHeM, 3cpcpeKTHBHOe
3HaqeHHe
KOTOporo
paBHO
1 B.
.[(JIH
IIpOCTOTbl 6y;::i;eM BblIIOJIHHTb BCe rrpeo6pa-
I CBH3aHbl Me)l(.[(y co6oil: He rrpocTo.ii rrpo-
30BaHHH
rrop11HoHaJibHOH
11rnK: U = 1, I= U/(j/roC), P = Re [UI*] =
= Re (jroC) = 0. Mhl rronyqHJIH, qTo cpe.[(HHH
3aBHCHMOCTblO,
rrpOCTO
rrepeMHO)l(HTb HX HeJib3H. .[(eno B TOM, qTo
C
MoryT B03HHKaTb CTpaHHble HBJieHHH, Ha-
MOIIIHOCTb,
rrpHMep, 3HaK rrpOH3Be,[(eHHH MO)l(eT H3Me-
HYJIIO.
HHTbCH B TeqeHHe O,[(HOrO rrepHo,[(a CHrHaJia
rrepeMeHHOrO TDKa. TaKOH rrp0:Mep IIOKa3aH
Ha pHc.
1.49. Ha HHTepBanax A
KOH,[(eHCaTop
HOCTb
IIOCTyrraeT
(rrpaB;::i;a,
H
C Ha
HeKOTOpaH
MOIII-
CKOpOCTb
ee
H3MeHeHHH
rrepeMeHHa), H 6naro;::i;apH 3TOMY OH 3apH)l(aeTCH: HaKaIIJIHBaeMaH KOH,[(eHCaTOpOM 3HeprHH
yBeJIHqHBaeTCH
(MOIIIHOCTb -3TO
CKO-
poCTb H3MeHeHHH 3HeprHH). Ha HHTepBanax
B
H
D
IIOTpe6JIHeMaH
MOIIIHOCTb
HMeeT
rrpHMepa
paBHa
o6na;::i;aJOT
BCe
HyJ11-0;
BCeB03M0)1(Hbie
HX
KOM6HHa110:0:).
paBHa
1.50. BbIIIOJIHHM pH;::i; rrpeo6pa-
Z = R-j/roC,
I= U/Z = U 0 /[R -(j/roC)] = U 0 [R +
+ (j/roC)]/[R 2 + (1/ro 2 C 2 )],
P = Re (UI*) = U ~ R/[R 2 + (1/ro 2 C 2)].
3THM
peaKTHBHbie
EcmI
Bbl 3HaKOMhl C HHTerpanaMH OT TpHrOHO-
YTBep)l(.[(aJIOCb,
V= U 0 ,
3JieMeHTbl (HH,[(YKTHBHOCTH, KOH,[(eHCaTOpbl
H
H
30BaHH.ii:
OTPHIIaTeJibHbl.H 3HaK -KOH,[(eHCaTop pa3pH-
CBOHCTBOM
KaK
3HaqeHHHMH.
A Terrepb paCCMOTpHM cxeMy, IIOKa3aHHYIO Ha pHc.
)l(aeTCH. Cpe,[(HHH MOIIIHOCTb 3a rrep0:0,[( ,[(JIH
Harnero
3cpcpeKTHBHblMH
Pwc. I.SO.
rJiaBa 1
42
B
TpeTbeii
cTpoKe
rrpeo6pa3oBamrii
rrpH
orrpe.z:i;eJieHHH TOKa I Mhl )'MHO)l(HJIH 'IHCJIHTeJib H 3HaMeHaTeJib Ha KOMIIJieKCHOe 'IHCJIO,
corrpH)l(eHHoe 3HaMeHaTemo, ,ll;JIH Toro 'IT06b1 IIOJIY'fHTb B 3HaMeHaTeJie .z:i;eiicTBHTeJihHOe 'IHCJIO. Ilo.Jl)"IeHHaH BeJIH'IHHa MeHhIIIe,
'leM
rrpOH3Be.z:i;eHHe
U
aMIIJIHTY.ll:
I;
H
ee
OTHOIIIeHHe K 3TOMY I1p0H3Be.z:i;eHHI0 Ha3hlBaIOT Kmifj¢u11ueHmOM
MOUJHOcmu:
IU I II I = U 5/[R + (1/oiC 2 )] 112 ,
2
PHc.
MO~OCTb
cxeMa ,11eJIHTeJIJ1 HanpSI)KeHHSI:
COM.
IUI III
K03<pqJHIIHeHT
1.51. 06o6menHall
napa 3JieKTpH'!eCKHX ueneii C npOH3BOJibHblM HMile,llaH-
R
MO~OCTH
IlOCJie,llOBaTeJibHOH RLilellH ,lleJiaeT K03<pqJH[(HeHT MOll(-
=-~--~~~~~
[R2 + (1/oiC 2)]112
HOCTH 3TOH Ileilli paBHbIM e,llHBHQe. 3aTeM paCCMOTpHTe
Ko3<pqJHIIHeHT MO~OCTH - 3TO KOCHHyc yr-
napanneJibHYIO
Jia, orrpe.z:i;eJIHIOrn;ero c.z:i;BHr <pa3 HarrpH)l(eHHH
H TOKa, OH Jie)l(HT B ,ll;HaIIa30He OT
O (.z:i;Jrn
peaKTHBHOH cxeMbI) ,ll;O 1 (.ll:JIH pe3HCTHBHOH
cxeMbI).
EcJIH
K03qJ<pHIIHeHT
MeHbIIIe
1, TO
3TO
3Ha'IHT,
MO~OCTH
'ITO B
cxeMe
rrpHCYTCTByeT peaKTHBHblH 3JieMeHT.
HOCTb npe,11w,11ymeii cxeMw paccenaaeTCSI Ha pe3ncTope.
,[(nll Toro, 'IT06b1 pemHTh 3TY 3a,11aqy, HY)KHO onpe,11eJIHTb
BeJIH'IHHY OTHOllleHHJI
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HOM CB.sI3H (T. e. xapaKTepHCTHKa .sIBJI.sreTc.sr
<l>a30Ba.sr H aMnJIHTy,IJ;Ha.sr
,IJ;JI.sr
Bcex
B03M0)1(HblX
rmma 1
46
CJie~CTBHeM orrpe~eJieHHbIX CBOHCTB, HO He
Me~a:UHH HBJIHIOTCH qieppHTOBbie 6ycHHhl
HX rrpH'IHHOH).
(MaJieHbKHe
qacTOTHLie xapa1nepncTHKH ,21;ncJ>1l>epeuunpyroIQ11x n nnTerpnpyromnx RC-ueneii. Cxe-
H
Ma ~mpq>epemorpyiome.ii RC-uerrn, Kornpy10
~pocceJIH
TOppoH~aJibHhie
B
6naro~apH 3TOMY coe~HHe1me, BhIIIOJIHeH-
1.14, HMeeT TaKOH
Hoe C TIOMOll(blO
)Ke BH~,
q>HJII,Tpa
HeKOTOpOH
H
cxeMa
BbICOimX
cxeMax.
HecKOJibKO 6ycHH HaHH3bIBaIOT Ha rrpOBO~,
Mbl paccMOTpeJIH B pa3~.
KaK
cep~e'IHHKH)
BblCOKO'IaCTOTHblX
rrpOBO~a,
CTaHOBHTCH B
CTerreHH HH~YKTHBHhIM;
HMrre-
tJaCTOT, rrpHBe~eHHaH B HaCTOHIUeM pa3~ene.
~aHC Ha BbICOKHX tJaCTOTaX YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH
qeM )Ke CtJHTaTb TaKyIO cxeMy, 3aBHCHT OT
H
Toro, 'ITO Bae 6oJII,IIIe HHTepecyeT: rrpeo6pa-
rrpH 3TOM B OTIDI'!He OT RC-q>HJibTpa aKTHB-
rrpe~oTBpamaeT
«Kone6aHHH»
B
cxeMe,
30BaHHe CHrHaJIOB BO BpeMeHH HJIH tJaCTOT-
HOe corrpOTHBJieHHe cxeMbI He yBeJIH'IHBa-
HaH
eTCH.
xapaKTepHCTHKa.
BpeMeHHoe
ycJIOBHe
IlonytJeHHoe
rrpaBHJibHOH
paHee
pa60Tbl
(UBl,IX « Uax) MO)l(HO Cq>OPMYJIHPO-
cxeMbI
Pa~otJaCTOTHbIB ~pocceJih-3TO Ka-
TYIIIKa, COCTOHIUaH H3 HeCKOJibKHX BHTKOB
rrpOBO)J,a H qieppHTOBoro cep~e·rnHKa H HC-
BaTb HHa'le, rrpHMeHHTeJihHO K tJaCTOTHOH
IIOJih3yeMaH
xapaKTepHCTHKe: ~JIH Toro 'IT06hI BblXO~HOH
tJaCTOTHbIX cxeMax.
C
TOH
)Ke
ueJibIO
B
pa~HO-
CHrHaJI 6bIJI He60J1hIIIHM no cpaBHeHHIO C
BXO~IM,
'laCTOTa
~OJDKHa
6bITb
3Ha'IH-
nerno y6e~TbCH. )];orrycTHM, 'ITO BXO~HOH
CHrHan paBeH
1.20. BeKTOpHbie ;:utarpaMMLI
3 ~E. B 3TOM
TeJ1bHO HH)l(e, tJeM B TO'!Ke -
Uax = sin mt. Bocrronh3yeMcH
ypaBHeHHeM, KOTOpoe Mbl IIOJIY'IHJIH paHee
)];mi aHaJIH3a peaKTHBHblX cxeM OtJeHb y~o6eH o~HH rpaq>H'leCKHH MeTo~. B KatJecrne
IIpHMepa
paCCMOTpHM
TOT
q>aKT,
'ITO
f = 1/2rcRC o6ecrre•nrnaeT ocna6neHHe Ha 3 ~E. 3ToT pe3YJihTaT MhI rronytJHJIH B pa3~. 1.19. OH
RC-q>HJibTp Ha tJaCTOTe
~JIH BbIXO~a ~q>q>epeHUHaTOpa:
d.
Uax = RC d/m@t = @RCcosmt.
crrpaBe~JIHB
KaK
~JIH
q>HJibTpOB
BbICOKHX
tJaCTOT, TaK H ~JIH q>HJibTpOB HH3KHX tJaCTOT.
0TCIO~a
UBhlX « Uax, ecJIH @RC« 1, T. e.
RC« 1/m. EcJIH Bxo~o.ii CHrHaJI co~ep)l(HT
Ha rrepBbIH B3rJIH~ 3TOT q>aKT MO)l(eT IIOKa-
HeKOTOpbIH ~arra30H tJaCTOT, TO ycJIOBHe
peaKTHBHOe
~OJI)l(HO BblIIOJIHHTbCH ~JIH caMhIX BblCOKHX
paBHO corrpOTHBJieHHIO pe3HCTopa H MO)l(HO
tJaCTOT BXO~Horo ~arra30Ha.
rrpe~OJIO)l(HTh,
CxeMa
HHTerpHpy10me.ii
3aTbCH CTpaHHHM, TaK KaK Ha 3TOH tJaCTOTe
corrpOTHBJieHHe
'ITO
KO~eHCaTopa
ocna6JieHHe
~OJI)l(HO
RC-uerrH
COCTaBJIHTb 6 ~E. K TaKOMy )Ke pe3yJibTaTy
1. 15) HMeeT TaKOH )Ke B~, KaK H
Bbl rrpH~eTe, eCJIH 3aMeHHTe KO~eHCaTop
cxeMa q>HJII,Tpa HH3KHX tJaCTOT: aHaJIOrH'IHO
pe3HCTOpOM C TaKHM )Ke, KaK y KOH~eHca-
B
Topa, HMrre~aHCOM (HaIIOMHHM, 'ITO ocna6-
(pa3~.
xopoIIIeM
tJaCTOTbl
HHTerpaTope
BXO~oro
meCTBeHHO
caMh1e
CHrHaJia
rrpeBhIIIIaTb
HH3KHe
cy-
JieHHe
6 ~E 03HatJaeT YMeHhIIIeHHe HarrpH-
TO'!Ke
)l(eHHH
B~Boe ).
~OJI)l(Hbl
'laCTOTY
B
-3 ~E.
YtJHTbIBaTh
lin,lzyKTHBHOCTH H KOH,LJ;eucaTopbI. IIH~KTHBHOCTH, TaK)l(e KaK H
KO~eHcaTOpbl, B
)];eno
B
TOM,
peaKTHBHOCTb
'ITO
HY)KHO
KOH~eHcaTopa,
H B 3TOM KaK pa3 MO)l(eT IIOMO'lb BeKTOpHaH
~HarpaMMa (pHC.
1.61). B~OJib oce.ii OTKJia-
CO'leTaHHH C pe3HCTOpaMH o6pa3yIOT cxeMbl
~bIBaIOTCH ~e.HCTBHTeJibHaH ( aKTHBHaH HJIH
.qJHJibTpOB HH3KHX (HJIH BbICOKHX)
pe3HCTHBHaH) H MHHMaH (peaKTHBHaH HJIH
tJaCTOT.
O~aKO Ha rrpaKTHKe RL-q>HJibTpbl HH3KHX
H BbICOKHX tJaCTOT BCTpetJaIOTCH pe~KO. 3TO
CBH3aHO C TeM, 'ITO HH~YKTHBHOCTH 6onee
rpoMo3~H H ~oporH,
'leM
KO~eHcaTOpbl
6onee
cymeCTBeHHO
a
pa6oTaIOT xy)l(e,
(HX
xapaKTepHCTHKH
OTJIH'laIOTCH
OT
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aJibHbIX). EcJIH eCTb B03MO)l(HOCTb Bh16opa,
TO rrpe~OtJTeHHe JIY'lllle OT~aTb KO~eHca-
a
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PHc. 1.61.
6
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eMKOCTHa.sr)
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HMIIe,[(aHca.
Ha
TaKOM )Ke IIJIOCKOCTH MO)l(HO H306pa)l(aTh
Harrp.sr)l(eHHe
(KOMIIJieKCHoe)
B
47
1.21. «IloJIIOCLI» n ua1mou B upe,21;eJiax
OKTaBhl
IIOCJie,[(OBa-
TeJihHhIX 11em1x rro.[(o6Horo nrna, TaK KaK
Eme
TOK B TaKOM 11eIIH BO Bcex TO'IKax O,[(HHaKOB.
RC-qJHJibTpa
I1TaK, B HarneM cxeMe (6y.[(eM paccMaTpH-
BrrpaBo OT TOqKH rrepen16a rpaqiHKa BhIXO,[(-
BaTh ee B KaqecTBe RC-~eJIHTeJI.sr Harrp.sI)l(e-
Ha.sr aMrrJIHTy.[(a y6hmaeT rrporropIIHOHaJihHO
pa3
paCCMOTpHM
xapaKTepHCTHKY
HH3KHX
(pHC.
qacTOT
1.59).
(rrpHJIO)l(eHHoe
1/f B rrpe.[(enax on;HoM oKTaBhI (on;Ha oKrn-
K IIOCJie,[(OBaTeJihHOMY coe,[(HHeHHIO pe3HC-
Ba, KaK B MY3hIKe, COOTBeTCTByeT H3MeHe-
HH.sr)
BXO,[(HOe
R
Topa
HaJihHO
H
Harrp.sr)l(eHHe
C)
KOH.[(eHcaTopa
,[(JIHHe
rHIIOTeHy3hl,
rrporrop11Hoa
BhIXO,[(HOe
Harrp.sr)l(eIIHe ( CHHMaeMoe C pe3HCTOpa
R)-
R
.[];Ha-
,[(JIHHe
CTOpOHhl
rpaMMa
TpeyroJihHHKa.
COOTBeTCTByeT
TaKOM
qacTOTe,
IIpH KOTOpOH MO.[(YJih peaKTHBHoro corrpoTHBJieHH.sI
J13
OTHOIIIeHHe
BhlXO,[(Horo
YMeHbIIIaeTC.sI B.[(BOe, T. e. OCJia6JieHHe cocTaBJI.sieT
6 .[(Ii;
-
RC-qJHJihTp
CJie,[(OBaTeJihHO, rrpOCTOM
o6ecrre~BaeT
6 .[(li/oKTaBy.
MO)l(HO
ocna6neHHe
KOHCTpyHpOBaTh
qJHJihTphI, COCTO.sIIIIHe H3 HeCKOJlhKHX
RC-
R,
T. e.
ceKIIHM:
BH.[(HO,
qTQ
HaIIp.sI)l(eHH.sI
KO
12 .[(6/oKTaBa (,n:.ll.sr .[(Byx RC-ceKIIHH),
18 .[(li/oKTaBa (.[(JI.sr Tpex ceKIIHH) HT..[(. TaK
KOH,[(eHCaTopa
f = 1/2nRC.
HHIO qacTOThl B,[(Boe) BhIXOr(Ha.sr aMIIJIHTyn;a
paBeH
.[(HarpaMMhI
1/fi, T.e. -3 .[(Ii.
YroJI Me)l(.[(y BeKTopaMH orrpe.[(eJI.sreT qia-
BXO,[(HOMY COCTaBJI.sieT
30BhlM C,[(BHr Me)l(.[(y BXO,[(HhIM H BhlXO.[(HhlM
TOr,[(a
IIO~M
3HaqeHH.sI
crran;a
o6hJqHO OIIHChIBaJOT IIOBe,[(eHHe qJHJihTpa Ha
qacToTax, Jie)l(aIIIHX 3a rrpe.[(eJiaMH rronochI
rrporrycKaHH.sr.
EcJIH qJHJlhTP cocTOHT,
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BhIXOr(Ha.sr aMIIJTHTyn;a paBHa BXO,[(HOM, rro-
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Harrp.sr)l(eHHeM.
n;eJieHHOM Ha
HarrpHMep,
B
TOqKe
fi, a caM BhIXOr(HOM CHrHaJI
orrepe)l(aeT BXOr(HOM no qia3e Ha
45 °. rpa-
qiHqecKHM MeTO,[( ,[(aeT HarJUir(HOe rrpe.[(CTaBJieHHe O BeJIHqHHax aMIIJIHTYA H COOTHOIIIeHHH qia3 B RLC-11err.srx. HarrpHMep, c rroMOIIIhJO :noro MeTon;a MO)l(HO orrpen;eJIHTh
xapaKTepHCTHKY qJHJlhTpa BhICOKHX qacTOT,
KOTOpyJO Mhl y)l(e IIOJiyqHJIH paHbIIIe C rroMOIIIhlO ame6paHqeCKHX rrpeo6pa30BaHHM.
YnpalKHeHHe 1.23. IlOJih3YIICb MeTO,llOM BeKTopuoii
,1111arpaMMhl,
DOJIY'!HTe
xapaKTepHCTHKY
RC-<pHJibTpa
Bb!COKHX '!aCTOT:
JIIOC» CB.sI3aHO C MeTO,[(OM aHaJIH3a cxeM,
KOTOphIM He paccMaTpHBaeTC.sI B 3TOM KHHre.
B HeM HCIIOJih3yeTC.sI KOMIIJieKCHa.sr rrepe.[(aTOqHa.sr qJYffKIIH.sI Ha KOMIIJieKCHOM qacTOTHOM IIJIOCKOCTH, KOTOPYIO HH)l(eHepbl Ha3hlBaJOT S-IIJIOCKOCThlO.)
IlpH pa6oTe c MHOroKaCKa,[(HhIMH qJHJlhTpaMH
UBhlX
-------u.
[R2 + (l/ro2C 2)]112
YnpaiKUeHHe 1.24.
Ha
KaKoii
O.[(HY
oco6eH-
THqffhl Me)l(,[(y co6oH), H 3TO rrpHBO,[(HT K
TOMY, qTo pe3yJihTHPYJOIIIa.sI xapaKTepHCTHHe
.sIBJI.sieTC.sI
xapaKTepHCTHK
.,
yqHThIBaTh
Harpy)l(aeT rrpe,[(hI.[(YIIIHM (TaK KaK OHH H,[(eH-
Ka
R
CJien;yeT
HOCTh. Ka)l(,[(hlM HOBhlM KaCKa,[( cymecTBeHHO
rrpOCTOM
COBOKYIIHOCThlO
COCTaBJI.sIJOW:HX
KaCKar(OB.
HarrOMHHM, qTo rrpH BhIBO,[(e xapaKTepHCqacrnTe
ocna6neH1l:e
THKH rrpocToro
RC-qJHJlhTpa
Mhl ycJIOBH-
RC-<pHJibTpa H1i3ICHX '!aCTOT 6y,11eT paBHO 6 ,116 (BbIX0,11-
JIHCh, qTo HCTOqHHK HMeeT HyJieBOM HMrre-
HOe
,[(aHC, a Harpy3Ka - 6ecKOHeqffhIB.
0.[(HH H3
crroco6oB
KaCKa,[(OB
nanp.!IlKeHHe
paBHO
DOJIOBHHe
BXO,llHOro)?
qeMY
paBeH <pa30Bblli C,llBHr Ha 3TOH '!aCTOTe?
YnpalKHeHHe 1.25. IlOJih3Y!ICh MeTO,llOM BeKTopnoii
,111mrpaMMbI, DOJIY'IHTe xapaKTepHCTHKY <pHJibTpa Hli3KHX
'!aCTOT, BhIBe,lleHHYIO Bblllle anre6paH'!eCKHM nyTeM.
B
cnen;yJOIIIeM rnaBe (pa3.[(. 2.08) rrpHBo-
r(HTC.sr HHTepeCHhIM IIpHMep HCIIOJih30BaHH.sI
BeKTOpHOM
,[(HarpaMMhl
qia30C.[(BHraJOIIIeM cxeMhI,
.sIHHYJO aMIIJIHTY.[(y.
,[(JI.sI
IIOCTpoeHH.sr
,[(aJOmeM rrocTo-
ycTpaHeHH.sr
BJIH.sIHH.sI
.[(pyr Ha .[(pyra COCTOHT B TOM, qTo6hI Ka)l(,[(hlM
IIOCJier(yJOID:HM
KaCKa,[(
HMeJI
3HaqH-
TeJihHO 60JlhIIIHM HMIIe,[(aHC, qeM rrpe.[(hI.[(yIIIHM. Ew:e 3qJqJeKTHBHee HCIIOJlh30BaTh B Kaqecrne Me)l(KacKa.[(HhIX 6yqiepoB
aKTHBHhie
cxeMbI Ha TpaH3HCTOpax HJIH orrepaIIHOHHhIX
ycHJIHTeJI.sIX
(OY), T. e. CTpOHTh aKTHBHhie
qJHJihTphI.
3THM
rn. 2-5.
BOrrpocaM
IIOCB.sIIIIeHhl
rJiaBa I
48
1.22. Pe3ouaucHb1e cxeML1 u aKTHBHhle
4>HJILTpbI
KoH):(eHCaTOphI, KOTOphie HCnOJih3YJOTC.sI B
cnen:HaJihHhIX cxeMax, Ha3hIBaeMhIX aKTHBHhIMH q>HJihTpaMH,
C
a
HH,IJ;YKTHBHOCT.sIMH,
p.sITh»
qacTOTHYJO
TaK)l(e B
coqeTaHHH
n03BOJI.sII0T
«3aOCT-
xapaKTepHCTHKY
cxeMhI
(no cpaBHeHHIO C noJioroil: xapaKTepHCTHKOH
RC-q>HJihTpa xapaKTepHCTHKa TaKOH cxeMhI
P11:c. 1.64. Y3KonoJioCHhiii
( «JIOByrnKa»).
peJKeKTOpHhiii
LC-<pHJihTp
pe30HaJtcHou
qacToTe
Ha HeKOTOpOH qacTOTe HMeeT 60JihIIIOH pe3KHH BCnJiecK).
Ilo.n;o6Hhle cxeMhI Haxo,n;.srT
HOH
npHMeHeHHe B
ycTpOHCTBax,
fo = 1/21t (LC) 112 CTpeMHTC.sI K 6eCKOHeqffOC-
B
,D;Hana30He
3BYKOBhIX
pa60Ta10IUHX
qacTOT
H
pa,D;HO-
LC-n:eIIH
Ha
TH-Ha xapaKTepHCTHKe npH 3TOM 3HaqeHHH
qacTOT. I1TaK, n03HaKOMHMC.sI C LC-n:en.srMH
qaCTOThI
,D;OJI)l(eH
Ha6JIIO,IJ;aThC.sI
(no.n;po6HOMY aHaJIH3Y 3THX n:eneil: II aKTHB-
BCnJieCK.
rpaq:>HK
TaKOH
HhIX q>HJihTpOB nocB.srin:eHhI rJI. 5 H npHJIO-
npe,n;CTaBJieH Ha pHC.
pe3KHH
xapaKTepHCTHKH
1.63.
B .n;eHCTBHTeJihHOCTH nHK xapaKTepHCTHKH
)l(eHHe 3).
HaqffeM co cxeMhI, npe.n;cTaBJieHHOH Ha
crJia)l(eH 3a cqeT noTepb B HH,IJ;YKTHBHOCTH
1.62. Ha qacToTe f peaKTHBHoe conpo-
H KOH,IJ;eHCaTope, O,D;HaKO eCJIH cxeMa CKOH-
pHc.
THBJieHHe LC-KOHTypa paBHO
CTpyHpOBaHa xopowo, TO 3TH noTepH oqeHh
L
HeBeJIHKH. EcJIH )Ke XOT.sIT cnen:IIaJihHO crJia-
Z~c = ~L +
HJIH ZLc
= J~L - ~c = 1( roe - ~L)'
,Il;HTh xa paKTepHCTHKY'
TO B cxeMy BKJIIO-
qaJOT .n;onoJIHHTeJihHhIH pe3HCTOp, yxy.n;rnaIOJUHH .n;o6pOTHOCTh KOHTypa
= j/[(1/roL) - roC].
LC-KOHTYP B coqeTamm c pe3rrcTopoM
06pa3yeT ,n;eJIHTeJih Hanp.sr)l(eHH.sr;
B
R
CB.sI3lf
C TeM, qTo HH,IJ;YKTHBHOCTh H KOH,D;eHCaTop
Ma
HhIM
LC-KOHTypoM
cxeMOH.
0Ha
HJIH
IIIIipOKO
II36HpaTeJihHOH
HCIIOJih3yeTc.sr
B
pa,n;HOTeXHHKe ,[.\JI.sI BhI,IJ;eJieHH.sI I13 Bcero qac-
npOTHBOnOJIO)l(HhIM o6pa30M pearHpyIOT Ha
TOTHOrO
H3MeHeHHe qacTOThI, HMne.n;aHC napaJIJieJih-
qacTOThI ycHJiemur
,IJ;HaIIa30Ha
nepeMeHHhIMH, H
R
Q. TaKa.sr cxe-
Ha3bIBaeTC.sI napaJIJieJihHhIM pe30HaHC-
CHrHaJIOB
HeKOTOpOH
(L HJIH C MoryT 6hITh
C HX IIOMOJUhlO MO)l(HO
HacTpaHBaTh pe3oHaHCHhIH KOHTYP Ha onpe,n;eJieHHYIO qacToTy). 1IeM BhIIIIe HMne,n;aHC
HCTOqHHKa, TeM OCTpee nHK xapaKTepHCTHKH;
KaK Bbl BCKOpe y6e.n;HTeCh,
Be
HCTOqHHKa
npHH.sITO
B
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HCnOJih30BaTh
ycTpOHCTBO THna lICToqHHKa TOKa. Ko3q>q>HU:HeHT .n;o6pOTHOCTH Q no3BOJI.sieT on:eHHBaTb xapaKTepIICTHKY KOHTypa: qeM 60JibIIIe
P11:c. 1.62. Pe3oHaHcHasi
<pHJihTp.
LC-cxeMa:
IIIHpoKononocHhIB
.n;o6poTHOCTh, TeM OCTpee xapaKTepHCTHKa.
.[(o6pOTHOCTh paBHa pe30HaHCHOH qacTOTe,
no,n;eJieHHOH Ha IIIHpHHY nHKa, onpe,n;eJieHHyIO no ToqKaM -
3 .n;E . .[(JI.sr napaJIJieJihHOH
RLC-cxeMhI Q = ro 0 RC .
.[(pyroil:
pa3HOBH,D;HOCThIO
LC-cxeM
.srBJI.sieTc.sr
nocJie,n;oBaTeJihHa.sr
LC-cxeMa
(pHC.
1.64).
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Bhipa)l(eHHe
,IJ;JI.sI
HMne,n;aHca, MO)l(HO noKa3aTh, qTo HMIIe,n;aHC
f0
PRC. 1.63.
=1/Z1r(LC) 112
f
nocJie,n;oBaTeJihHOH LC-cxeMhI cTpeMHTc.sr K
fo
1/2n (LC) 112 ; TaKa.sr
HYJIIO Ha qacTOTe
=
cxeMa Ha pe30HaHCHOH qacTOTe HJIH B6JIH3H
0CH0Bb1 3JieKTpOHHKH
49
nonytJaIDT nyTeM ebmpRM!lefluR Hanp.sr)KeHH.sI
nepeMeHHoro TOKa ceTH (npouecc Bbrnp.srMneHn.sr Mbl paCCMOTpIIM ,ll;aJibIIIe B 3T0li rnaBe). qaCTb COCTaBJI.sIIOIIIIIX BXO,ll;HOro Hanp.sr-
=1/Z 7T(LC) i/z
fo
)KeHII.sI, KOTOpoe MMeJIO 'laCTOTY 60 (50) ru,
r
OCTaeTc.sr M B BbIIIp.srMJieHHOM Hanp.sr)KeHHH,
OT HMX
PHc. 1.65.
MO)KHO
H36aBIITbC.sI,
CMOTpeTb
IIIYHTHpOBaHIIe
60JibllIHX
KOH,ll;eHCaTopoB.
Hee KaK 6b1 «3aXBaTbIBaeT>> CHI'HaJI M 3a3eM-
KOH,ll;eHCaTOpbI-3TO
n.sreT ero. 3Ta cxeMa, TaK )Ke KaK M npe.L(bI.D:Y-
6neCT.sIIIl;IIe
ru:a.sr, npMMeH.sreTC.sI B
TeXHMKe.
Ha
pMc.
xapaKTepIICTMKa.
OCHOBHOM B pa,ll;MO-
1.65
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M3o6pa)KeHa
ee
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-10 B
Pttc. 2.8.
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MO)KeT
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75
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OT npo6oa.
PHc. 2.11. IlpoCTOH CTa6HnH3aTOp Hanpllll(eHHll Ha OCHOBe JeHepoBCKoro .1IH0.1Ia.
MOII(HOCTh), HJIH HCIIOJih30BaTh .[(BYXTaKT-
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HYIO cxeMy,
B KOTOpoii ,[(Ba TpaH3HCTOpa
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cJiyqa51x,
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> Iablx(MaKc).
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6 B.
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CTa6HJIHTpOHe
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= [(U.x rnro
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p CTa6
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1,0, TaK KaK rra,[(eHHe
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a
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Borrpocy,
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paccMaTpHBaTh
ypaBHeHHe 36epca-MoJIJia.
YnpaxmeHHe 2.3. Pa3pa6oTaHTe crn6HnH3HpoBaHHhIH
HCTO''IHHK Hanpl!ll(eHHll
10 B .lIIlll TOKOB Harpy3KH BenH'!IIHOH OT O .110 100 MA; BXO.lIHOe Hanpllll(eHHe H3MeHl!eTCll
B npe.11enax OT 20 .110 25 B. B Jil06bIX ycnOBHl!X (B TOM
'll!Cne H B caMh!X ll(eCTKHX) qepe3 CTa6HnHTpOH .lIOilll(eH
±
npoTeKaTb TOK 10 MA. Ha KaKyio npe.11enbHYJO MOII.1HOCTb .11onll(eH 6bITh pacc'!HTaH CTa6HnHTpoH?
CTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHhIH
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C
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2.04. HcnOJlh30B3HHe 3MHTTepHbIX
UOBTOpHTeJieu
B
KaqecTBe
meM:
CTa6BJIH33T0p0B
1. Harrp51)l(eHHe U eblx HeJih351
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uanpmKeHHH
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2. CTa6HJIHTp0HhI HMeIOT KOHeqHoe ,[(HHa-
CJIY)l(HT o6hrqHhIH 3eHepOBCKHH ,[(HO.[(-CTa6H-
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76
Uax - - - - - - - - .
UBX
(Hecma6111n.
Hanpmaemie)
0-----------,
(Hecma611J1.
Hanpm11eH11e)
+
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PHc. 2.12. Crn6muupoH a CO'!eTaHHH c IlOBTOpHTeJieM
o6ecne'!HBaeT yBeJIH'!eHHe BbIXO,llHOro TOKa.
BalOT IIYJibCaU:HH BXO,ll;HOro HaIIpH)KeHMH H
Pile. 2.13. CHHlKeHHe nyJihCaQHM B CTa6HJIHTpOHe.
BJIHHHMe M3MeHeHMH Harpy3KH.
3. IlpM
IIIHpOKOM
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H3MeHeHMH
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Harpy3KH
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BbI6MpaTb
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OH ,ll;OJI)KeH pacceHTb Ha ce6e 3HaqMTeJibHYJO
MOJUHOCTb,
paBHYJO MaKCHMaJibHOH MOI1(-
HOCTM B Harpy3Ke.
Ha pMc. 2.12 rrpe.z:i;crnBJieHa ynyqIIIeHHaH
cxeMa, B KOTOpoii 3eHepOBCKMH ,ll;MO,ll; OT,ll;eJieH OT Harpy3KH 3MMTTepHbIM IIOBTOpMTeJieM.
B TaKoii cxeMe .z:i;ena o6cTOHT nyqIIIe.
TOK
CTa6MJIMTpOHa
Terrepb
OTHOCMTeJibHO
He3aBHCMM OT TOKa Harpy3KH, TaK KaK no
n:errM
6a3bI
TpaH3HCTopa
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60JibIIIOH TOK H MOl1(HOCTb, pacceMBaeMaH
Ha
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3HaqMTeJibHO
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IIYJibCaU:MH TOKa B CTa6MJIMTpOHe (rrpoTeKaIDl1(ero qepe3 pe3MCTOp
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,ll;JIH IIHTaHMH CTa6MJIMTpOH~. 3TOT cnyqaii
Mb! paCCMOTpMM B pa3.z:i;. 2.06. ,n:pyroii MeTO,ll;
OCHOBaH
IIHTalIMH
Ha
MCIIOJib30BaHMM
CTa6MJIMTpOHa
(pMC. 2.13).
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B
n:errM
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HM3KHX
R
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TOK
B
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KoH,ll;eHcaTop
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BMe RC »
cxeMbI BepXHMH pe3MCTOp 3aMeHeH ,TTHO,ll;OM).
B
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Bbl
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c
CTa6HJIH3aTopaMM,
(YMeHbIIIeHMe B h 213 pa3). Pe3HCTOP R,
MO)KHO .z:i;o6aBHTb B cxeMy ,ll;JIH Toro, qTo6bI
B KOTOpbIX BbIXO,ll;HOe HaIIpH)KeHMe MO)KHO
OH rrpe.z:i;oxpaHMJI TpaH3MCTOp OT BbIXO,ll;a M3
o6paTHOH CBH3M. BMeCTe C TeM OHM rrpe.z:i;-
CTpOH
rrpH
H
IIJiaBHO
HaCTpaMBaTb
6naro.z:i;apH
KOpOTKOM
CTaBJIHIOT co6oii rop&3,ll;O nyqIIIMe MCTOqHM-
3aMbIKaHMH BbIXO,ll;a 3a cqeT
orpaHMqeHMH
KM HarrpH)KeHMH, Bb!XO,ll;Hhle MMIIe.z:i;aHCbI KO-
TOKa,
H,
KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM
nerKO
IIOBTOpHTeJib
TOpbIX H3MepHIOTCH B MMJIJIHOMax, TeMrre-
HOpMaJibHO pa6oTaeT M 6e3 3TOro pe3MCTO-
XOTH
3MMTTepHbIH
pa TypHbie K03cpcpMn:MeHTbI - B MMJIJIMOHHbIX
pa, ero IIpMCYTCTBMe B cxeMe BIIOJIHe o6oc-
,ll;OJIHX Ha °C M T. ,ll;.
HOBaHHO. Pe3MCTOP
R. cne.z:i;yeT BbI6MpaTb
TaK, qTo6bI rrpM MaKCMMaJibHOM TOKe Ha-
2.05. CMemeune B 3MHTTepHOM UOBTOpHTeJie
rpy3KM rra.z:i;eHHe HarrpH)KeHMH Ha HeM 6bIJIO
MeHbIIIe, qeM Ha pe3MCTOpe R.
EcJIM Ha 3MMTTepHbIH IIOBTOpMTeJib ,ll;OJI)KeH
YnpalKlleHHe 2.4. Pa3pa6orniiTe HCTO'IHHK HanplllKeHHll + 10 B, KOTOpbIH HMeJI 6w TaKHe JKe napaMeTpbl, KaK
HCTO'IHHK B ynpalKHeHHH 2.3. HcnoJib3yiiTe B cxeMe
CTa6HJIHTpOH H 3MMTTepHbIM IlOBTOpHTeJib. PaCC'!HTaiiTe,
KaKyIO MOIIIHOCTb pacceHBaIOT TpaH3HCTOp H CTa6HJIHTpoH B HaHxy.uu:reM cnyqae. KaKOBO np011eHTHOe H3MeHe-
IIOCTyrraTb
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C
rrpe.z:i;IIIeCTBYIDIUero
KacKa.z:i;a cxeMbI, TO ny'Illle Bcero rro.z:i;KJIIDqMTb ero Herrocpe.z:i;CTBeHHO K BbIXO,ll;Y rrpe,ll;hI,ll;YIUero
KaCKa.z:i;a,
Ka!(
HHe TOKa CTa6HJIHTpOHa npH nepexo.11e OT HeHarpylKeH-
TpaH3MCTOpa
Tl
HOro COCTOJIHHJI K HarpylKeHHOMy? CpaBHHTe 3TH pe-
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orpaHMqeHHoro
3YJibTaTbl c pe3yJihTaTaMl! npe,11bI.llYII1ero ynpalKHeHHll.
B pH.z:i;e BapHaHTOB paCCMOTpeHHOH cxeMbI
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Mepbl
,ll;JIH
CHM)KeHHH
IIOKa3aHO
Ha
pMC. 2.14. TaK KaK CMrHa.)I Ha KOJIJieKTOpe
M3MeHHeTCH
B
rrpe.z:i;enax
3HaqeHMHMM
HarrpH)KeHMH MCTOqHMKOB IIMTaHMH, TO rroTeHIJ;MaJI 6a3hl
HarrpH)KeHMeM
T2 Bcer.z:i;a 3aKJIJOqeH Me)K.z:i;y
U KK M IIOTeHJ.i;MaJIOM 3eMJIM,
TpaH3HCTOphI
- - - - - - - - - - - +UKK
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UKK
-=-
PHc. 2.14.
77
PHc. 2.16. 3MHTTepHhlli IlOBTOpHTeJih co CB!I3hl0 no nepeMeHHOMY
TOKy.
06paTHTe
BHHMaHHe
Ha
AeJIHTeJih
Hanp!IlKeHH!I B IlenH CMemeHH!I 6a3hI.
a CJie,D;OBaTeJihHO, T2 HaXO,[J;HTC.sI B aKTHBHOH
o6JiaCTH (He HaChIII(eH H He B OTCetJKe). IlpH
a
ro BOCnOJih30BaThC.sI ,[J;JI.sI 3TOro ,D;eJIHTeJieM
noTeHIIHaJI KOJIJieKTOpa, no KpaiiHeii Mepe
Hanp.sr)KeHH.sr (pHc. 2.16). Pe3HCTOphI R 1 H R 2
Ha HeCKOJihKO ,D;eC.sIThIX ,[J;OJieii BOJihTa 60Jih-
BhI6paHbI TaK, 'ITO B OTCYTCTBHe BXO,D;HOro
3TOM
nepeXO,[J;
6a3a-3MHTTep
OTKphIT,
rne, tJeM noTeHIIHaJI 3MHTTepa. B HeKOTOphIX
CHrHaJia noTeHIIHaJI 6a3hl paBeH noJIOBHHe
cJiytJa.srx
pa3HOCTH Me)K,D;y Hanp.sr)KeHHeM HCTO'IHHKa
BXO,[J;
3MHTTepHoro
noBTOpHTeJI.sr
H Hanp.sr)KeHHe IIHTaHH.sr Hey,D;a'IHO COOTHOC.sITC.sI
.D;pyr
C
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H
TOr,D;a
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U KK H noTeHIIHaJIOM 3eMJIH, T. e. conpOTHBR1 H R2 paBHhl. Ilpo11ecc BhI6opa
JieHH.sI
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pa60'IHX Hanp.sr)KeHHH B cxeMe B OTCYTCTBHe
CB.sI3H (HJIH CB.sI3H no nepeMeHHOMY TOKY)
no,D;aHHhIX Ha ee BXO,[J; CHrHaJIOB Ha3hIBaeTC.sI
B03HHKHYTh He06XO,[J;HMOCTh B
C BHeIIIHHM HCTO'IHHKOM CHrHaJia (1mnpH-
ycTaHOBKOH pa6otJeii TO'IKH HJIH TO'IKH no-
Mep, 3TO OTHOCHTC.sI K CHrHaJihHOMY BXO.D;y
KO.sI . .[(11.sr 3TOH cxeMhI, KaK H B 60JihIIIHHCTBe
HH3KOH
CJl)'tJaeB, TO'IKY noKO.sI ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT TaK,
3BYKOBOH tJaCTOThl). B 3TOM CJiytJae cpe,D;Hee
'IT06hI Ha BhIXO,D;e qiopMHpoBaJic.sr MaKCH-
Hanp.sr)KeHHe CHrHaJia paBHO HYJllO, H
MaJihHhlH CHMMeTpH'IHhIH CHrHaJI (6e3 orpa-
BhICOKOKatJeCTBeHHoro
ycHJIHTeJI.sr
nocpe,D;CTBeHHa.sr
CB.sI3h
nOBTOpHTeJieM
npHBe,D;eT
CHrHaJI
Ha
BhIXO,D;e
OTHOCHTeJihHO
C
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cpe30B).
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R 1 H R 2 ? IlpHMeH.sr.sr o6IIIHii no.D;XO.D;
(pa3,D;. 1.05), .D;onycTHM, 'ITO HMne,D;aHC HC-
noKa3aHO
Ha
TO'IHHKa CMeII(eHH.sr no nocTO.sIHHOMY TOKY
B 3MHTTepHOM nOBTOpHTeJie (a q>aKTHtJecB
HJIH
6bITh npH 3TOM conpOTHBJieHH.sI pe3HCTOpOB
pHC. 2.15.
KH
HHtJeHHii
'ITO
TOMY,
6y.D;eT
BXO,D;a,
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3MHTTepHhIM
mo6oM
TpaH3HCTOpHOM
Heo6xo.D;HMO co3,D;aTh
ycHJIHTeJie)
cMeUJeHue ,D;JI.sr Toro,
(HMne,D;aHC co CTOpOHhl BhIXO,[J;a ,D;eJIHTeJI.sr)
MaJI no cpaBHemno c HMne,D;aHcoM Harpy3KH
(HMne,D;aHC no nOCTO.sIHHOMY TOKY co CTOpO-
'IT06hI KOJIJieKTOpHhlH TOK npoTeKaJI B TetJe-
Hhl 6a3hl noBTOpHTeJI.sr). Tor,D;a
HHe noJIHoro nepHO.D;a CHrHaJia. Ilpome Bee-
R111 R2 « h213R3.
1-h 3TOro COOTHOIIIeHH.sI CJie,D;yeT, 'ITO TOK,
BXO.QHQi,\ cMrHaJI
npoTeKaIOIIIHH tJepe3 ,D;eJIHTeJih Hanp.sr)KeHH.sr,
,[J;OJI)KeH 6bITh 60JihIIIe, 'leM TOK, npoTeKaIOIIIHH no 11enH 6a3hl.
IIpuMep pa3pa6onrn cxeMLI 3MHTTepuoro
noBTopuTeJIH. B KatJecrne npHMepa pa3pa6oTaeM CXeMY
3MHTTepHoro noBTOpHTeJI.sr
,[J;JI.sI CHrHaJIOB 3BYKOBOH tJaCTOThl ( OT 20 r11
PHC. 2.15. TpaH3HCTOpHblH
ycHJIHTeJih
c
IlOJIOlKHTeJib-
,[J;O
20 Kr11). Hanp.sI)KeHHe U KK COCTaBJI.sieT
HblM HCTO'!HHKOM DHTaHIUI He MOJKeT reHepHpOBaTb Ha
+ 15 B, TOK noKo.sr paBeH 1 MA.
BhIXOAe HMDYJihChI OTPHilaTeJI&HOH noJI!IpHOCTH.
ma2 1. Bh16op Hanp.sr)KeHH.sr U 3. .[(JI.sr noJiy-
78
rJiaBa 2
qeHHH CHMMeTpITTHOro CHrHana 6e3 cpe30B
- - -.....---+UKK
Heo6xo.z:i;HMO, qTo6hI BhIIIOnHHnOCh ycnOBHe
U3 = 0,5 UKK, HnH +7,5 B.
IIIaz 2. Bhl6op pe3HCTopa
R3 •
ToK
1 MA, 1103TOMY
IIOKOH .z:i;omKeH COCTaBnHTh
BblXOJi
.,____ (6n113m111
nomettl,\Man~
3eMm1)
R3 = 7,5 KOM.
IIIaz 3. Bh16op
pe3HCTopoB
R1 H R2•
U 6 -3TO CYMMa U3 + 0,6 B,
HnH 8,1 B. Ifa noro cne.z:i;yeT, qTo co11poHa11pH)KeHHe
R2 OTHOCHTCH
THBneHHH pe3HCTOPOB R1 H
.z:i;pyr K .z:i;pyry KaK 1: 1,17. YqHThIBaH H3BeCTHhIM y)Ke HaM KpHTepHii BhI6opa Harpy3KH,
- - - + - - - - - U3s
PHC. 2.17. 3MHTTepHblli
IlOBTOpHTeJib
co
CBl13bl-O
no
IlOCTOlIHHOMY TOKY C pacmenJieHHh!M HCTO"'IHHKOM IlHTaHHl!.
MhI ,Ll;On)l(Hhl 110.z:i;o6paTh pe3HCTOphI R 1 H R 2
TaK, qT06b1 co11poTHBneHHe MX 11apannenhHoro
coe,Ll;HHeHMH
COCTaBnHnO
11pH6nH3H-
TenhHO 75 KOM HnH MeHbIIIe (0,1 OT 11pOH3-
7,5 KOM Ha h 213).
Be,z:i;eHMH
Bh16epeM cne-
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R 1 = 130 KOM, R 2 = 150 KOM.
JIIaz 4. Bh16op KOH,z:i;eHcaTopa C 1. KoH,z:i;eHcaTop
C1 H
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TOqffHKa o6pa3YJOT qmnh Tp BhICOKHX qacTOT.
Co11poTHBneHHe Harpy3KH HCTOqHHKa
ecTh
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6a3hI.
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qTo
Harpy3Ka
cxeMhI BenHKa 110 cpaBHeHHIO C 3MHTTepHhIM
pe3HCTOpOM, Tor.z:i;a BXO,Ll;HOe COllpOTHBneHHe
TpaH3HCTOpa
co
CTOpOHhl
6a3hl
paBHO
h21,R,, T.e. COCTaBnHeT ~750 KOM. 3KBHBaneHTHOe co11poTHBneHHe .z:i;enHTenH paBHO
70 KOM. Tor.z:i;a Harpy3Ka ,z:i;nH KOH,z:i;eHcaTopa
COCTaBnHeT 63 KOM H eMKOCTh KOH,Ll;eHcaTOpa ,Ll;On)l(Ha 6bITh paBHa 110 KpaiiHeii Mepe
0,15 MK<I>.
B
3TOM
cnyqae
To~e
-3 .z:i;E
6y,z:i;eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTh qacTOTa, MeHbIIIaH
qeM 20 n1.
IIIaz 5. Bh16op KOH,z:i;eHcaTopa C 2 . KoH,z:i;eH-
1106onhIIIe. B11ontte 110.z:i;oii,z:i;yT cne.z:i;YJ0111He
3HaqeHHH:
cl = 0,5 H C2 = 3,3 MK<I>.
3MHTTepHLie DOBTOPHTCJIH c
HhIMH
HCTO'IHHKaMH.
B
IIOBTOpHTeneii- C 11onO)KHTenhHhIM
OTPHIIaTenhHhIM
HallpH)KeHHeM.
He
6y,z:i;eT
MeHbIIIe
TOphI {pHC. 2.17).
3aMe'mHHe: B cxeMe o6H3aTenhHO ,Ll;On)l(Ha
6bITh
11pe.z:i;ycMOTpeHa
11e11b
TeqeT
11pOCTO
«Ha
3eMnID».
KaK
Mhl
11onyqHnH
,Ll;ByXKaCKa,Ll;HhlM
Bpa111eHHH CHH)KeHHH
aMllnHTY.[l;hI CHrHana
eMKOCTH
cne.z:i;yeT
B3HTh
HeMHOrO
Ha
TOKy. EcnH )Ke 3TO He TaK (HallpHMep, HMeeTCH eMKOCTHaH CBH3h C HCTOqHHKOM), TO
cne.z:i;yeT 11pe.z:i;ycM0TpeTh CBH3h 6a3hI c 3eMneii
qepe3
pe3HCTOp
(pHC. 2.18).
KaK
H
11pe)K.z:i;e, COllpOTHBneHHe RB ,Ll;On)KHO COCTaBnHTh 11pH6nH3HTenhHO 0, 1 OT 11pOH3Be.z:i;eHHH
h21,R3.
'I
, , --0----41----1
,---1 t-
I
I
I
,!..
( ,v\
\
I
1"
I
_l_
Ha CaMOM HH3KOM H3 HHTepeCYJOIIIHX Hae
qacTOT
cxeMe
na, coe,Ll;HHeHHhIB C 3eMneii 110 IIOCTOHHHOMY
qeM 20 r11, eMKOCTh KOH,Ll;eHCaTopa C2 .z:i;onTaK
B
pHC. 2.17 3TY ponh HrpaeT HCTOqHHK CHrHa-
MeHbIIIee
<pHnhTP BhICOKHX qacTOT, TO .z:i;nH 11pe,z:i;oT-
IIOCTOHHHOro
TOKa .z:i;nH TOKa 6a3hl, .z:i;a)Ke ecnH 3TOT TOK
R3.
)l(Ha 6hITh paBHa 110 KpaiiHeii Mepe 1,0 MK<I>.
H
TaKoii
cxeMe nerqe 06ec11eqHTh cMe111eHHe, H .z:i;nH
3 .z:i;E cooT-
BeTCTBOBano 3HaqeHHe qacTOThl,
B
Hee He HY)l(Hhl pa3BH3h1Ba10I11He KOH.[l;eHca-
He oIIIH6eMcH, ecnH 11pe.z:i;11ono)KHM, qTo HMHarpy3KH
qTo
y.z:i;o6HO HCIIOnh30BaTh CHMMeTpHqHoe IIHTaHHe
caTop C2 H HeH3BeCTHhIM HM11e.z:i;aHC Harpy3-
Tor.z:i;a .z:i;nH Toro, qT06b1 TQ~e -
C TeM
CHrHanhl qacTO HaXO.[l;HTCH «B03ne 3eMnH»,
KH o6pa3YJOT <pHnhTp BhICOKHX qacTOT, Mhl
11e,z:i;aHc
pac~enJieH-
CBH3H
PHc. 2.18.
79
TpaHJHCTOphI
+15B
o--J 1--------1
PHC. 2.20.
C
TOqHMKM
Ra
7,5
HaIIpH)l(eHM51.
11:CTO'IHMKM
TOKa
rrpe;::i;cTaBJIHIOT co6oii: rrpeKpacHoe cpe;::i;cTBO
K0M
)];JIH o6ecrreqeHMH CMemeHMH TpaH3HCTOpOB,
M KpOMe Toro, He3aMeHMMbl B KaqecTBe aKTMBHOH Harpy3KM )];JIH ycMJIMTeJibHbIX KacKa-
PHC. 2.19.
He cne.11yiiTe 3TOM)' npHMepy!
)];OB C 60JibIIIMM K03q:>q:>HIIMeHTOM ycMJieHMH
M B KaqecTBe MCTOqHMKOB IIMTaHHH 3MMTTepoB )];JIH )];Hq:>q:>epeHIIHaJibHblX ycMJIMTeJieii:.
YnpalKUeUHe 2.5. Pa3pa6orniiTe 3MHTTepHblH IlOBTOpHTeJib C HCTO'!HHKOM Hanpl!JKeHH.SI
± 15 B .llJlll .11Hana30-
Ha 3B)'K0Bb1X '!aCTOT (20 ru-20 Kru). ToK IlOKOll paBeH
paTOpbI
5 MA, Ha Bxo.11e HMeeTCll eMKOCTHall CBl13b.
IlpHMep UJIOXOro CMemeHHH.
K CO)l(aJie-
HMIO, MHor;::i;a BCTpeqaJOTCH TaKMe Hey;::i;aqHble
cxeMhl,
KaK
Ha
pMC. 2.19.
IlpM
BhI6ope
pe3MCTOpa RF, )];JIH 3TOH cxeMbl rrpe)];IIOJIO)l(MJIM, qTo K03q:>qm11MeHT
JieHHOe 3HaqeHMe
11cTOqffMKM TOKa Heo6XO)];HMbl )];JIH pa60Tbl
TaKMX ycTpOHCTB, KaK MHTerpaTOpbI, reHe-
h213 MMeeT orrpe;::i;e-
(100), 011eHMJIM B~JIMqMHy
cxeMbl
RF, COCTaBHT 7 B.
BblIIOJIHeH
IIJIOxo;
PacqeT
K03q:>q:>HIIMeHT
h21, He CJie;::i;yeT 6paTb 3a OCHOBY pacqeTa,
TaK KaK ero 3HaqeHHe MO)l(eT cymecTBeHHO
M3MeHHTbCH.
EcJIH HaIIp5[)1(em1e CMemeHHH
3a;::i;aTb C IIOMOIIIblO ;::i;eJIHTeJIH HaIIp5[)1(eHHH,
KaK B paccMOTpeHHOM BbIIIIe rrpHMepe, TO
TO~a IIOKOH 6y;::i;eT HeqyBCTBHTeJibHa K H3MeHeHHHM K03q:>q:>HIIHeHTa ~- HarrpMMep, B
rrpe)];h1;::i;ymeii cxeMe Harrp5[)1(em1e Ha 3MHTTepe yBeJIHqHTCH BCero Ha 0,35 B (5%), ecJIH
BMeCTO HOMHHaJibHOH BeJIHqHHbl h21,
6y;::i;eM
MMeTb
rrpHMepe
h 213 = 200.
Ha
IIOBTOPMTeJI51
Mbl
BeJIHqffHY
3MHTTepHoro
= 100
IIOKa3aJIM BaM, KaK MO)l(HO rrorraCTb B JIOBYIIIKY M pa3pa6oTaTb HMKyP.a He ro;::i;Hy10
cxeMy. TaKMe OIIIM6KM B03MO)l(Hbl H B cxeMax C ;::i;pyrMM BKJIIOqeHMeM TpaH3MCTOPOB
(HarrpHMep,
;::i;anhIIIe
B
3Toii:
rnaBe
6y;::i;eT
rrpe;::i;crnBJieHa cxeMa c o6IIIHM 3MHTTepoM).
2.06. TpaH3HCTOpHbIH HCTO'IHIIK TOKa
XoTH MCTOqHMKM TOKa He CTOJib M3BeCTHbl,
OHM He MeHee IIOJie3Hbl M Ba)l(Hbl, qeM MC-
HarrpH)l(eHM51.
B
o6ecrreqHBaIOT llllipOKMH .l];HaIIa30H HaIIpH)l(eHMH. 11 HaKOHeII, HCToqHMKH IIOCTOHHHOrO
TOKa Tpe6yIOTCH B HeKOTOpbIX o6JiaCT51X, He
MMeIOIIIMX rrpHMOro OTHOIIIeHMH K 3JieKTpoHMKe, HarrpMMep B 3JieKTpOXMMMH, 3JieKTpOq:>ope3e.
TOKa 6a3bl M rrpe;::i;IIOJIO)l(MJIM, qTo rra;::i;eHMe
HaIIpH)l(eHHH Ha
IIMJI006pa3HOro
cxeMax ycMJIMTeJieH M CTa6MJIM3aTopOB OHH
Ilo~molfeHHe
pe3HCTOpa
K
HCTO'IHHKY
uanpHiKeHHH. CxeMa rrpocTeii:IIIero HCTOqffHKa TOKa IIOKa3aHa Ha pMC. 2.20. IlpM ycnoBHH qTo RH »
R (MHhIMH cnoBaMM, UH » U),
TOK coxpaHHeT rroqTM IIOCTOHHHOe 3HaqeHMe
M
paBeH rrpH6JIM3HTeJibH:O
I = U IR.
EcJIM
Harpy3KOH HBJI51eTCH KOH)];eHcaTop, TO, rrpM
ycJIOBMM qTo
UKOH/J,
» U, OH 3apH)l(aeTcH c
rroqTH IIOCTOHHHOH CKOpOCTbIO, orrpe;::i;eJIHeMOH
HaqaJibHbIM
yqaCTKOM
3KCIIOHeHTbl,
xapaKTepHoii: MH ;::i;aHHoii: RC-11eIIH.
IIpocTeii:IIIeMy pe3MCTHBHOMY HCTOqHMKY
TOKa rrpMCYIIIH cymeCTBeHHbie He)];OCTaTKM.
,[(nH
Toro
qTo6hI
IIOJIYqffTh
xopoIIIee
1IpH6JIM)l(eHHe K HCTOqHHKy TOKa, CJie;::i;yeT
HCIIOJib30BaTb 60JibIIIMe HarrpH)l(eHMH, a rrpH
3TOM Ha pe3MCTOpe pacceMBaeTCH 60Jibllla51
MOIIIHOCTb. KpoMe Toro, TOKOM 3TOro HCTOqHMKa
Tpy;::i;Ho
yrrpaBJIHTb
B
IIIMpOKOM
)];HaIIa30He C IIOMOIIIblO HaIIpH)l(emrn, q:>opMHpyeMoro r;::i;e-nM6o B ;::i;pyroM y3ne cxeMbI.
YnpalKUeUHe 2.6. ,[(onycTHM, HaM HyJKeH HCTO'!HHK
TOKa, KOTOpb!H 6bl o6ecne'!HBaJI TO'!HOCTb 1 % a .11Hana30He
H3MeHeHHll
HanplllKeHHll
Ha
Harpy3Ke
OT
O .110
+ 10 B. KaKoii HCTO'!HHI( Hanpll)KeHHll H)'lKHO IlO.llKJIIO'!HTb nocne.110BaTeJibHO K pe3HCTopy?
rJiaBa 2
80
CMemeune B HCTOquUKe TOKa. HaITp51)1(eHHe Ha 6a3e MO)l(HO Cq>OpMHpOBaTb HeCKOJibKHMH CIToco6aMH. XoporrrnH pe3yJihTaT .n:aeT
HCITOJih30BaHHe .n;eJIHTeJI51 HaITp51)1(eHH51, eCJIH
Harpy3Ka
OH
o6ecITetJHBaeT .n:ocTaTO'IHO CTa6HJihHOe
HaITp51)1(eHHe. KaK H B ITpe.n;hI.ll;yID;HX cnytJa51X,
COITpOTHBJieHHe
.n;eJIHTeJI51
.ll;OJI)l(HO
6bITh
3HatJHTeJibHO MeHbIIIe COITpOTHBJieHH51 cxeMhl CO CTOpOHhI 6a3bI ITO ITOCT051HHOMY TOKY
h21, R,.
Mo)l(HO
BOCITOJih30BaThC51
TaK)l(e
3eHepOBCKHM .11:HO.ll;OM H HCITOJih30BaTb .ll;Jl51
CMern;eHH51 HCTO'IHHK ITHTaHH51 U KK, a MO)l(HO
B351Th
HeCKOJihKO
.ll;HO.ll;OB,
HaITpaBJieHHH
ITp51MOM
CMern;eHHbIX
H
B
coe.n;HHeHHhIX
ITOCJie.n;oBaTeJihHO, H ITO.ll;KJIIO'IHTh HX Me)l(,n:y
PHc. 2.21. TpaH3HCTOpHhIH
HCTO'IHHK
TOKa:
oCHOBHasi
6a30H
H
COOTBeTCTBYIOllIHM
HCTO'IHHKOM
Ha pHC. 2.22 ITOKa3aHbI
CMern;eHH51. B ITOCJie,n:HeM
ITHTaHH51 3MHTTepa.
H,lleSJ.
ITpHMephI
cxeM
ITpHMepe (pHC. 2.22, 6) TpaH3HCTOp
YnpalKHeHHe 2.7.
ynpal!rneHHH
~onycTHM,
Tpe6yeTCSJ
'!TO
IlOJIY'IHTh
OT
B
npe,11hI.llYIJ.\eM
HCTO'IHHKa
TOK
10 MA. KaKaSJ MOI.lJ.HOCTh 6y,11eT pacceHBaThCSJ Ha pe3HCTOpe? KaKaSJ MOII.IHOCTh nepe,11aeTCSJ Harpy3Ke?
Tpau3HCTOpHhm
ncToqnHK
TOKa.
p-n-p-
THITa DHTaeT TOKOM 3a3eMJieHHYJO Harpy3KY
( OH -HCTO'IHHK TO Ka). OcTaJibHbie ITpHMepbI
(B
KOTOpbIX
HCITOJib3YJOTC51
n-p-n-THITa)
TpaH3HCTOpbI
ITpaBHJibHee 6hIJIO 6bI Ha3bI-
OtJeHh
BaTb «ITOrJIOTHTeJI51MH» TOKa, HO ITpHH51TO
xopoUIHH HCTO'IHHK TOKa MO)l(HO ITOCTpOHTh
Ha3bIBaTb Bee cxeMbI TaKoro THITa HCTO'I-
Ha OCHOBe TpaH3HCTOpa (pHC. 2.21). Pa6o-
HHKaMH TOKa.
TaeT OH cne.n;yIDID;HM o6pa30M: HaITp51)1(eHHe
«HCTO'IHHK» CB513aHO C HaITpaBJieHHeM TOKa;
Ha
6a3e
U 6 > 0,6 B
ITOMep)l(HBaeT
[Ha3BaHHe «ITOrOTHTeJib» H
eCJIH TOK ITOCTyITaeT B KaKyID-JIH6o TO'IKY
cxeMbI,
0,6 B. B CB513H C 3THM
I 3 = U 3/ R 3 = (U 6 - 0,6 B)/ R 3. TaK KaK .n;n51
6oJihUIHX 3HatJeHHH K03q>qrnu:HeHTa h 21 ,I3 ~
~ I K, TO I K ~ l U 6 - 0,6 B)/ R 3 He3aBHCHMO
OT HaITp51)1(eHH}I U • .n;o Tex ITOp, ITOKa TpaH-
B ITepBoH cxeMe coITpOTHBneHHe .n:enHTeJI51
51HHH:
u =u
3
6 -
TO
3TO
HCTOqHHK,
3MHTTepHbIH ITepexo.n: B OTKpbITOM COCT0-
HaITp51)1(eHH51
1,3 KOM
H
COCTaBJI51eT
H
Hao6opoT].
ITpH6JIH3HTeJibHO
O'leHb Mano ITO cpaBHeHHIO
c
COITpOTHBJieHHeM co CTOpOHhI 6a3bI, COCTaBJI}[IOID;HM
~ 100 KOM
(rorn
h 213 = 100).
3HCTOP He ITepeii.n;eT B pe)l(HM HaCbIID;eHH51
J1J06oe H3MeHeHHe K03q>q>HU:HeHTa
(UK> U3 + 0,2 B).
3aHHOe C H3MeHeHHeM HaITp51)1(eHH51 Ha KOJI-
~'
CB51-
----------+10 B
Harpy3lrn
5,2
KDM
a
-=
6
-=
B
PHc. 2.22. CxeMbl TpaH3HCTOpHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB TOKa C TpeMll cnoco6aMH no,11a'IH CMemeHHSJ Ha 6a3y; B TpaH3HCTOpbl
n-p-n-THUa TOK BTeKaeT, a H3 TpaH3HCT0p0B p-n-p-THna BbITeKaeT. Ha cxeMe (B) IlOKa3aH HCTO'IHHK C 3a3eMJieHHOH
Harpy3KOH.
81
TpaH3HCTOphI
YnpalKHeUHe 2.8. B cxeMe HMeJOTCll .LIBa cTa6mm3H-
JieKTOpe, He IIOBmureT cym:ecTBeHHbIM o6pa30M Ha BhIXO,[(HOH TOK, TaK KaK COOTBeTCTByIDrn;ee
H3MeHem1e
COBCeM Mano. B
Harrp5DKeHHH
Ha
6a3e
.[(BYX .[(pyrHx cxeMax pe-
poBaHHbIX Hcrnqmma nanplllKeHHll:
n-p-n-THna,
KOTopall
3HCTOpbI B u;errH CMern;eHHH BbI6paHbI TaK,
3YHTe HCTOqHHK
B TaKoii cxeMe?
TOK
COCTaBJIHJI
He-
CKOJibKO MHJIJIHaMrrep,-:noro ,[(OCTaTO'IHO,
'IT06hI ,[(HO,[(bl 6bIJ1H OTKpbITbI.
+5 MA.
+ 5 B. qeMy paBeH pa6oqHH ,L\Hana30H
B HCTO'IHHKe TOKa HarrpH)l(eHHe Ha 6a3e He
o6H3aTeJibHO
Pa6o'IHii ,11;uana3ou. I1cTO'IHHK TOKa rrepe-
6b1 o6ecneqHBana TOK
B Ka qeCTBe HCTQqHHKa nanplllKeHHll .LIJlll 6a3bl HCilOJib-
'IT06hI
rrpoTeKalOiu;HH
+5 H 15 B. Pa3pa6o-
TaHTe cxeMy HCTQqHHKa TOKa Ha OCHOBe TpaH3HCTOpa
HbIM.
ECJIH
6bITb
qJHKCHpOBaH-
rrpe.[(yCMOTpeTb
,[(OJI)l(HO
B03M0)1(HOCTb
.[(aeT B Harpy3KY IIOCTOHHHbIH TOK TOJibKO ,[(O
H3MeHeHHH HarrpH)l(eHHH
orrpe,[(eJieHHOro KOHe'IHOro HaIIpH)l(eHHH Ha
rrporpaMMHpyeMbIH
Harpy3Ke.
rrpOTHBHOM cny'lae HCTO'IHHK
BbIXO,[(HOH
6bI
reHepHpoBaTh
BaTh H3MeHeHHH BXO,[(HOro HaIIpH)l(eHHH, TO
6eCKOHe'IHYIO MOIIJ;HOCTb. ,[(HaIIa30H BbIXO,[(-
pa3Max BXO,[(HOro CHrHaJia Uax (HaIIOMHHa-
TOKa
HOro
B
6hln
crroco6eH
HarrpH)l(eHHH,
B
KOTOpOM
HCTO'IHHK
U6•
HCTO'IHHK
TO
IIOJIY'IHM
TOKa.
TOK ,[(OJI)l(eH IIJiaBHO
EcJIH
OTCJie)l(H-
eM, 'ITO CTpO'IHbIMH 6yKBaMH Mbl ,[(OrOBO-
TOKa Be,[(eT ce6H KaK CJie.[(yeT, Ha3bIBaeTCH
pHJIHCb
pa60'IHM ,[(Harra30HOM. ,[(JIH paCCMOTpeHHbIX
6bITb He6oJibllIHM, TaKHM, 'IT06bI HarrpH)l(e-
TOJibKO
'ITO
TpaH3HCTOpHbIX
o603Ha'laTb
U3MefteHuR)
,[(OJI)l(eH
HCTO'IHHKOB
HHe Ha 3MHTTepe HHKOr,[(a He yMeHbIIIaJIOCb
TOKa pa60'IHH ,[(HaIIa30H orrpe,[(eJIHeTCH H3
,[(O HYJIH. B TaKOM HCTO'IHHKe TOKa H3MeHe-
Toro, 'ITO TpaH3HCTOp ,[(OJI)l(eH HaXO,[(HTbCH
HHe
B aKTHBHOM pe)l(HMe pa60TbI. TaK, B rrepBOH
HaJibHO H3MeHeHJUIM BXO,[(Horo HarrpH)l(eHHH.
cxeMe HarrpH)l(emi:e Ha KOJIJieKTOpe MO)l(HO
IIOHH)l(aTb ,[(0 Tex rrop, IIOKa He 6y.[(eT ,[(0CTHrHyT pe)l(HM HaCbIIIJ;eHHH, T. e. ,[(0
+ 12 B.
BbIXO,[(HOro
TOKa
6y.[(eT
rrporropu;Ho-
He,11;ocTaTKH HCTO'IHHKOB TOKa. KaK CHJibHO
OTJIH'laeTCH
TpaH3HCTOpHbIH
HCTO'IHHK
TOKa OT H,[(eaJihHOro? I1HhIMH CJIOBaMH, H3-
BTopaH cxeMa, c 6onee BbICOKHM HaIIpH)l(e-
MeHHeTCH JIH TOK B Harpy3Ke rrpH H3MeHe-
mi:eM Ha 3MHTTepe, coxpaHHeT CBOHCTBa HC-
HHH, CKa)l(eM HaIIpH)l(eHHH, T. e. HMeeT J1H
TO'IHHKa JIHIIIb ,[(O 3Ha'leHHH HarrpH)l(eHHH Ha
HCTO'IHHK TOKa 3KBHBaJieHTHOe corrpOTHBJie-
KOJIJieKTOpe,
HHe KOHe'IHOH BeJIH'IHHhI ( Ra,a < oo )? I1 ecnH
paBHOro
rrpH6JIH3HTeJibHO
+5,2 B.
Bo
,[(a,
Bcex
JieKTOpe
cJiy'laHX
HaIIpH)l(eHHe
MO)l(eT H3MeHHTbCH
HaIIpH)l(eHHH
HaCblIIJ;eHHH
or
,[(O
Ha
KOJI-
TO
IIO'leMy?
Ha6JIID,[(alOTCH
3<p<peKTbI
.[(ByX BH,[(OB:
3Ha'leHHH
1. IlpH
3Ha'leHHH
HaIIpH)l(eHHe
3a,[(aHHOM
U 63,
TOKe
H
KOJIJieKTOpa
K03<p<pHD;HeHT
H
h213
HaIIpH)l(eHHH IIHTaHHH. HarrpHMep, IIOCJie,[(-
(3<p<peKT 3pJIH) HeCKOJibKO li3MeHHIDTCH IIpH
HHH
H3MeHeHHH HarrpH)l(eHHH KOJIJieKTOp-3MHT-
cxeMa
pa6oTaeT KaK
HCTO'IHHK
TOKa
B ,[(HaIIa30He HaIIpH)l(eHHH Ha Harpy3Ke, orpaHH'leHHOM 3Ha'leHHHMH O H
+ 8,6 B. EcJIH
B
6aTapeH
Harpy3Ke
U6:J, CBH3aH-
HJIH
BbI3hIBaeT H3MeHeHHe BbIXO,[(HOro TOKa, TaK
co6CTBeHHbie HCTO'IHHKH IIHTaHHH, TO Ha-
KaK HaIIpH)l(eHHe Ha 3MHTTepe (a CJie,[(OBa-
rrpH)l(eHHe
HCIIOJ1b3YIOTCH
Tep. I13MeHeHHe HarrpH)l(eHHH
HOe C H3MeHeHHeM HarrpH)l(eHHH Ha Harpy3Ke,
Ha
KOJIJieKTOpe
MO)l(eT
6bITb
TeJibHO,
H
3MHTTepHblH
TOK)
H3MeHHeTCH,
60JibIIIe, 'leM HaIIpH)l(eHHe HCTO'IHHKa IIHTa-
,[(a)l(e eCJIH HarrpH)l(eHHe Ha 6a3e <pHKCHpOBa-
HHH. IlpH HCIIOJib30BaHHH TaKOH cxeMI>I pe-
HO.
KOMeH,[(yeTCH
He
h2 la IIpHBO,[(HT K He60JibllIHM H3MeHeHHHM
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qia3hI
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JIH ~o
180 °)
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Pa6oTy
cxeMhI IIOMoraeT IIOIDITh BeKTOpHaH ~HarpaMMa HarrpH)KeHHii (cM. rn.
1), ~JIH Harne.ii
CXeMbI rrp~~CTaBJieHHaH Ha pHC. 2.30; BXO~-
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u H UK,
R
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B reoMeTpHH eCTh TeopeMa,
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~aHHOM IIOJIO)KeHHH IIOTeHD;HOMeTpa
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-----+----------+20B
qia3hl aMIIJIHTy~a BhIXO~Horo CHrHaJia H3MeHHeTCH B rnHpOKOM ~HaIIa30He.
150
0TMeTHM
KOM
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58
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56
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Puc. 2.28. CxeMa pacmenneHUSI
K03<p(pUQl!eHTOM ycuJieHUSI.
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Puc. 2.30. BeKTopuaS1 AUarpaMMa AJISI cxeMbI pacmenneHHSI <pa3bl.
rJiaBa 2
86
q>a3hl. B H,D;eaJihHOM c.JI)'qae Harpy3Ka rrpe.[(-
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cTaBJUieT co6oii HMIIe,[(aHC, KOTOpbIH BeJIHK
B e,n:HHHIIaX [rnK/HarrpH)KeHHe] HJIH [1/co-
no cpaBHeHmo C KOJIJieKTOpHbIM H 3MHT-
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np0600UMOCmb10
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(BeJIHtfHHa, o6paTHaH peaKTHBHOMY corrpo-
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poro
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(1000 MKCM HJIH 1 MCM, a 3TO ecTb He qTo
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= gm R. =
= RJR 3 = - 10 - 6e3pa3MepHaH
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OrrHCaHHhIH MeTO,[( oqeffb
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-=PIie. 2.31. YcHJIMTeJib C o6ll(HM 3MHTTepoM B Ka'!eCTBe
KaCKaAa C nepeAaTO'IHOH npOBOAHMOCTblO, ynpaBJllIIO-
ll(HH Harpy3KOH (pe3HCTHBHOH).
cxeM pa3JIHqHoii KOHq>Hrypa111-rn H ,[(JIH HHhIX
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87
TpaH3BCT0pb1
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eonponrnnemieM)
M 011eHMTh,
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Ku = gm rm'
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e BbieOKMM nepe.z:i;aToqHhIM eonpOTHBJieHHeM
no3BOJIHeT nonyqaTb ,ll;JIH O,ll;HOro KaeKa.z:i;a
yeMmITeJIH BeJIMqMey K03<p<pMIJMeHTa yeMJieHMH, paBHYJO
10000 M BhIIIIe. C
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ycuJinTeJIL c nepe.r.aTO'IHOH
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HBJIHeTeH rpy6hIM, HO ,ll;JIH HeKOTOpbIX npaK-
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IK = /Hae [exp(UE3/UT) - l]'
HO B03paeT8Tb. 0.z:i;HaKO M3MepeHHH, BhIIIOJI-
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(20 °C), q-3apH.z:i; 3.JieKTpoHa
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TeMIIepaTypa B KeJibBHHax (K = °C + 273,16),
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10-10
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0, 1 0,2 0,3 0,4
0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
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q>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH h 213 OT JK (pHC.
2.33).
ycHJieHHe ycHJIHTC)IH C 3a3eMJieHHhIM 3MHTTepoM, npHBO~HT K TOMY, 'ITO K03<p<p0:IIHeHT
1000
yc0:neHH:H 3M0:TTepHoro nOBTOpH:Te.JIH HMeeT
500
300
mreT BhIXO~HOMY conpOTH:BJieHHIO 3M0:TTep-
"'c:i
3TOT napaMeTp OTHOCHTCH K napaMeTpaM
100
~JIH yc0:n0:Te.JIH C 3a3eMJieHHhIM 3M0:TTepOM
3HaqeHH:e 'IYTh MeHbIIIe e~HHH:Ilhl 0: He n03BOHoro
,,:::
nOBTOpHTe.JIH
CTaTh
paBHhIM
HYJIIO.
Manoro CHrHana. 0TMeTHM, 'ITO KPYT0:3Ha
onpe~enHeTcH cne~yIDII(RM o6pa3oM:
10-8 10-1
10-6
,o-S 10-4
10-3 10-2
IK,A
PHC. 2.33. THilli'IHaSI 3aBHCHMOCTb K03qJqJHI(HeHTa yCHJie-
gm=
= l/r 3 .
3. TeMnepaTypHaH 3aB0:C0:MOCTh. rmr~H Ha
ypaBHeH0:e 36epca-Monna, MO)l(HO npe~no'ITO
U 63
HHSI no TOKY AJISI TpaH3HCTOpa (h213) OT KOJIJieKTOpHOI 0
JIO)l(H:Th,
TOKa.
TeMnepaTypHhIH K03<p<p0:IIMeHT.
0:MeeT no.JIO)l(H:Te.JibHhlH
O~HaKO, B
TpaH3HCTOpLI
CB.SI3H C TeM 'ITO TOK /Hae 3aBHCHT OT TeMIIepaTypbI, HarrpIDKeHHe
2, 1 MB/°C.
B
U 63 YMeHbIIIaeTcH Ha
rpy6oM rrpH6mrn<eHHH
0,[(Ha
CBOe
BHHMaHHe
Ha
OHO
JiaCHO MO,[(eJIH 36epca - MoJIJia 3MHTTepHbIH
T., 60 -a6co-
IIOBTOpHTeJib ,[(OJI)KeH HMeTb HeHyJieBOH BbI-
3aBHCHMOCTb
rrpHrO,[(HTCH
cxeMOH yrrpaBJIHeT HCTO'IHHK HaIIpH)KeHHH,
l/T.,60 ,
JIIOTHaH TeMrrepaTypa.
eID;e
3a,[(ep)KHM
CKpOMHOM 3MHTTepHOM IIOBTOpHTeJie. Cor-
r.[(e
rrporropu;HoHaJibHO
I1
HeHa,[(OJirO
89
XO,[(HOH HMIIe,[(aHC ,[(a)Ke B TOM CJIY<Iae, KOr,[(a
HaM Ha rrpaKTHKe, rrpaB,[(a, OHa He CBH3aHa
TaK KaK 3MHTTepHbIH IIOBTOpHTeJib o6Jia-
c ypaBHeHHeM 36epca - Monna. Pelfh H.[(eT
,[(aeT BIIOJIHe
06 3q>q>eKTe 3pJIH, OIIHCaHHOM B pa3,[(. 2.06,
HHeM r3 (CM. rrpe.[(bI.[(YIIIHH pa3,[(eJI, IIYffKT 2).
orrpe.[(eJieHHbIM
corrpoTHBJie-
KOTOpbIH HaKJia,[(bIBaeT orpaHHlfeHHH Ha BbI-
Ilo TOH )Ke IIpH<IHHe ycHJieHHe no HaIIpH)Ke-
XO.[(HyIO xapaKTepHCTHKy TpaH3HCTOpa KaK
HHIO 6y.[(eT HeMHOro MeHbIIIe e,[(HHHil;bI, TaK
HCTO'IHHKa TOKa.
KaK r '.) H pe3HCT0p Harpy3KH o6pa3yIOT ,[(eJIH-
4. 3q>q>eKT 3pJIH. u63 XOTb H B CJia6oii Me-
TeJib HaIIpH)KeHHH.
U K3 rrpH IIOCTOHHHOM
3TH HBJieHHH HeTpy.[(HO OIIHCaTb MaTeMa-
TOKe I K· 3TOT 3q>q>eKT o6ycJIOBJieH H3MeHe-
THlfeCKH. IlpH q>HKCHpOBaHHOM HaIIpH)KeHHH
HHeM 3q>q>eKTHBHOH IIIHpHHbI 6a3bl H OIIHCbI-
Ha 6a3e HMIIe,[(aHC co CTOpOHbI 3MHTTepa
pe, HO 3aBHCHT OT
BaeTCH CJie.[(YIOIIIeii rrpH6JIH3HTeJibHOH 3aBH-
eCTb He <ITO HHoe, KaK Rah,x = dU 63/dl 3 , HO
CHMOCTbIO: AU63 =
13 = IK,
Mb! rrepe<IHCJIHJIH OCHOBHbie COOTHOIIIeHHH,
II03TOMY RBhlx ~ r 3 -co6cTBeHHoe
corrpoTHBJieHHe 3MHTTepa [r 3
25/IK (MA)].
KOTOpbie MoryT 6bITb IIOJie3HbI Ha rrpaKTHKe.
HarrpHMep,
3TH COOTHOIIIeHHH, a
CTOpOHbI Harpy3KH
-aAUK 3 , r.[(e a~ 0,0001.
He caMH ypaBHeHHH
=
Ha
36epca-MOJIJia, HCIIOJib3YlQTCH rrpH pa3pa-
I K = 1 MA.
60TKe TpaH3HCTOpHbIX cxeM.
HbIH pe3HCTOp
pHC.
2.34, a
HMIIe,[(aHC
co
r3 = 25 OM, TaK KaK
(EcJIH HcrroJib3yeTcH 3MHTTep-
R3, TO
o6pa3yeTCH rrapaJI-
JieJibHOe coe.[(HHeHHe, Ha rrpaKTHKe R 3 Bcer.[(a
2.11. Eme pa3 06 3MHTTepHOM DOBTOpHTeJie
3HalfHTeJibHO 6oJibIIIe, <IeM r '.)·) Ha pHC. 2.34, 6
rrpe.[(cTaBJieHa 6onee pacrrpocTpaHeHHaH cH-
Ilpe)K,[(e <IeM Mb! eID;e pa3 paCCMOTpHM ycHJIHTeJib
C o6ID;HM
3MHTTepoM,
HCIIOJib3YH
rrpeHMyID;eCTBa HOBOH MO,[(eJIH TpaH3HCTOpa,
Tyau;HH - HCTO'IHHK HMeeT KOHelfHOe corrpoTHBJieHHe R 00 T (.[(JIH rrpocTOTbI B cxeMe orryIIIeHbI
6
Harpy:,Ka
6
Pl!c. 2.34.
CMeID;eHHH - 6a30BbIH
Harpy3Ka
HarppKa
a
KOMIIOHeHTbI
rJiaBa 2
90
.[(emueJih H 6JIOKHpOBOqHhlH KOH.[(eHCaTop-
6aBJI51Th
3TH
B 3MHTTepHyIO 11enh pe3HCTOpa. 3TO conpo-
KOMIIOHeHThl
npHCYTCTBYIOT
Ha
pHC.
K
conpOTHBJieHHIO
BKJIIOqeHHoro
2.34, e). B 3TOM cJiyqae BhIXO.[(HOii HMne.[(am;
r3
B nocJie.[(oBaTeJihHOM coe.[(HHeHHH c RHcT/
/(h 213 + 1) (omrTh )Ke B napaJIJieJihHOM co-
Mep, .[(JI51 ycHJIHTeJI51, KOTOphIH Mhl paCCMOT-
e.[(HHeHHH C HecymeCTBeHHhlM pe3HCTOpOM
peJIH BhIIIIe, K03q>q>HIIHeHT ycHJieHH51 no Ha-
3MHTTepHoro noBTOpHTeJI.SI-3TO npocTO
THBJieHHe 3HaqHTeJihHO B Tex cJiyqa51x, Kor.n:a
B 11enh 3MHTTepa BKJIIOqeH He60JihIIIOH pe3HCTOp (HJIH KOr.[(a ero HeT B006IIIe). HanpH-
-10 KOM/r3, HJIH -400,
R 3 , ecJIH OH npHcyTCTByeT). HanpHMep, ecJIH
np51)1(eHHIO paBeH
RHCT = 1 KOM H JK = 1 MA, TO RBhlX = 35 OM
(npe.n;nOJIO)l(HM, qrn h213 = 100). HeTpy.[(HO
npH ycJIOBHH, qTo conpOTHBJieHHe 3MHTTepHOro pe3HCTopa paBHO HyJIIO. Mhl npenoJia-
noKa3aTh, qTo co6CTBeHHoe conpOTHBJieHHe
raJIH paHbIIIe, qTo BXO.[(HOH HMIIe,n:aHC h213R3
r3 BHOCHT TaIOKe BKJia,[( BO 8XOO-
paBeH HyJIIO npn R 3 = O; Ha caMoM .n;eJie OH
3MHTTepa
HOU HMne,[(aHC 3MHTTepHoro nOBTOpHTeJI.SI,
npH6JIH3HTeJihHO paBeH
KaK eCJIH 6h1 OHO 6bIJIO coe.[(HHeHO nocJie,[(O-
cnyqae
BaTeJihHO C Harpy3KOH (Ha caMOM ,[(eJie He
noK051 paBeH
c Harpy3Koii, a c napaJIJieJihHhIM coe.[(HHe-
COCTaBJI51eT
h213Y3 H B .n;aHHOM
2,5 KOM (TOK
OKOJIO
1 MA).
MhI y)l(e yrroMHHaJIH ycHJIHTeJih c «3a3eM-
HHeM pe3HCTOpa, Harpy3KH H 3MHTTepHoro
JieHHhIM 3MHTTepoM» H cxeMhI «c o6IIIHM
pe3HCTOpa) . .l];pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, .[(JI51 cxeMhl
3MHTTepoM». 3TH cxeMhI He CJie.n;yeT nyTaTh.
3MHTTepHoro noBTOpHTeJI51 3q>q>eKT 36epca -
Y CHJIHTeJih C «3a3eMJieHHbIM 3MHTTepoM» -
MoJIJia COCTOHT npOCTO B .n:o6aBJieHHH no-
3TO ycHJIHTeJih C o6IIIHM 3MHTTepoM, B KO-
CJie.[(OBaTeJihHO no.[(KJIIOqeHHoro conpOTHB-
R3 = 0. B ycHJIHTeJihHOM
TOpOM
KaCKa,[(e
r3 K noJiyqeHHhIM paHee
C o6IIIHM 3MHTTepOM MO)l(eT npHCYTCTBO-
Y CHJieHHe no Hanp51)1(eHHIO 3MHTTepHoro
3TOH cxeMhI COCTOHT B TOM, qTo 11enh 3MHT-
JieHH51 3MHTTepa
pe3yJihTaTaM.
BaTh 3MHTTepHhIH pe3HCTop;
oco6eHHOCTh
noBTOpHTeJI51 HeCKOJihKO MeHbIIIe e,[(HHHilhl
Tepa 51BJI51eTC51 06II1eii .[(JI}( BXO.[(a H BhIXO.[(a
H3-3a HaJIHqff}[ ,[(eJIHTeJI51 Hanp51)1(eHH51, o6pa-
cxeMhI.
30BaHHoro
r3 H Harpy3KOH. 3To HeTpy.[(HO
He.[(OCT3TKII
O.[(HOKaCKa,[(HOl'O
ycHJIHTemr
BhlqHCJIHTh, TaK KaK BhIXO.[( cxeMhI HaXO.[(HT-
C 3a3eMJieHHhIM 3MHTTepoM, .l];onoJIHHTeJih-
r3 H RHarp: Gu =
RHarp/(r::i + RHarp).
TaKHM
HOe YCHJieHHe, o6ycJIOBJieHHoe OTCYTCTBHeM
o6pa30M, ecJIH B351Th, HanpHMep, nOBTOpH-
noJiyqaeM 3a cqeT yxy.n;IIIeHH51 HeKOTOphIX
TeJih, TOK 3aTyxaHH51 KOTOporo paBeH 1 MA,
napaMeTpOB ycHJIHTeJI51. KaK HH norryJI51peH
a Harpy3Ka COCTaBJI51eT 1 KOM, TO ero ycHJie-
ycHJIHTeJih
C51 B TO~e coe.[(HHeHH51
= UBhlX/UBX;
HHe no Hanp5[)1(eHHIO
6y.[(eT paBHO
0,976.
pa3HCTOpa B 3MHTTepHOH 11eml' R3
C 3a3eMJieHHhIM
= 0, Mhl
3MHTTepoM
B
yqe6HHKax, Ha npaKTHKe ero cJie.[(yeT HcnoJih-
11H)l(eHepaM HHOr.[(a HpaBHTC51 CqffTaTh ycH-
30Ba Th TOJihKO B cxeMax, OXBaqeHHhIX 06II1eii
JieHHe B e.[(HHHIIaX CBepxnpOBO.[(HMOCTH .[(JI}[
neTJieii
noJiyqeHH51 Bhipa)l(eHH51, no.n:xo.n;filllero TaK-
.l];JI51 Toro qTo6bI nOH51Th, C qeM 3TO CB513aHo,
3.07); B 3TOM cJiyqae
= l/r::i) noJiyqHM
Gu= RHarim/(1 + Rearpbm).
paCCMOTpHM pHC, 2.35.
)l(e .[(JI51 OY (cM. pa3.[(.
OTpHIIaTeJihHOH
o6paTHOH
CB513H.
(HcnOJih3Y51 Bhipa)l(eHHe bm
---------+20 B
2.13. E~e pal 06 ycnJIHTeJie
c
o6mHM 3MHTTepoM
BhIIIIe MhI onpe.[(eJIHJIH ycHJieHHe no Hanp51)l(eHHIO .[(JI}[ ycHJIHTeJI51 C o6IIIHM 3MHTTepoM
npH YCJIOBHH, qTo conpOTHBJieHHe 3MHTTepHOro pe3HCTOpa paBHO HYJIIO, HO pe3yJihTaT
nOJIY'IHJIH HeBepHbIH . .l];eJIO B TOM, qTo TpaH3HCTOp
o6Jia,[(aeT
BXO,ll,HOV!
c1,rHan
(GBH3b no
nocm. moKy)
co6CTBeHHhIM- 3MHTTep-
HhIM conpOTHBJieHHeM, paBHhIM
25/J K (MA)
(Bhipa)l(eHo B oMax), KOTopoe cJie.[(yeT .n:o-
PMC. 2.35. YcMJIMTeJib C o6rn;MM 3MMTTepoM 6e3 OTpH!:(aTeJibHOH o6paTHOH CB!I3M B QeIIM 3MMTTepa.
Tpan1ucTopM
91
HY)l(HhlH TOK ITOKOH B COOTBeTCTBHH C ypaBHeHHeM 36epca-MoJIJia. 0.n;HaKo TaK c.z:i;eJiaTh HeJih3H, ITOTOMY 'ITO Hailp}l)l(eHHe
U 63
3aBHCHT OT TeMrrepaTyphl (rrpH cj:>HKCHpOBaH-
Jd H H3MeHHeTCH Ha 2,1 MB/°C
HOM 3Ha<IeHHH
( cj:>aKTHlfeCKH Hailp}l)l(eHHe YMeHbIIIaeTCH rrpH
IlOBhIIIIeHHH TeMrrepaTyphl TH3-3a Toro, 'ITO
PHC. 2.36. HeJIHHeiiHhIH Bh!XO.IIHOH CHrHaJI, CHHMaeMhIH
C YCHJIHTeJill C 3a3eMJieHHhIM 3MHTTepoM.
H3MeHHeTCH TOK ]Hae; B pe3yJihTaTe OKa3hlBaeTCH,
'ITO
Hailp}l)l(eHHe
u63 rrpH6JIH3H-
TeJihHO rrporrop11HoHaJihHO 1/T, r.z:i;e T-a6coJIIOTHaH TeMrrepaTypa). 3To Be.n;eT K TOMY,
1. HeJinueiiuocTb, Ko3cpqnm;HeHT ycm1eHHH
orrpe.z:i;e1rnen;H
Bbipa)l(eHHeM
k = - gmRK =
'ITO KOJIJieKTOpHhIH TOK
HOM 3Ha<IeHHH
(rrpH cpHKCHpOBaH-
u63) 6y.n;eT YBeJIH'IHBaThCH
= -RK/r3 = -RKIK (MA)/25, T. e . .D;JIH TOKa
B
rroKOH 1 MA OH paBeH - 400. Ho .z:i;eno B TOM,
30 °C. TaKaH HecTa6HJihHOCTh .z:i;enaeT CMe-
'ITO TOK J• H3MeHHeTCH rrpH H3MeHeHHH BXO.D;-
IIIeHHe Hepa60TOCITOC06HbIM, TaK KaK .z:i;a)l(e
HOro CHI'HaJia. B HaIIIeM rrpHMepe K03cpcpH-
He60JihIIIHe KOJie6aHHH TeMrrepaTyphl 6y,z:i;yT
10 pa3 rrpH IlOBhIIIIeHHH TeMrrepaTypbl Ha
UHeHT ycHJieHHH MO)l(eT H3MeHHTbCH OT - 800
rrpHBO.D;HTh ycHJIHTeJih B pe)l(HM HaChIIIIeHHH.
(UBhlx = 0, JK = 2 MA) .z:i;o HYJIH (UBblx = UKK•
IK = 0). EcJIH Ha Bxo.z:i;e .z:i;eiicrnyeT TpeYTOJih-
HarrpHMep,
ecJIH
Harrp}l)l(eHHe
cMeIIIeHHH
c.z:i;enaTh paBHhIM IlOJIOBHHe Hailp}l)l(eHHH ITH-
Hhlii CHI'HaJI, TO CHI'HaJI Ha BhIXO,n;e 6y.n;eT
TaHHH KOJIJieKTOpa, TO YCHJIHTeJih C 3a3eM-
TaKHM, KaK rroKa3aHO Ha pHC. 2.36. YcHJIH-
JieHHhlM 3MHTTepoM 6y.n;eT rrepexO.n;HTh B pe-
TeJih BHOCHT 60JihIIIHe HCKa)l(effHH, T. e. o6na-
)l(HM HaChIIIIeHirn rrpH IlOBhIIIIeHHH TeMrrepa-
.z:i;aeT rrnoxoii JIHHeiiHOCThIO.
TYPhI Ha 8 °C.
3a3eMJieHHhIM
3MHTTepoM
YcHJIHTeJih c
6e3
o6paTHOH
CBH3H MO)l(HO HCI10Jlh30BaTh JIHIIIh .D;JIH He6oJihIIIHX ,z:i;Harra30HOB H3MeHeHHH CHI'HaJia
YnpalKUeHHe 2.9. Y6e.11HTeCh a TOM, 'ITO npH DOBhDIIe8 °C ycHJIH-
HHH TeMnepaTyphI oKpyJKaIOil(ei! cpe.11hl Ha
TeJih C 3a3eMJieHHhIM 3MHTTepoM H no.11aHHhIM Ha 6a3y
B6JIH3H TO'IKH ITOKOH. qTO )Ke KacaeTCH ycH-
HarrpIDKeHHeM CMell(eHHll rrepeXO.llHT B pelKHM HaChlll(e-
JIHTeJIH C o6IIIHM 3MHTTepoM, TO ero ycHJie-
HHll.
B HCXO.IIHOM COCTOlIHHH TpaH3HCTOp CMell(eH TaK,
HHe ITO'ITH He 3aBHCHT OT KOJIJieKTOpHoro
'ITO
UK= 0,5UKK·
TO Ka, rrpH ycJIOBHH 'ITO- R3 »
r 3; OH o6ecrre-
0
TOM, KaK pernaeTcH 3a.z:i;a<Ia cMeIIIemrn,
lfHBaeT YCHJieHHe 6e3 HCKa)l(eHHH B 6oJihIIIOM
Bbl Y3HaeTe H3 CJie,n;yIOIUHX pa3,z:i;eJIOB. qTO
.D;Harra30He H3MeHeHHH CHI'HaJia.
KacaeTCH YCHJIHTeJIH C o6IUHM 3MHTTepoM,
2. Bxo.z:i;uoe conpoTHBJieHHe. Bxo.n;Hoe corrpoTHBJieHHe rrpH6JIH3HTeJihHO paBHO ZBx =
= h 213 r3 = (25h 21 ,/JK(MA)) OM. 3.z:i;ech MhI
OITHTh CTaJIKHBaeMCH C TeM, 'ITO TOK I K
TO 3.z:i;ecb CTa6HJihHOe CMeIIIeHHe C03,z:i;aeTCH
C IlOMOIIIblO
HarrpH)l(eHHH,
rrpHJIO)l(eHHOro
K 6a3e; 60JihIIIaH <IaCTh 3TOro HarrpH)l(eHHH
rrpHXO,ll;HTCH Ha pe3HCTOp B 11errH 3MHTTepa,
H3MeHHeTCH rrpH H3MeHeHHH BhIXO.D;HOro CHI'-
TeM
HaJia, a 3Ha<IHT MeHHeTCH H BXO,ll;HOe corrpo-
TOK ITOKOH.
THBJieHHe. EcJIH HCTO'IHHK, IlHTaIOIUHH 6a3y,
corrpo-
3MHTTepHbIH pe3HCT0p B Ka11ecTBe 3JieMeHTa o6paTHOH CBH3H. EcJIH K co6CTBeHHOMY
THBJieHHeM, TO Bbl IlOJiylfHTe HeJIHHeHHhIH
corrpOTHBJieHHIO 3MHTTepa .z:i;o6aBHTh corrpo-
o6na.z:i;aeT
He60JihIIIHM
BhIXO,ll;HhIM
caMhIM
o6ecrre<IHBaeTCH
IlOCTOHHHhlH
rrepeMeHHhIH ,z:i;eJIHTeJih HaITpH)l(eHHH, o6pa-
THBJieHHe BHeIIIHero 3MHTTepHoro pe3HCTO-
30BaHHhIH HCTO'IHHKOM CHI'HaJia H BXO.D;HhIM
pa,
corrpOTHBJieHHeM ycHJIHTeJIH. qTO KacaeTCH
o6IIIHM 3MHTTepoM YJIYtfIIIaTCH, rrpaB.n;a 3a
YCHJIHTeJIH
ClfeT
C
o6IIIHM
3MHTTepoM,
TO
OH
TO
MHOrHe
CHH)l(eHHH
rrapaMeTphl
ycHJIHTeJIH
K03cpcpHIIHeHTa
C
ycHJieHHH.
BhICOKHM BXO.D;-
AHanorH'IHOe HBJieHHe paccMaTpHBaeTCH B
HhIM corrpOTHBJieHHeM.
CJie,n;yIOIIIHX
3. CMeJ:Qeune. B ycHJIHTeJie c 3a3eMJieHHhIM
HCI10Jlh30BaHHI0 ompuljame/lbHOU o6pamHOU
o6na.z:i;aeT IlOCTOHHHhIM H
.D;Byx
rnaBax,
IlOCBHIIIeHHhIX
3MHTTepoM CMeIIIeHHe BhIITOJIHHTh Tpy,n;HO.
C8R3U, I103BOJIHIOIIIeii YJIYlfIIIHTh xapaKTepH-
Bo3HHKiler co6na3H rrpoCTo rro,z:i;aTh HarrpH-
CTHKH YCHJIHTeJIH 3a ClfeT <IaCTH'IHOH rrepe.z:i;a-
)l(eHHe
'IH BhIXO.D;HOro CHI'HaJia Ha BXO.D;. 3TO He
(c
,z:i;eJIHTeJIH),
KOTopoe
o6ecrre<IHT
92
rJiaBa 2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ URK
ITpocToe cOBITa.n;eIDie, .n;eno B TOM, qTo B ycH-
+15 B
JIHTene C o6IUHM 3MHTTepoM HCITOJih3yeTC51
O,IJ;Ha H3 qiopM
OTpuu;aTeJihHOM o6paTHOM
7,5 ROM
CB513H. IIpe,n;cTaBHM ce6e, qTo TpaH3HCTOp3TO 3JieMeHT C ITepe,n;aTOqHoii KPYTH3HOM,
75B
B KOTOpOM KOJIJieKTOpHhlM TOK (a CJie,IJ;OBa-
---l
TeJihHO, H BhIXO,IJ;HOe HaITp51)KeHHe) 3aBHCHT
1,6 B
0,1 MKcp
OT HaITp51)KeHH51, .n;eiiCTBYIOW:ero Me)K,n;y 6a30M H 3MHTTepoM; Ha BXO,II; ycHJIHTeJI51 ITO,n;aeTC51 HaITp51)KeHHe, .n;eiiCTBYJOII(ee Me)K,n;y 6a30M H 3eMneii. Bxo.n;Hoe HaITp5[)KeHue ITpe,n;cTaBn51eT co6oii HaITp51)KeHue Me)K,n;y 3MHTTepoM H
6a3oii MHHyc HaITp51)KeHHe (/ 3 R 3 ).
10
1,0
KOM
KOM
Cne.n;oBaTeJihHO, B cxeMe C 06IUHM 3MHTTepOM
.n;eiicTByeT
OTpHD;aTeJihHa51
o6paTHa51
CB513h, H 6naro,n;ap51 3TOMY ynyqmaIOTC51 xapaKTepHCTHKH YCHJIHTeJI51 (BhICOKa51 JIHHeii-
PHC.
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MOJKHO HCilOJib30BaTb J:(Jlll noJiyqeIIHJI CTa6HJibHOfO CMeI[(eIIHJI B yCHJIHTeJie C 3l;l3eMJieHHbIM 3MHTTepOM.
HOCTh H CTa6HJihHOCTh, 60JihillOH BXO,Il;HOM
HMITe.n;aHc;
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cne.n;yeT Bh16upaTh TaK, qT06h1 ero HMITe-
ITepBoe 3HaKOMCTBO C o6paTHOM CB513hI0, HO
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H OHO IT03BOJI51eT ou;eHHTh 3HaqeHHe MaTe-
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puana, H3JIO)KeHHoro B rn.
4-5.
Bae qacTOT. B .n;aHHOM cnyqae ero HMITe,n;aHc
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10 B
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175 OM
820
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=
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0,5UKK· 3MMTTepHhIH pe-
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1800M
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rrpeo6na.n;a10T
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4 Mbl
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KaK B peaJihHblX cxeMax qacTO HCIIOJ1b3YI0T
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yeTpOHCTBO -rrpeo6pa30BaTeJib rrpoBO,[(HMO-
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B TOJIKOBaHHH 36epca - Monna. HarroMHHM,
Ha ITT rro6nIDKe. C O.[(HOH cTopoHhI, CBhlrne
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124
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B TOM, qTo6bI rrepeKJIJOqaTb rrpOBO.ll;HMOCTh
PHc. 3.3. Kmoq Ha MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpe.
ITT H3 pa30MKHyToro
(3aTBOp CMern;eH B
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eme
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ryT BblnycKaTbCH o6eHX noJrnpHOCTeil:. Ta-
C H30JIHpOBaHHblM 3aTBOpOM. IfaoJIHpyID-
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OT n;enH HCTOK-CTOK (xapaKTepHCTH'leCKOe
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3
10
10
10
10
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,8
2
2
2
2,4
500
2,5
1,3
0,5
0,5
5
50
8
20
5
0,5
0,6
3
2,5
10
750
1,6
5
25
60
25
40
10
1,5 3 )
1,3
0,4
15
15
-4
14
0,8
25
10
ICBKJP MA
~
M
UcHap,
B
LJ3Hnp,
J3yr,
B
HA
20
25
30
30
100
12
35
40
15
20
25
0,01
0,1
10
0,1
0,01
0,1
"'
IL
SI
SI
ST
V
IT! 750
IL
VN2222L SI
CD3600
RC
2N3796
MO
2N4351
MO+ -
V
p-KaHa.JlbHble
3N163
IL
VP1310
ST
10
10
MaJioe RBK.n
Manoe R...
Ma.JibIH VMOII;
,IIH0,11 C-H
300
10
1,5
5
3
2,5
25
35
Manhrn VMOII;
AHO.II C-H
0,01
3KBHBa.JieHT MaTpm:1e 4007
0,001 06e,11HeHHhlii;
lc11.,c = 1,5 MA
0,01
IIorrym1pHhIH
250
25
20
10
2
1,5
5
3,5
5
250
0,7
5
40
100
40
20
0,01
0,1
2
1,3
1,2
0,8
40
15
40
1,5
0,01
0,02
2
5
2,5
I
25
40
35
40
0,01
0,2
500
IT1700
CD3600
IL
RC
400
500
10
10
2
1,8 3 )
5
V
2N4352
3Nl72
MO+ IL
V
600
250
10
20
1,5
2
6
5
1 > EcJIH He
IIpnMeqaHmI
Un, B
Reen, OM
Ma.JibIH VMOII;
AHO.II C-H
3KBHBa.JieHT MaTpHl:(bl 4007
IIorrym1pHhIH
IIonym1pHbIH
YKa3aHo o6paTHoe; 2 > CM. CHOCKY K Ta6n. 4.1; 3> THrrHqHoe 3HaqeHHe.
Ta6Au1,1a 3.3. CornacoaaHHbie rrapbI n-KaHaJihHhIX ITT c p-n-rrepexo,n:oM
Tim
UCIJ.B' MB ~peii<jl
UC.D:B'
MKB/°C
1,'fT
(Uc11=
= 20 B),
nA
KOCC,
,116
Urr(U 0 ,o), B em (10 rn), C3c, n<l>
HB/rn' 12
(U,c =
= 10 B)
IlpHMeqallIDI
MaKC.
MaKC.
MaKC.
MHH.
MHH.
MaKC.
MaKC.
MaKC.
U421
2N3954A
10
5
10
5
0,2
100
90
0,4
I
2
3
50
J50 I)
1,5
1,2
2N3955
2N3958
2N5196
2N5520
2N5906
2N5911
2N6483
NDF9406
5
25
5
5
5
10
5
5
25
100
100
15
100
2
100
100
5
I
I
0,7
0,7
0,6
1
0,7
0,5
4,5
4,5
4
4
4,5
5
4
4
J50 I)
150 I)
20 2 >
15
70 6 )
20 3 >
10
30
1,2
1,2
2
5
1,5
1,2
3,5
0,1
2N5452
2SK146
5
20
5
1
0,3
4,5
1,2
20 2 >
1,3
1,2 5 )
15 6 )
CaepxMa.JihIH wyM
1 > IlpH
5
5
5
20
5
5
100 4 >
1000 4 >
100
90 6 )
100
120
<l>HpMa Siliconix
06mero Ha3HaqeHHll;
Ma.Jlb!H ,11peii<jl
IIonynllpHblH
Ma.Jiall yTe~a 3aTaopa
ManbIH wyM Ha Bq
ManhIH wyM Ha Bq
«KacKOAHhIH ITT»:
Ma.Jiall C,c
100 rn; 2 > rrpn I Krn; 3lnpn 10 Krn; 4 > npn 30 B; 5 > rrpn 20 B; 6 > rnrrHqHoe 3HaqeHHe.
135
IloJieBbie Tp8H3BCT0phl
Mo~HLie
nepe1mm'laTeJIH.
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOphI
rroqTHTeJibHee
qacTo
6HIIOJUipHbIX
5
MoIUHhie
6bIBaJOT
U31,1 =
--------+0,3 B
rrpe.L(-
4
TpaH3HCTOpOB
rroKa3aJIH B Harneii nepBoH cxeMe, rrpHBe,L\eH-
1
HOH B ,L(aHHOH rJiaBe . .[(JIH Tamx rrpHMeHe-
....,u 2
.L(JIH rrepeKJIJOqeHHH Harpy3oK, KaK MhI y)Ke
HHH
MCIIOJih3YJOTCH
MOIUHbie
3
--------0,3
,L(HCKpeTHbie
--------0,6
IIT.
I f - - - - - - - - - - 0,9
IIepeMeHHbie pe3BCT0phl; HCTO'IHIIKH TOKa.
pHCTHK
paM,
IIT Be.L(yT ce6H IIO,L(06Ho pe3HCTO-
yrrpaBJIHeMhIM
HalipH)KeHHeM;
B
ll,c:===========-1,2
10
20- 1•5
0
B «JIHHeHHOH» o6JiaCTH CTOKOBhIX xapaKTe-
Urn, B
a
06-
U3 H=+0,3B O -0,3
JiaCTH «HaCbIIIIeHHH» OHH HBJIHIOTCH yrrpaBJUieMhlMH HalipH)KeHHeM HCTOqHHKaMH TOKa.
Bbl MO)KeTe HCIIOJih30BaTb 3TH npHcymHe
-0,6
IIT cBoiicrna B cBoHx cxeMax.
<(
06~aH 3aMeua 6nnOJIHpHbIX TpaH3BCTOpoB. Bhl MO)KeTe HCIIOJih30BaTh IIT B reHe-
~ 0,5
......u
-0,9
paTopax, ycHJIHTeJIHX, cTa6HJIH3aTopax HarrpH)KeHHH,
pa.L(HOIIpHeMHhIX
cxeMaX
(no
KpaHHeH Mepe B HeKOTOpbIX H3 HHX),-TaM,
r,L(e
06h1qHO
HCIIOJib3YJOTCH
TpaH3HCTOpbI. IlpHMeHeHHe
THpyeT
yJiyqrneHHH
6HIIOJUipHhie
IIT He rapaH-
cxeMbI-HHOr,L(a
TaKaH
3aMeHa )KeJiaTeJihHa, HHOr.L(a HeT. 11x cJie.L(yeT rrpOCTO HMeTh B BH.L(y KaK B03MO)KHYIO
aJibTepHaTHBy.
.[(aBaHTe Terreph IIOCMOTpHM Ha YKa3aHHbie
o6JiacTH rrpHMeHeHHH.
Pac. 3.17. CeMei!cTBO BhIX0.11HhlX xapaKTepacTaK n-KaHaJibHOro ITT c p-n-nepexO,llOM Tana 2N5484: 3aaacaMOCTb le (Uc11 ) npa pa3JIH'IHhIX 3Ha'!eHHSIX U 311 npa
IlOJIHOM Macwrn6e ll3MeHeHaii napaMeTpOB (a) a Ha
Ha'!aJihHOM yqacTKe (6).
.[(JIH nyqrnero
IIOHHMaHHH Mbl CJierKa H3MeHHM rropH,L\OK
H3JIO)KeHHH.
MhI Bh16paJIH
IIT c p-n-nepexo,L\OM, a He
MOI1-TpaH3HCTop, nocKOJihKY eMy He Tpe-
3.06. Ucrn'IHIIKn ToKa ua IIT
6yeTcH cMemeHHH 3aTBOpa (pe)KHM c o6e.L(-
c p- n-nepexo.a:oM
IIT
3.17) BH,L\HO, qTQ TOK 6y.L(eT npII6JIH-
HeHHeM). 113 CTOKOBhIX xapaKTepHCTHK
IIT HCIIOJih3yeTCH B KaqecTBe HCTOqHHKOB
(pHC.
uClil 60JibIIIe
TOKa B COCTaBe HHTerpaJihHhIX cxeM (B qacT-
3IITeJibHO
HOCTH, B OY), a TaK)Ke HHOr,L(a H B cxeMax Ha
2 B. 0.L(HaKo B CHJIY pa36poca IcHa" BeJinqff-
.L(HCKpeTHbIX
Ha 3Toro TOKa Henpe.L(cKa3yeMa. HarrpHMep,
3JieMeHTax.
IlpocTeHIIIHH
HCTOqHHK TOKa Ha IIT IIOKa3aH Ha pHC.
3.16;
IIOCTOHHHhlM
ycTpoiicrno
rrpII
2N5484 (TnrrnqHhIH n-KaHaJib-
HhIH TpaH3IICTOp C p-n-rrepexo,L(OM) IIMeeT
rracrropTHYJO BeJinqnHy I c Ha" OT
+U
11
Bee
)Ke
rrpOCTOTOH
,L(aJOrn;ero
3Ta
cxeMa
,L\BYXBhlBO,L\HOro
IIOCTOHHHhlH
1 ,L\O 5 MA.
npMBJieKaeT
TOK.
cBoeii
ycTpOHCTBa,
CymecTBYJOT
,L(eIIIeBhie cepIIHHbie «,L(IIO,L\Hhle CTa6IIJIH3aTOpbI TOKa», rrpe.L(CTaBJIHIOIIIHe co6oH BCero
JIHIIIh OTo6paHHbie no TOKY IIT c p- n-rrepe-
Pac. 3.16.
XO,L\OM,
y
CTOKOM.
3TO
KOTOpbIX
3aTBOP
TpOHOB
(crn6HJIH3aTOpOB
HalipH)KeHHH).
IlpMBe,L(eM xapaKTepIICTIIKII
TaKIIX rrpn6o-
TOKOBbie
coe,L(HHeH
co
aHaJIOrII CTa6IIJIII-
rJiaBa 3
136
2
Ta6AUIJG 3.4. ,ll;HO.LIHhie CTa6HJrn3aTOpbl TOKa l)
Tim
Irr, MA
II01moe corrpoTH.BJieHHe,
<
.....~1
1N5283
1N5285
1N5287
1N5288
1N5290
1N5291
1N5293
1N5294
1N5295
1N5296
1N5297
1N5299
1N5302
1N5304
1N5305
1N5306
1N5308
1N5309
1N5310
1N5312
1N5314
200
100
U, B
0
a
2
<:i;:
.....
2
0
3
4
5
U, B
6
PHc. 3.18. «)],HO.L1-pery1rnrnp TOKa» 1N5294. a-noJIHbIH
MaCuJTa6 H3MeHeHHS1 HanpS1lKeHHS1; 6 - Ha'!aJibHblH yqacTOK.
poB H3 cepHH
1N5283-1N5314:
HoMHHaJibHbIH TOK CTa6HJIH3a!IHH
,[(onycK
TeMnepaTypHbIH K03qlqJH!IHeHT
,[(HaDa30H HanpSllKeHHii
conpoTHBJieHHe
OT 0,22 .LIO 4, 7 MA
ycTpOHCTB
C TOKOM 1 MA
Mbl IIOCTpOHJIH rpacj:>HK BOJihT-aMrrepHOH
xapaKTepMCTHKH
ycTpoiicrna
1N5294,
HMeJOIIIero HOMHHaJihHhlH TOK CTa6HJIH3a-
0,75 MA;
pHC.
3.18,a .n;eMOHCTpHpyeT
3.19).
R
3a,n;aeT o6paTHoe cMern:eHHe 3aTBopa IcR,
yMeHhIIIa.si: Ic H rrpHBo.n;.si: ITT c p-n-rrepexo-
perynMpyeMhIH MCToqmrn: TOKa (pHC.
Pe3HCTOp
CMern:eHH.si:
,n;oM B COCTO.sIHHe, 6JIH3KOe K OTceqKe. Mo)KxapaKTepHCTHKaM
)],Jl.sl
R ITO BhIXO)],HhlM
KOHKpeTHoro
ITT.
3Ta cxeMa He TOJihKO .n;aeT B03M0)KH0CTh
ycTaHaBJIHBal'b TOK (KOTOphIH )],OJI)l(eH 6hITh
MeHhIIIe
IcHaq),
HO H
c.n;enaTh 3TO
6onee
rrpe,n;cKa3yeMhIM o6pa3oM. KpoMe Toro, 3Ta
3.18,6
CTBa )],OCTMraeTC.sI rrpH rra,n;eHMH HaIIp.sl)KeHH.sI
HeCKOJlhKO
MeHbIIIe
1,5 B. B
5.13 Mhl IIOKa)KeM, KaK MO)KHO HC-
HeM
IIOJih30BaTh TaKoro po.n;a ycTpOHCTBO )],JI.sl
c03,n;aHM.sI reHepaTopa rr11noo6pa3Horo Harrp.si:)KeHH.sI C OCTPhIMH BepIIIMHaMH CMrHaJia.
B Ta6n. 3.4 ,n;aH HerronHhIH rrepeqeHh yCT1N5283.
aBTOMaTMqeCKOro
HO paccqHTaTh 3HaqeHHe
BM)],HO, qTo IIOJIHhIH TOK ,n;aHHoro ycTpoii-
poiicrn cepMM
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,6
2,9
UHeM. Ba pHan:m1 rrpe.z:u,1,n:ymeii cxeMo1 .n;aeT
rrp.si:)KeHH.sI rrpo6o.si: (140 B )],JI.sl .n;aHHOro KOHKpeTHOro 06pa3n:a), TOr.n;a KaK H3 pMC.
pa3,n;.
25
14
6,6
4,1
2,7
1,9
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,2
l) Bee .[\HO.Lib! pa6oTalOT npH HanpsnKeHHH .LIO 100 B
H .LIO 600 MBT H Be,L\yT ce6S1 Il0.LI06HO o6paTHO BKJIIO'!eHHb!M ,L\HO.[\aM.
xopoIIIee IIOCTO.sIHCTBO TOKa BIIJIOTh. )],0 Ha-
Ha
0,22
0,27
0,33
0,39
0,47
0,56
0,68
0,75
0,82
0,91
1,0
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,7
3,0
3,3
3,9
4,7
HCTO'IHHK TOKa C aBTOMaTH'ICCKIIM CMeme-
10%
± 0,4%/°C
1-2,5 B MHH.,
100 B MaKC.
5% THU.
CTa6HJihHOCTb TOKa
,[(HHaMH'!eCKOe (.L1HqJ(jJepeHI1HaJ1bHOe) 1 MOM (THil.) .LIJISI
U:HH
UMHe., B
(I > 0,8 Irr)
MOM (npH
25 B) MHH.
PHc. 3.19.
137
IloJieBhle TpaH3HCTOphl
cxeMa fil3JUieTCR .JIY'IlIIHM HCTO'IHHKOM TOKa
(c
6oJiee BbICOKHM ,z:umaMH'leCKHM corrpo-
THBJieHHeM) B CH.JIY Toro, 'ITO HCTOKOBblH
pe3HCTop o6ecrre'IHBaeT o6paTHYJO CBR3b no
TOK)' (KOTOpYJO Mbl paCCMOTpHM B pa3,n;. 4.07),
a TaK)l(e IIOTOM)', 'ITO xapaKTepHCTHKH ITT
C p-n-rrepexo,n;OM KaK HCTO'IHHKa TOKa rrpH
o6paTHOM CMem:eHHH 3aTBOpa Bcer,n;a YJIY'lmalOTCR, KaK 3TO BH,n;HO H3 rrpHBe.n;eHHbIX Ha
pHC.
3.2 H 3.17 xapaKTepHCTHK,
HH)l(e KpHBaR 3aBHCHMOCTH le OT
r,n;e
'leM
U 3JII , TeM
OHa 6JIH)l(e K ropH30HTaJIH. 0,n;HaKo, KOHe'IHO, Ha,n;o IIOMHHTb, 'ITO 3Ha'leHHe le, IIOJiy'leHHOe rrpH KaKOM-TO 3Ha'leHHH
.n;aHHoro KOHKpeTHOro
ITT,
U 3JII ,n;JIR
MO)l(eT
OTJIH-
'laTbCR OT B3RToro H3 xapaKTepHCTHKH Ha
3Ha'IHTeJibHYJO BeJIH'IHHY BBH,n;y. TeXHOJIOrH'leCKOro
pa36poca.
EcJIH
Ha,n;o
IIOJIY'IHTb
crporo 3a,n;aHHblH TOK, TO MO)l(HO HCIIOJib30BaTb B n:errH HCTOKa IIO,ll;CTpoe'IHblH pe3HC-
TOp.
Puc. 3.20. KacKO.n;HaJI cxeMa «IlOTpe6HTeJIJI» TOKa Ha ITT
c p-n-nepexo.n;oM.
lcH ••• ( 1i) > lcH ••• (T1 ).
YnpallCHeBHe 3.1. ITo.n;6epHTe 3Da'!eHHe R .n;Jill noJI}"leHHll TOKa I MA B cxeMe HCTO'IHHKa TOKa Ha ITT Cp-n-nepexo.n;OM 2N5484, HCilOJlb3YJI noJiy'leHHble H3MepeHHJIMH
KPHBbie, npe.n;cTaBJieHHble Ha puc. 3.17. Tenepb m:1eHHTe,
K '!eMY npHBO.n;HT TOT q>aKT, '!TO nacnopTHbie .n;aHHble
le.,.. n.JIJI 2N5484 HMeIOT pa36poc OT I .n;o 5 MA.
KaeT IIOCTORHHblH TOK CTOKa Ti B Harpy3KY,
:0:CTO'IHHK TOKa Ha ITT C p-n-rrepexo,n;OM,
CTOKe Ti HeH3MeHHbIM, a TeM caMbIM H Ha-
,n;a)l(e C pe3HCTOpOM B n;eIIH HCTOKa, ,n;aeT
rrp,i:)l(eHHe 3aTBOp-HCTOK, 'ITO BbIHY)l(.n:aeT
T2 -ITT c p-n-rrepexo,n;oM c 66JibmHM 3Hale H3'1, BKJIIO'leHHblH «IIOCJie,ll;OBa-
'leHHeM
TeJibHO» C HCTO'IHHKOM TOKa. OH rrporrycy,n;ep)l(HBaR B TO )Ke BpeMR Harrp,i:)l(eHHe Ha
HeCKOJibKO H3MeHRIOlll;HHCR TOK IIpH H3Me-
T2 pa6oTaTb C TeM )Ke TOKOM, 'ITO H Ti .
T 2 «3KpaHHpyen> Ti oT
HeHHH HaIIpj{)l(effHR, T. e. OH HMeeT KOHe'IHOe
TaKHM o6pa30M,
BblXO,n;Hoe corrpoTHBJieHHe, a He )l(eJiaeMoe
KOJie6aHHii
6ecKOHe'IHoe
pHC.
Z 8 ,,,x.
3Ha'leHHe
KpHBbie
3.17 IIOKa3bIBalOT, HarrpHMep, 'ITO y
2N5484 rrpH H3MeHeHHH Ha-
CKOJibKY
Harrp,i:)l(eHHR
Ha
BblXO,n;e;
IIO-
Ti He rro,n;Bep)l(eH BapHan;HRM Ha-
rrp,i:)l(eHHR CTOKa, OH «CH,ll;HT Ha MeCTe» H
TpaH3HCTopa
o6ecrre'IHBaeT IIOCTORHHbIH TOK. EcJIH Bep-
IIpj{)l(eHHR CTOKa B pa6o'leM ,n;Harra3oHe OT
ffYTbCR K cxeMe 3epKaJia BHJicoHa (pHC.
5 ,n;o 20 B TOK CTOKa rrpH 3aMKHyTbIX HaKO-
TO Mbl YBH,n;HM, 'ITO 3,n;ecb HCIIOJib3yeTCR Ta
poTKO HCTOKe H 3aTBOpe (T.e.
leHaq) H3Me-
5%. 3Ty BapHaD;HIO MO)l(HO
YMeHbillHTb ,n:0 2% HJIH OKOJIO Toro, BKJIIO-
HReTCR
Ha
'IHB B n:errb HCTOKa pe3HCT0p. TOT )Ke rrpHeM,
KOTOpbIH 6blJI HCIIOJib30BaH B cxeMe pHC.
MO)l(HO HCIIOJib30BaTb H
2.24,
,n;JIR HCTO''lHHKOB
2.48),
)Ke H,n;e,i: !pHKCan;HH HaIIpR)l(eHHR.
Bbl MO)l(eTe paCII03Han, B 3TOH cxeMe Ha
ITT c p-n-rrepexo,n;oM «KaCKO.[(HYJO» cxeMy,
KOTopa:,i: o6bl'IHO HCIIOJib3yeTCR ,n;JIR rrpeo,n;oJieHHR
3cp<peKTa
MHJIJiepa
(pa3,n;.
2.19).
KacKo,n;HaR cxeMa Ha ITT c p-n-rrepexo,n;oM
TOKa Ha ITT c p-n-rrepexo,n;oM, KaK 3TO
rrpom;e, 'leM Ha 6HIIOllilpHbIX TpaH3HCTOpax,
3.20. M,n;e,i: (KaK H B c.rry-
IIOCKOJibl<Y 3,ll;eCb He Tpe6yeTCR HarrpR)l(eHHR
H c,n;eJiaHO Ha pHC.
'lae C 6HIIOID1pHbIMH TpaH3HCTOpaMH) co-
CMem;eHHR Ha 3aTBope BepxHero ITT: BBH.D:Y
CTOHT B TOM, 'IT06bI HCIIOJib30BaTb BTOpoii
Toro, 'ITO OH pa6orneT B pe)l(HMe c o6e,n;He-
ITT c p-n-rrepexo,n;oM ,n;JIR rro,n;,n;ep)l(aHHR
HHeM, MO)l(HO rrpOCTO 3a3eMJIHTb ero 3aTBOp
IIOCTORHHbIM
(cpaBHHTe c pHC.
HaIIpj{)l(eHHR
CTOK - HCTOK
B
HCTO'IHHKe TOKa. Ti B 3TOM cJiy'lae RBJIReTCR
o6bl'IHblM
HCTO'IHHKOM
TOKa
Ha
ITT
c
p-n-rrepexo,n;OM C HCTOKOBbIM pe3HCTOpOM.
2.74).
Ynpai1meHHC 3.2. 06'.bJICHHTe, IlO'leMy BepxHHii TIT
C p-n-uepeXO.[(OM B KaCKOJJ;HOii cxeMe ,[(OJllKeH HMeTb
6onee BblCOKOe 3Ha'!eHHe le ••• , 'ICM HHJKHHii ITT. no-
138
rJiaBa 3
+Ucc
MO'!b B 3TOM MO)KeT paCCMOTpeHHe KaCKOAHOH cxeMbI Ha
+Ucc
ITT c p-n-nepexoAOM 6e3 HCTOKOBoro pe3HCTopa.
Baxrno OC03HaBaTb, 'ITO HCTO'IHHK TOKa
Ha
xopOIIlHX
o6ecnetJHT
6mIOmlpHbIX
HaMHoro
TpaH3HCTOpax
JIY'iIIIHe
npe~cKa3ye-
MOCTb H CTa6HJibHOCTb, tJeM HCTO'IHHK TOKa
Ha
ITT
c
p-n-nepexo~oM.
6oJiee
Toro,
Bx(}!!{1--1---.
nocTpoeHHbie Ha OY HCTO'IHHKH TOKa, KOTOpb!e Mb! Y B ~ B CJie~JOIIIeH rJiaBe, eIIIe
JIY'iIIIe. HanpHMep, HCTO'IHHK TOKa Ha ITT
B THnH'IHOM ~ana30He TeMnepaTyp H BapHau;Hil: HanpIDKeHHH Harpy3KH MO)KeT ~aBaTb TOK c OTKJIOHeHHHMH Ha 5%, ~a)Ke eCJIH
PHC. 3.21.
nowoHKOH HCTOKOBOro pe3HCTOpa ycTaHOBHTb )KeJiaeMbIH TOK; B TO )Ke BpeMH HCTO'IHHK TOKa Ha OY H3 6HnOAApHbIX HJIH noJie-
MO)KeT HMeTb O'leHb 6oJibIIIOe conpOTHBJie-
BbIX TpaH3HCTOpOB ~aCT 6e3 oco6bIX ycHJIHH
HHe (CBbIIIIe MOM), noCKOJibKY TOK yTetJKH
co CTOpOHbI pa3pa60T'IHKa npe~cKa3yeMO-
3aTBOpa H3Mepsi:eTCH HaHOaMnepaMH.
CTb H CTa6HJibHOCTb Jiy'iIIIe 0,5%.
KpyTH3Ha. 0TCYTCTBHe TOKa 3aTBOpa ~eJiaeT ecTeCTBeHHbIM napaMeTpoM, xapaKTepH3YJOIIIHM ycHJieHHe ITT, KPYTH3HY - OTHO-
3.07. YcnJIHTeJIH ua ITT
IIIeHHe BbIXO~Horo TOKa K BXO~HOMY Hanpsi:-
I1CTOK0Bbie nOBTOpHTeJIH H ycHJIHTeJIH Ha
)KeHHJO:
ITT C o6IIIHM HCTOKOM - 3TO aHaJIOrH 3MHTTepHbIX noBTOpHTeJieH H ycHJIHTeJieH C 06IIIHM 3MHTTepoM Ha 6HnOAApHbIX TpaH3HC-
3TO OTJIHtJaeTCH OT Toro, KaK Mbl paccMaT-
TOpax, 0 KOTOpbIX Mb! roBOpHJIH B npe~I-
pHBaJIH 6HnOJIHpHbie TpaH3HCTOpb! B npe-
~yiueil: rJiaBe. O~HaKO OTCYTCTBHe noCTOHH-
~I~yiueil: rJiaBe, r~e Mb! BHatJaJie HOCHJIHCb
Horo TOKa 3aTBOpa ~aeT B03MO)KHOCTb no-
c H~eeil: ycHJieHHH no TOKY (ia.IXfiax), a 3aTeM
Jiy'IHTb O'leHb BbICOKOe BXO~HOe conpOTHB-
BBeJIH OpHeHTHpOBaHHYIO Ha napaMeTp Kpy-
Heo6xo~MbI,
TH3Hbl
MO~eJib
KOr~a Mb! HMeeM ~eJIO C BbICOKOOMHbIMH
6bIJIO
nOCMOTpeTb Ha
HCTO'IHHKaMH CHrHaJIOB, BCTpetJaJOIIIHMHCH
3HCTOpbI C pa3HbIX CTOpOH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH
B H3MepHTeJibHbIX cxeMax. .[(JIH HeKOTOpbIX
OT HX npHMeHeHHH.
JieHHe.
TaKHe
ycHJIHTeJIH
36epca - MoJIJia:
noJie3HO
6HnOAApHbie
TpaH-
Bbl,
KpyTH3Ha ITT MO)KeT 6bITb ou;eHeHa no
MO)KeT 6bITb, 3aXOTHTe nocTpOHTb nOBTO-
xapaKTepHCTHKe JIH6o no TOMY, HaCKOJibKO
cneIJ;HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX
npHMeHeHHH
Ic npH nepexo~e OT O~HOH
pHTeJIH HJIH ycHJIHTeJIH Ha ~CKpeTHbIX ITT'
yBeJiwm:BaeTCH
O~HaKO
KpHBOH C <pHKCHJ)OBaHHbIM 3HatJeHHeM Ha-
B
60JiblllHHCTBe
CJiy'laeB
MO)KHO
HCnOJib30BaTb ~OCTOHHCTBa, KOTOpbIMH 06-
npH)KeHHH 3aTBOpa K ~pyroil: H3 ceMeHCTBa
Jia~aJOT OY c ITT-Bxo~oM. B JIJ06oM CJIYtJae
KpHBbIX
CTOHT nOHHTb, KaK OHH pa6oTaJOT.
npoIIIe, no HaKJIOHY KpHBbIX «nepe~aTO'IHbIX
(pHc.
3.2
HJIH
3.17),
JIH6o,
'ITO
npHMeHsi:eTcsi: Ta )Ke cxeMa aBTOMaTHtJecKoro
xapaKTepHCTHK» Ic- U 311 (pHc. 3.14). KpyTH3Ha 3aBHCHT OT TOKa CTOKa (BCKOpe Mbl
CMeIIIeHHH, 'ITO H B HCTO'IHHKaX TOKa Ha ITT
YBH~HM KaK) H onpe~eJIHeTCH npoCTO KaK
Kor~a MbI HMeeM ~eJio c ITT, TO o6bI'1HO
c p-n-nepexo~oM (pa3~.
3.06) c O~HHM pe-
gm (Jc) = iJU311 ·
3HCTOpOM CMeIIIeHHH 3aTBOpa, no~KJIJO'leHHbIM BTOpbIM BbIBO~OM K 3eMJie (pHc.
3.21);
~JIH MOIT-TpaH3HCTopoB Tpe6yeTcsi: ~eJIHTeJib, nHTaeMbIH OT HCTO'IHHKa Hanpsi:)KeHHH
CTOKa, HJIH paCIIIenJieHHbIH HCTO'IHHK, KaK
3TO 6bIJIO H B cJiytJae C 6HnOJIHpHbIMH TpaH3HCTOpaMH.
Pe3HCT0p
CMeIIIeHHH
3aTBOpa
(HanoMHHM, 'ITO CTpO'IHbIMH JiaTHHCKHMH
6yKBaMH
o603HatJaJOTCH
npHpaIIIeHH5I.)
I13
3Toro
MaJIOCHrHaJibHbie
Bbipa)KeHHH
Mbl
noJiytJaeM K03q>qJHIJ;HeHT YCHJieHHH no Hanpsi:)Kemno:
Ku= uJu311 = - Rcic/U311 = - gmRc,
139
IloJieBLie Tp3H3HCTOpLI
TOT )Ke pe3yJihTaT, qTo H ,L(JUI 6m10m1pHoro
(pHc. 3.22). He 6y.L(eM 06pa111aTh BHHMaHH.si:
TpaH3HCTOpa B pa3,L(. 2.09, eCJIH 3aMeHHTh
Ha ,L(eTaJIH CMe111eHH.sI H cocpe.L(OTOqflMC.sI Ha
pe3HCTop Harpy3KH RK Ha Re . KaK npaBHJio,
paCCMOTpeHHH
KPYTH3Ha ITT paBH.si:eTc.si: HecKOJihKHM ThIC.sI-
IiHnOJI.sipHbIH TpaH3HCTOp HMeeT r3 , paBHOe
qaM MHKpOcHMeHC {MKCM) npH TOKe CTOKa
B HeCKOJihKO MHJIJIHaMnep. ITOCKOJihKY
9m
3aBHCHT OT TOKa CTOKa, CYIIIeCTByeT HeKOTOpa.si:
HeJIHHeIDIOCTh,
CB.sI3aHHa.sI
C
3aBHCH-
MOCThI0 K03q>q>HD;HeHTa ycHJieHH.si: OT H3Me-
25 OM, a
K03q>q>HIIHeHTa
CJie,L(OBaTeJihHO,
K03q>q>HD;HeHT
YCHJieHH.si:
ycHJieHH.si:.
9m = 40 MCM H
no
Hanp.si:)KeHHIO
- 200 (qTo MO)KHO noJiyqHTh np.sIMhIM pacqeTOM
KaK
RJr3 ).
-
THIIHqHhIH
ITT
c
p-n-nepeXO,L(OM (HanpHMep, 2N4220) HMeeT
HeHH.sI TOKa CTOKa Ha npOT.sJ:)KeHHH nepHO,L(a
gm nop.si:.L(Ka 2 MCM npH TOKe CTOKa 1 MA,
CHrHaJia, no,L(06Ho TOMY, KaK 3TO 6hrnaeT
.L(aBa.si: K03q>q>HD;HeHT ycHJieHH.sI no Hanp.si:)Ke-
B ycHJIHTeJie C 3a3eMJieHHhlM 3MHTTepoM,
HHIO nop.si:,L(Ka -10. 3TO cpaBHeHHe BhITJI.sI-
r.L(e gm= I/r 3 nponop11HoHaJibHa Ic. KpoMe
,1:(HT o6ecKypa)KHBaIOIIIHM. MaJia.si:
Toro,
3HaqHTeJihHO
TaK)Ke OTHOCHTeJibHO BhICOKOe ZBhlX B cxeMe
6HnoJI.sipHbie
noBTOpHTeJI.sI (pHc. 3.23): ITT c p-n-nepe-
ITT B
MeHhIIIYIO
o6IIJeM HMeIOT
KPYTH3HY,
qeM
gm ,L(aeT
TpaH3HCTOphI, qTo ,L(eJiaeT HX MeHee nO,L(XO-
XO.L(OM HMeeT ZBm = 1/gm, qTO B ,L(aHHOM
,L(.sIIIJHMH ,L(JI.sl nocTpoeHH.sI ycHJIHTeJieH H noB-
CJiyqae 3KBHBaJieHTHO 500 OM (He3aBHCHMO
TOpHTeJieH. PaCCMOTpHM 3TO HeMHOrO no-
OT conpOTHBJieHH.sI HCTOqHHKa CHrHaJia); B
.L(p06Hee.
cpaBHeHHH C 3THM 6HnOJI.sipHbIH TpaH3HCTOp
CpaBueune KPYTB3HhI IIT n 6nnom1pBb1x
HMeeT
ZBm
= RJh 213 + r 3 = RJh 213 +
TpaH3BCT0p0B. qT06bI nepeBeCTH HaIIIe no-
+ I/gm,
CJie,L(Hee 3aMeqaHHe B qflCJia, paCCMOTPHM
1 MA). ,[(JI.si: THnHqffOro 6ern-6HnOJI.sipHoro
RJh 213 + 25 OM
paBHOe
h213 = 100,
(npH
ITT c p-n-nepexo.L(OM H 6HnoJI.sipHhIH TpaH-
TpaH3HCTOpa,
3HCTop, Ka)K,L(hIH c pa6oqHM TOKOM 1 MA.
pa3YMffbIX 3HaqeHH.sJ:X conponnmeHH.sI HCToq-
ITpe.L(CTaBHM, qTo OHH BKJIIOqeHhl KaK ycH-
HHKa
JIHTeJIH
(3MHTTepoM),
6HnOJI.sipHblH nOBTOpHTeJih Ha nop.sI.L(OK Jiyq-
a CTOK (KOJIJieKTOp) qepe3 pe3HCTOp 5 KOM
IIIe (Z•.,x paBHO 25- 75 OM). 0TMeTHM, 0,1:(-
C 06IIIHM
HCTOKOM
nO,L(KJIIOqeH K HCTOqHHKY nHTaHH.si:
5K0M
CHrHaJia,
cKa)KeM
npH
H
npH
Rc < 5 KOM,
HaKO, qTo npH Rc > 50 KOM noBTOpHTeJih
Ha ITT c p- n-nepexo.L(OM 6y.L(eT nyqIIIe.
+10B
Re
+ 10 B
CKa)KeM
qT06bI
npOHCXO,L(HT,
Bep-
Bbipa)KeHH.sIM 3aBHCHMOCTH
BH,L(eTb,
qTo
TOKa
.1.1 MA
HeMC.sI K
'
CTOKa ITT OT Hanp.si:)KeHH.sI 3aTBOp-HCTOK
5B
H cpaBHHM C 3KBHBaJieHTHbIM ypaBHeHHeM
(36epca-MoJIJia) 3aBHCHMOCTH TOKa KOJIJieKTOpa 6HnOJI.sipHoro TpaH3HCTopa OT Hanp.si:)KeHH.sJ: 6a3a - 3MHTTep.
nHnOJI.sipHbIH
TpaH3HCTOp
(ypaBHeHHe
36epca- MoJIJia):
IK = Jc[exp(U63/Ur) +10B
1],
kT/q = 25 MB, qrn ,L(aeT gm = dIJ
dU 63 = I K/U r .L(JI.sI KoJIJieKTOpHoro TOKa,
r,L(e UT =
6oJibIIIOro B cpaBHeHHH c TOKOM «yTeql(H>)
5B
-l
Jc.
3TO y)Ke 3HaKOMhlH HaM pe3yJihTaT-
r3 (OM) = 25/JK (MA), nOCKOJihKY 9m = l/r3 ·
IToJieBOH TpaH3HCTOp: B «cy6noporoBOH»
o6JiaCTH OH HMeeT oqeHb MaJibIH TOK CTOKa
IcNexp(U 31,1),
qTo, 6y.L(yqfl 3KcnoHeHIIHaJihHbIM nO,L(06HeM
ypaBHeHH.si:
Pnc. 3.22.
36epca - MoJIJia,
nponopIIHOHaJihHYIO
Tal()Ke
,L(aeT
3aBHCHMOCTh KPYTH3-
rJiaBa 3
140
+Ucc
1
-----RBb1x=9m II Re
- - - - - RBblX=~:. + ~;,~) 11
Rc
=500M
=5000M
PHC. 3.23. BbIXO.LIHOe
conpOTHBJieHHe
no-
BTOpHTeJieil: uanpsnKeHHSI Ha TIT c p-n-nepexO.LIOM
(a) H 6HnOJISipHOM TpBH3HCTOpe
(6).
Hhl OT TOKa. O~HaKO ~ml Ha6mo~aIOrn;MXCH
C'leT yBeJIM'leHHH OTHOIIIeHMH IIIHpHHhI Ka-
B peaJihHOCTM 3HatJeHMH k (KOTOphIH 3aBMCMT
HaJia K ero ~JIMHe) YBeJIMtJMBaeT KPYTM3HY (H
U 3H) B
OT reoMeTpHH ITT, IIO~BH)KHOCTM HOCMTeJieii
TOK CTOKa rrpM ~aHHOM 3HHeHMM
M
Ha~oporoBOH o6JiaCTH, HO BCe paBHO Kpy-
T. rr.)
tJeM y
KPYTM3Ha
ITT
HeCKOJihKO
HM)Ke,
6HIIOJIHpHoro TpaH3HCTOpa, - OKOJIO
I/40 MB ~JIH p-KaHaJihHoro MOIT-TpaH3MCTopa u OKOJIO J/60 MB ~JIH n-KaHaJihHOro
TM3Ha OCTaeTCH MeHbIIIe, tJeM y
MOIT-TpaH3MCTopa, TOr~a KaK y 6urroJIHpHhIX TpaH3HCTOpOB OHa paBHa J/25 MB. ITo
6HIIOJIHp-
HOro TpaH3MCTOpa IIPM TOM )Ke TOKe.
Ynpal!WeHHe 3.3. BbIBe.LIHTe npe.LlhI.LIYII(He Bbipall(eHHSI
)];JUI gm, B3HB rrpOH3B0AHY10 / Bh!X OTHOCHTeJibHO
U ex·
Mepe yBeJIMtJeHMH TOKa ITT BXO~HT B HOpMaJihHYIO o6JiaCTh <<HaChrrn;eHHH», r~e
ITpo6JieMy HM3KOro K03q>q>Mu;HeHTa ycuJieHMH B ycMJIMTeJIHX Ha ITT MO)KHO pa3pe-
le= k(U3tt - Ur) 2 ,
IIIHTh,
'ITO ~aeT gm= 2(klc) 112 • 3To 03HatJaeT, 'ITO
KPYTM3Ha pacTeT rrporropu;MOHaJihHO JIMIIIh
KOpHIO KBa~paTHOMy M3
Ic H CTaHOBMTCH
HaMHoro MeHbIIIe KPYTH3Hhl 6HIIOJIHpHoro
o6paTHBIIIMCh
K
Harpy3Ke
B
BM~e
MCTO'IHHKa TOKa (aKTMBHOH), Q~HaKo P,H0:..b
6MIIOJIHpHhIH
Toii
)Ke
TpaH3MCTOp
cxeMe.
ITo
3Toii
6y~eT
JIY'IIIIe
rrpM'IMHe
B
pe~Ko
MO)KHO BM~eTh ITT B cxeMax rrpOCThIX ycu-
TpaH3MCTOpa rrpH Tex )Ke 3HatJeHMHX pa6o-
JIHTeJieii, ecJIM TOJihKO He HY)KHO MCIIOJih30-
3.24). YBeJIH'leHMe rro-
BaTh HX YffMKaJihHhie BXO~Hhre rrapaMeTphI
tJero TOKa (CM. pHC.
CTOHHHOH k B rrpe~hl~yrn:ux ypaBHeHMHX (3a
(HCKJIIO'IMTeJihHO BhICOKOe BXO~HOe corrpoTMBJieHMe M MaJihIH BXO~HOH TOK).
06paTMTe BHMMaHMe Ha TO, 'ITO KPYTM3Ha
Cy6noYm, MKCM
poroBb!!l____J 10
!J'lacm6K -1
ITT B o6JiaCTM HaChirn;eHMH rrporropu;MOHaJih-
U 3" - UT; TaK, HarrpMMep, ITT c p-n-rrepexo~OM; Ha 3aTBOp KOTOporo rro~aHO Ha-
Ha
rrpIDKeHMe,
paBHOe
IIOJIOBMHe HarrpH)KeHMH
OTCetJKM, MMeeT KPYTM3HY rrpMMepHO BIIOJIOBMHY MeHhIIIe, 'leM rrpHBe~eHHaH B rracrropTe
(r~e oHa Bcer~a ~aeTCH rrpM Ic
IIpM
= IcHa", T. e.
U 3i1 = 0).
)];ncJ>cJ>epeuu;naJlhllbie ycHJIHTeJIH.
Mo)KHO
MCIIOJih30BaTh corJiaCOBaHHhie rrapbl ITT ~JIH
IIOCTpoeHMH BXO~HhIX KaCKa~OB C BhICOKMM
0, 1 1MKA 10 100 IMA 10 100
Puc. 3.24. CpaBHeHHe gm 6Hnom1pHb!X ¥. noJieBbIX TpaH-
IIOJIHhlM BXO~HhIM corrpOTHBJieHMeM 6n:rroJIHpHhIX ~mpq>epeHu;MaJihHhIX ycMJIHTeJieii, a
3HCTOp0B. 1 - 6Hnom1pHblli TpBH3HCTop; 2-p-KBHBJibHb!H
TaK)Ke urpa10rn:ux Ba)KHYIO pOJih OY M KOM-
MOTI-TpaH3HCTOp; 3- n-KaHaJibHhlH MOTI-TpaH3HCTOp.
rrapaTopoB, KOTOphie Mhl BCTpeTMM B cne-
141
IloJieBLie TpaHJHCTOpLI
.z:i;y10meir
rnaBe.
KaK
OTMe<IaJIOCh
BhUIIe,
3.08. llcTOKOBLie UOBTOpHTeJIU
3Ha<IHTeJihHhIH pa36poc U 311 y ITT npHBe.n;eT,
Boo6me roBOpH, K 66JihIIIHM 3Ha<IeHHHM
BXO,n;Horo HanpH)KeHHH C.D;BHra Hero .z:i;peir-
<IaCTO npe.z:i;no•rnTaIOT HCnOJih30BaTh nocT-
qia,
poeHHhIH Ha ITT «HCTOKOBhIH nOBTOpHTeJih»
<IeM y
aHanorH<IHoro
cTpoeHHoro
ycHJIHTeJIH,
HCKJIIO'IHTeJihHO
Ha
no-
BBH.n;y OTHOCHTeJihHO Manoir KPYTH3HhI ITT
6HnOJIHp-
(HBJIHIOrn;HHCH aHanoroM 3MHTTepHoro noB-
HhIX TpaH3HCTOpax; 3aTO BXO.D;HOe noJIHoe
TOpHTeJIH) B Ka<IeCTBe BXO.D;Horo 6y¢epHoro
conpoTHBJieHHe KOJIOCCaJihHO B03pacTeT.
reuepaTopL1.
Boo6me
roBopH,
ITT
KaCKa.z:i;a .D;JIH YCHJIHTeJIH Ha o6bI'IHhIX 6Hno
CBOHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM MOryT 6hITh xoporneir
3aMeHOH
6HnOJIHpHhIX
nonHpHhIX
TpaH3HCTOpax,
BMeCTO
Toro,
lfT06hI IlhITaThCH npHMO H3rOTOBHTh ycHJIH-
TpaH3HCTOpOB
TeJih Ha ITT C o6rn;HM HCTOKOM. ITpH 3TOM
no<ITH B JII06oir cxeMe, KOTOpaH BhIHrpbIBaeT
coxpaHHIOTCH BhICOKOe BXO.D;HOe conpOTHB-
6naro.z:i;apH HX yHHKaJihHO BhlCOKOMY non-
JieHHe H HyJieBOH nOCTOHHHhlH BXO.D;HOH TOK
HOMY BXO.D;HOMY conpOTHBJieHHIO H MaJIOMY
ITT,
BXO.D;HOMY TOKY CMern;eHHH. ITpHMepaMH Ta-
TpaH3HCTOpa n03BOJIHeT nony<IHTh 60JihIIIOH
KHX
K03q>q>HIJHeHT ycHJieHHH B 0.D;HOM KaCKa.n;e.
cxeM
HBJIHIOTCH
BhICOKOCTa6HJihHhie
LC-reHepaTOphI H KBap11eBbie reHepaTOphI,
KOTOpbie Mhl npe,n;CTaBHM B pa3.z:i;.
H
5.18, 5.19
a
6onhrnaH
KpoMe Toro,
y
KPYTH3Ha
6HnoJIHpHoro
.D;HCKpeTHhIX ITT (T. e.
He
HBJIHIOrn;HXCH <IaCThlO HHTerpaJihHOH CXeMbI)
13.11.
Me)K3JieKTp0.D;Hhie
AKTHBHaH uarpY31rn. TaK )Ke KaK H .D;JIH
6HnOJIHpHhIX
eMKOCTH
BhIIIIe,
TpaH3HCTOpOB,
<IeM
y
BCJie.D;CTBHe
ycHJIHTeJieH Ha 6HnOJIHpHhIX TpaH3HCTOpax,
<Iero B ycHJIHTeJIHX c o6rn;HM HCTOKOM 6onee
B ycHJIHTeJie Ha ITT MO)KHO 3aMeHHTh pe-
CHJihHO
3HCTOp Harpy3KH CTOKa aKTHBHOH Harpy3-
(pa3.z:i;.
KOH,
T. e.
HCTO'IHHKOM
TOKa.
ITpH
3TOM
MO)KHO nOJIYlfHTh OlfeHh 6oJihIIIOH K03q>q>HIJHeHT ycHJieHHH no HanpH)KeHHIO:
npOHBJIHeTCH
3q>q>eKT
MHJIJiepa
2.19); B cxeMe HCTOKOBOro TIOBTOpH-
TeJIH, KaK H
B 3MHTTepHOM TIOBTOpHTeJie,
3q>q>eKT MHJIJiepa OTCYTCTByeT.
IToBTOpHTeJIH Ha ITT C HX BhlCOKHM nonHhIM
Ku= - gm Re
BXO.D;HhIM
npHMeHHIOTCH
(pe3HCTOp Harpy3KH CTOKa),
conpOTHBJieHHeM
KaK
BXO.D;Hhle
o6hI'IHO
KaCKa,n;hl
B
OCIIHJIJIOrpaq>ax H .z:i;pyrHx H3MepHTeJihHhIX
Ku= -gmRo
npH6opax.
(HCTO'IHHK TOKa),
Ro -nOJIHOe
nOJIHOe
MHOrHX
cny<IaHX
BhICOKOe
conpOTHBJieHHe
Bo
6hrnaeT
HeOT'heM-
11enH
JieMOH oco6eHHOCThI0 HCTO'IHHKa CHrHana,
cToKa, o6hI<IHO ne)Kamee B ,n;Hana3oHe 3Ha-
KaK, HanpHMep, y KOH.D;eHCaTopHhIX MHKpO-
r.z:i;e
<IeHHH OT
conpOTHBJieHHe
B
100 KOM .z:i;o 1 MOM.
q>OHOB,
0,n;HHM H3 BapHaHTOB aKTHBHOH Harpy3KH
pH-MeTpOB, ,z:i;eTeKTOpOB 3apH)KeH-
HhIX <IaCTHII HJIH MHKp03JieKTpo.n;oB .D;JIH CHH-
HBJIHeTCH TOKOBOe 3epKaJIO, BKJIIOlfeHHoe B
THH CHrHaJIOB c )KHBhIX o6'heKTOB B 6HOJIO-
Ka<IeCTBe Harpy3KH CTOKa B .D;Hq>q>epeHIJHaJih-
rHH
H
Me.n;HIJHHe;
BO
Bcex
3THX
cny<IaHX
2.18); na
none3eH BXO.D;HOH KacKa.n; Ha ITT (.D;HcKpeT-
cxeMa, o,z:i;HaKo, He o6ecne<IHBaeT cTa6HJih-
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HOM KacKa.n;e Ha ITT ( CM. pa3.z:i;.
Horo cMern;eHHH, ecnH He oxBaTHTh ee o6meir
B cxeMOTeXHHKe BCTpe<IaIOTCH cny<IaH, KOr.n;a
11enhI0 o6paTHOH CBH3H. ToKOBOe 3epKaJIO
H nocne.z:i;y10rn;HH KaCKa.z:i; .D;OJI)KeH HMeTh Ma-
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JlhlH
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H xpaHeHHH» H nHKOBhie ,z:i;eTeKTOphI, B KOTO-
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ero
He
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HeHHH MeTo,z:i;a aKTHBHOH Harpy3KH Bbl YBH-
cne.n;YIQmero ycHJIHTeJIH npOBO.D;HT CJIHIIIKOM
ITT,
KOTOph1e
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Bo Bcex 3THX cny<IaHX npe-
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Ha
eTcH 6onee Ba)KHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH, <IeM
ero MaJiaH KPYTH3Ha, 'ITO .z:i;enaeT HCTOKOBhIH
nOBTOpHTeJih (HJIH .z:i;a)Ke ycHJIHTeJih C 06-
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142
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=
Pnc. 3.25.
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Heii
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a
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a
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n-KaHaJibHhIX
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n- KaHaJihHhIM ITT H rrpo-
c p-n-rrepexo.[(OM B ropa3.[(0 60JihIIIeii CTe-
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C CYIIIeCTBeHHblMH ypOBHHMH Urn H le (TOK
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1-+-1~l'--<c/;
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I
I I
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4051-4053, KOTOpbie BXO)J.HT B ceMeiicTBO
roBbIMM
MY Jib THIIJieKcopaMM-)J.eMyJib TM-
IIJieKcopaMM, MMeIOIIJ;HMM )J.O 8 BXO)J.OB, HO
I
I
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2
3
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U 33 (BHyTpeHHMii
15 B; y HHX ecTh BbIB0/1.
1
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I
0
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± 15 B. Ilpu6opbl
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aHaJIOrOBblMM
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"A.upec" SM3P
Bbl6patt1-1orol c3p - - - ~
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BXOAa
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KJIIOqH o6pa3YJOT 6JIOKM, cymeCTBeHHO Ba)l(-
Pnc. 3.38. AHaJIOroBblH MyJibTHilJieKCOp.
Hble )J.JIH IIOCTpOeHHH cxeM Ha OY, KOTOpbie
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TOpbl, cxeMbl CJie)l(eHMH - xpaHeHMH H IIHKO-
qJYHKU:HOHaJibHaH cxeMa TaKoro ycTpOHCTBa.
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OT rrpM6JIM)l(eHHH
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B
reHepupyeT JIHHeMHO (He 3KCIIOHeHIJ;MaJibHO)
ocTaJibHbie. TaKoii MYJibTHIIJieKcop 06b1qHo
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HCIIOJib3YeTCH B
IlpM TaKOM MHTerpaTope Mbl )J.OJl)l(Hbl MMeTb
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c
ce6H 6JIOK HaKOIIJiemrn )J.aHHbIX, B KOTOpOM
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orrpaIIIHBaIOTCH, rrpeo6pa3yI0TCH B U:Hqipo-
OIIMCbIBaTb
BYIO qiopMy H HCIIOJ1b3YI0TCH KaK BXO)J.Hble
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)J.aHHbie )J.JIH KaKHX-TO BbJqMcJiemm.
TaK KaK
aHaJiorOBbie KJIIOqM
3Toii
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OY, OHM ecTeCTBeHHblM o6pa30M IIOIIa)J.aIOT
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B cJie)J.y10my10 rnaBy. He 6y)J.eM rrpe)J.BocxumaTb co6bITMii.
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3.12. He)J.OCTaTKH IlT-KJIIO'leii
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c
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B
rn. 8 H 9
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IIOKa3aHO, qTo aHaJiorOBblM MYJibTMIIJieKcop
TMBJieHMe BO BKJIIQqeHHOM COCTOHHHM
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ro
KOCTbIO 110)].JIO)l(KM M rrapa3MTHblMM eMKOC-
MYJib THIIJieKcopa-)J.eMyJib TMrrJieKcopa»,
25
/J.O
250 OM.
B
KoM6MHau;1m c
RBKJ!
eM-
IIOCKOJibKY U:MqJpOBbie JioruqecKMe ypoBHM -
THMH 3TO corrpOTMBJieHMe 06pa3yeT qJMJibTp
3TO He qTo MHOe, KaK 3HaqeHMH HarrpH)l(eHMH,
HM)l(HMX qaCTOT, orpaHMqffBaIOIIJ;MM pa6oque
TpaKTyeMbie
KaK
)J.BOMqffble
e)J.HHMU:bl
M
TMIIMqHbie
qacTOTbl 3HaqeHMHMM rropH)J.Ka
10 Mru: M
)J.a)l(e HM)l(e (puc. 3.39). IIoneBbre TpaH3MC-
HYJIM.
aHaJiorOBbie
MYJibTMIIJieK-
TOpbI
C
MeHbIIIMM
R •• Jl
MMeIOT
o6bJqHo
153
IloJieBbie TpaH3UCTOpbl
-1----tc::::Jr----1-BblXO.O.
RBKn; 3000M
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c...,,.
I
I
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PHc. 3.39. IlapaMeTpbl aHaJiorosoro MYJibTHnJieKcopa
HI-508 (3HaqeHml .[laHbl .LIJ!ll 3aMKHYTOro KaHaJia).f,.6 =
= l/(2nR°'"C•..,,) = 24 Mru.
PHc. 3.40.
66JibIIIYI0 eMKOCTb (y HeKOTOpbIX MYJibTHII-
ITHTaHH.sr corrpoTHBJieHHe KJIJOqa
JieKcopoB .z:i;o
paCTH, H MaKCHMYM ero HMeeT MeCTO rrpH
B
50 rr<I> ), TaK qTo BhIHrpbIIIIa
CKOpOCTH HapacTaHH.sI
,z:i;aIOT.
3HaqHTeJibHa.sr
CHrHaJia
.D;OJI.sI
RB.JI 6y.n;eT
OHH He
ypoBHe CHrHaJia, cpe,n;HeM Me)l(.z:i;y Harrp.sr)l(e-
orpaHHqeHH.sI
HHeM IIHTaHH.sr H 3eMJieH (HJIH Me)l(,n;y .D;BYM.sI
qacTOTHOH
xapaKTepHCTHKH
MeHTaMH
3aIIIHTbI-IIOCJie,n;oBaTeJibHblMH
BbI3BaHa
:me-
Harrp.sr)l(eHH.sIMH IIHTaHH.sr rrpH .D;ByrroJI.srpHOM
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(pHC. 3.40).
ITpH
YMeHbIIIeHHH
H
ucc corrpOTHBJieHHe ITT BO BKJIIOqeHHOM
IIIYHTHPYJOIIIHMH ,n;Ho,n;aMH. Cyrn;ecTByeT He-
COCTO.sIHHH CTaHOBHTC.sI 3HaqHTeJihHO BbIIIIe
TOKOOrpaHHqHBaIOIUHMH
CKOJihKO
aHaJiorOBbIX
pe3HCTOpaMH
«TeJiepa,n;HoqacTOT-
HbIX» KJIJOqe:li, o6ecrreqHBaIOrn;Hx rrporrycKaHHe
CHrHaJIOB
6oJiee
BbICOKOH
qacTOTbl,
(oco6eHHO B6JIH3H TO~
U 311 = Ucd2), TaK
KaK .D;JI.sr ITT o6orarn;eHHoro THrra U rr cocTaBJI.sreT no
KpaHHeH
Mepe HeCKOJibKO
BOJibT
B03MO)l(H0 3a cqeT OTKa3a OT HeKOTOpbIX
H ,n;JI.sr .z:i;ocTH)l(eHH.sI MaJiblx 3HaqeHHH
BH.D;OB 3arn;HThI. HarrpHMep, KJIJOqH IH5341
Tpe6yeTC.sI
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H
HaJiaMH B
orrepHpyIOT
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3aTBOp- HCTOK
He
aHaJIOrOBbIMH CHr-
MeHbIIIe qeM 5-10 B. KpoMe Toro, qTo rra-
± 15 B H
paJIJieJibHoe corrpoTHBJieHHe .n;Byx ITT pac-
06b1qHOM ,z:i;Harra30He
HMeIOT IIOJIOCy rrporrrcKaHH.sI 100 Mni:; ce-
TeT rrpH ypoBHe CHrHaJia, cpe.D;HeM Me)l(,n;y
pHH
«BbICOKOCKOpOCTHbIX»
MYJibTHIIJieKCO-
Harrp.sr)l(eHHeM IIHTaHH.sr H 3eMJieH, 3TOT IIHK
pOB
74HC4051-53
o6ecrreqHBaIOT
(rrpH 0,5 U cd 6y,z:i;eT YBeJIHqHBaTbc.sr no Mepe
TaK)l(e
IIOJIOCY rrporrycKaHH.sI aHaJIOrOBbIX CHrHaJIOB
Ha ypoBHe 3 .z:i;.6, paBHYJO 100 Mrii:, HO o6pa6aTb1BaI0T rrpH :HOM CHrHaJibI TOJibKO .z:i;o
± 5 B. MAX453-5 <pHpMhl Maxim coqeTaIOT B ce6e BH,n;eOMYJibTHIIJieKcop c BbIXO.D;-
yMeHbIIIeHH.sI
Ucc, H rrpH .D;OCTaTO'lHO HH3-
ucc KJIJOq ,ll;JI.sI CHrHaJIOB C ypoBHeM
OKOJIO 0,5 ucc 6y,z:i;eT rrpe,z:i;cTaBJI.sITb pa30MK-
KOM
HYTYI0 ii:errh.
I1MeIOTC.sI pa3JIHqHbie rrpHeMbl, KOTOpbie
MMC aHaJioroBbIX KJIJOqe:li
HbIM BH.n;eoycHJIHTeJieM, TaK qTo HX MO)l(HO
pa3pa60TtJHKH
Herrocpe,z:i;CTBeHHO IIO.n;KJIJOqaTh K HH3KOOM-
rrpHMeH.sIIOT,
HbIM
HJIH
RB.JI MaJibIM H rrpHMepHo rrocTO.sIHHhIM (.n;JI.sr
(o6hiqff0
75 OM)
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qTo6bI
coxpaHHTb
3Ha'IeHHe
OHH HMeIOT THIIHqffYJO
MaJibIX HCKa)l(eHHH) BO BCeM ,z:i;Harra30He H3-
rroJiocy rrporrycKaHH.sr 50 Mrii: H rrpe,n;Ha3Ha-
MepeHH.sI CHrHaJIOB. HarrpHMep, B rrepBOHa-
± 1 B OT
qaJibHO BbIIIYCKaBIIIeMC.sI aHaJIOrOBOM KJIJOqe
(BKJIIO'ICH-
pHc. 3.36, .z:i;a10rn;a.sr rpa<pHKH RBKJI rro.z:i;o6Hbie
HHblM Harpy3KaM;
qeHbI .D;JI.sI CHrHaJIOB BH,n;eoqaCTOTbl
4016
HH3KOOMHbIX HCTOqHHKOB.
ConpOTHBJICHHe
B
OTKPLITOM
HCIIOJih30BaJiach
rrpoCTa.sr
cxeMa
HOM) cocToHHHn. KJIJOqH KMOIT, pa6orn10-
TeM, qTo IIOKa3aHhl Ha pHC. 3.41. B
IUHe OT OTHOCHTeJibHO BbICOKOro Harrp.sr)l(e-
IIIeHHOM KJIJOqe 4066 pa3pa60HHKH .z:i;o6a-
HH.sI IIHTaHH.sI (cKa)l(eM, 15 B), 6y.n;yT HMeTb
MaJibie 3HaqeHH.sr
RBKJI BO BCeM ,n;Harra3oHe
BHJIH HeCKOJibKO ITT TaKHM o6pa30M, qTo
Harrp.sr)l(eHHe
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6y,z:i;eT
3a
n-KaHaJibHOH
3HaqeHHH CHrHaJia, TaK KaK Bcer.z:i;a TOT HJIH
rrpOBO.D;.sIIIIHH
yJiyq-
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B
rroKa3aHHhle Ha
HMeTb rrp.srMoe CMern;eHHe 3aTBOpa, paBHOe
pHC. 3.42. «ByJIKaHoo6pa3Ha.sr» qiopMa 3THX
no
KpHBblX C IIOHH)l(eHHeM RBKJI B QeHTpe 3aMe-
KpaHHeH
IIHTaHH.sI.
Ho
Mepe
rrpH
IIOJIOBHHe
HarrpIDKeHH.sI
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4016.
154
rJiaBa 3
~ 5000M
l:l::"'
o._________,_________..__________,
0
5
15
10
Hanp51'.)lceH11e e11rHaJ1a 1 B
Pac. 3.41. ConpOTllBJieHHe BKJUO'leHHOfO (3aMKHyToro) KaHaJia aHaJIOfOBOro KMOII-KJIIO'!a runa 4016.
500
400
:E
300
."'
200
o_
c:;
Cl:
Ucc = 108
Ucc= 158
100
0
10
5
15
Hanp51}1{€Hl'le rnrnana,B
Pac. 3.42. ConpOTllBJieHHe 3aMKHyToro yJiy'!IIIeHHoro aHaJiorosoro KMOIIKJIIO'la runa 4066; o6paTHTe BHHMalllie
Ha H3MeHeHae MaCIIITa6a no cpasHeHll!O c pac. 3.41.
100
50
Ucc=±15B
-10
-5
0
+5
+10
Hanp51)t{eH11e cIArHana, B
Pac. 3.43. ConpoTHBJielllie 3aMKHyToro aHaJiorosoro
KJUO'!a H3 ceMeiicTBa IH5140, no3BOJIIDOII(ero nepeKJIIO'!aTb CITTHaJI o6eax nom1pHOCTeii; o6paTHTe BllliMalllie Ha
MaCIIJTa6 BepTHKaJibHOH OCH.
Pac. 3.44. El\fKOCTll aHaJIOfOBblX KJIIO'leii (Ha npaMepe
4-KaHaJI&Horo nepeKJ1IO'!aTem1 AD7510). R.,. = 75 OM.
IloJieBbie Tp3H3HCTOpb1
Ycno:>KHeHm,1e KJIIO'IH, Tame KaK IH5140
(HJIH AD7510), rrpe,[U!a3Ha'leHHbie Alli cepbe3HhIX rrpHMeHeHHii, ,n;aIOT eme nyqrnHii pe3YJib Ta T, rrpe,n;cTaBJieHHI,IH B BH,IJ;e KpHBbIX
RBKJI
Ha pHc. 3.43. He.n;aBHO Bhrny111eHHh1e
qmpMoii Siliconix KJIIO'IH DG400 ,n;aIOT rrpeBocxo.n;m,1e RBKJI B 20 OM 11eHoii YBenH'leHHH
«rrepe.n;a'IH 3apH.n;a» (cM. HH)Ke rro,n;pa3,n;en
«,IJ;HHaMH'lecme IIOMeXH»); 3TO ceMeHCTBO
KJIIO'leii, KaK M cepHH IH5140, HMeeT eme
0,[UIO ,IJ;OCTOHHCTBO -HyJieBOH TOK IIOKOH.
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CM), Me)K,Il;y 3aTBOpOM M KaHaJIOM M Me)K,n;y
,IJ;BYMH ITT B rrpe.n;enax o,n;Horo KpHcTanna
(Ccc, CHM); CM. pHc. 3.44. PaccMoTpHM, Kame 3q>q>eKTbl OHM Bbl3bIBaIOT.
CcH ( eMKOCmb exoi)-eb1xoi)). HaJIH'!He
3TOH eMKOCTH rrpHBO,D;HT K rrpOXO)K,IJ;eHHIO
CHrHana qepe3 pa30MKHYTbIH KJIIO'I, KOTOpoe
Ha BbICOmx qacTOTax B03pacTaeT. Ha
pHC. 3.45 IIOKa3aH 3TOT 3q>q>eKT ,Il;JIH KJIIO'leii
cepHH IH5140. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha HCIIOJib30BaHHe 50-0MHOH Harpy3KH -corrpoTHBJieHMH, o6bI'IHOro ,Il;JIH pa,n;HOCXeM, HO
MHOro MeHbIIIe HOpMaJihHOro ,Il;JIH HH3KOqacTOTHI,IX CHrHaJIOB, r.n;e TMIIH'IHOe 3Ha'leHHe IIOJIHOro corrpOTHBJieHHH Harpy3KH cocTaBJIHeT 10 KOM M 6onee . .[(a)Ke rrpH Harpy3Ke 50 OM CKB03HOe rrpOXO)K,IJ;eHHe CHrHana Ha BbICOmX qacTOTax CTaHOBHTCH 3Ha'IHTeJibHI,IM (Ha 'laCTOTe 30 Mr11 eMKOCTb
1 rr<l> HMeeT IIOJIHOe corrpOTHBJieHHe 5 KOM,
155
BXOA ~ J - - - . - - - < : r
I
I
I
I
I
YnpaaneHHe-
1DK0M
I
L- - - - -
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PHc. 3.46.
BXOA
o------.r--Bb1XOA
3aMKHYT
PHC. 3.47.
'ITO Bbl3bIBaeT CKB03HOe rrpOXO)K,IJ;eHHe
-40 .n;E). 11 pa3YMeeTcH, HMeeTcH 3Ha'IHTeJibHOe ocna6JieHHe (H HeJIHHeHHOCTb B rrepe,n;aqe) CHrHana rrpH pa6oTe Ha 50-0MHYJO
Harpy3KY, IIOCKOJibKY THIIH'IHOe 3Ha'leHHe
RBKJI cocrnBJIHeT 30 OM (75 OM B xy,n;IIIeM
cnyqae). IlpH Harpy3Ke 10 KOM CHTya11MH co
CKB03HOH rrepe,n;aqeii CHrHana, KOHe'IHO )Ke,
HaMHoro xy)Ke.
YnpalKHeHHe 3.8. Pacc'!HTaiiTe CKB03HOe npoxmK.LleHHe
CHrna.rra a HarpY3Ky 10 KOM Ha '!aCTOTe I Mril, npHHSIB
Cc"= I n<l>.
,o7
B 6oJibIIIHHCTBe HH3KO'laCTOTHI,IX rrpHMeHeHHii eMKOCTHOe CKB03HOe rrpOXO)K,IJ;eHHe
He C03,n;aeT rrpo6neM. EcJIH OHM B03HHKaIOT,
HaMJiyqIIIHM peIIIeHHeM HBJIHeTCH HCIIOJib30BaHHe rrapbl KaCKa,IJ;HO-BKJIIO'leHHbIX KJIIO'leii
(pHC. 3.46) HJIH, 'ITO eme Jiy'IIIIe, KOM6HHaIJMM H3 IIOCJie,IJ;OBaTeJihHOro M IIIYHTHpYJ0111ero KJIIO'leii, BKJIIO'laeMhlX rrorrepeMeHHO
(pHc. 3.47).
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KacKa.n;
y,n;BaHBaeT ocna6neHHe (B .n;e11H6enax) 11eHoii
,n;orroJIHHTeJibHOro RBKJI , B TO BpeMH KaK
rrocne,n;oBaTeJihHo-rrapannenhHaH
cxeMa
(q>aKTH'leCKH 3TO O,IJ;HOIIOJIOCHbIH KJIIO'I Ha
.n;Ba HarrpaBneHHH-1II2H) YMeHhIIIaeT rrpHMoe rrpoXO)K,IJ;eHHe, CHH)KaH 3q>q>eKTMBHOe
corrpoTHBJieHHe Harpy3KH ,n;o RBKJI, Kor.n;a
rrocne.n;oBaTenhm,1ii KJIIO'I pa30MKffYT.
PHc. 3.45. l130Jlllpyiouzyie xapaKTepHCTHKH KJJIO'!a H3 ceMeiicTBa IH5140 (KJIIO'I pa30MKHYT).
YnpalKHeHHe 3.9. IIepeC'!HTaiiTe CKB03Hoe npoxoJK.L1eHHe a HarpY3KY 10 KOM Ha '!aCTOTe I Mril, npHHSIB
Cc., = I n<l> H R.'" = 50 OM .LIJISI cxeMbI pHC. 3.47.
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UBX _ _ /
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500M
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0
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104
105
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BhIIIyc-
pocTa qacTOThl H yBeJIMqeHHH IIOJIHOro corrpOTHBJieHHH HCTOqHHKa CMrHaJia, K KOTOpoMy IIO~KJIIOqeH KaHaJI. IIpe~OCTaBMM BaM
KaIOTCH OT~eJihHhIMM 6JioKaMM. Ha rrpaKTM-
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Ke MO)KHO BCTpeTMTh H rrapy KJIJOqeii 1H2II
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Y~OCTOBepHThCH
B
IlpMMepaMH HBJUIIOTCH
YnpalKUeuue 3.11. PaccquTaiiTe eeJIHqnny uaBOAKH,
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CIIOC06HbIMH nponycKaTb TOK He 6onee qeM
HanpH)l(eHHe. B cnyqae MOIQHoro 6HIIOJIHp-
HeCKOJibKO ,[(eCHTKOB MHJIJIHaMIIep, ,[(O Tex
Horo TpaH3HCTOpa IIOJIO)l(HTeJibHI,IH TeMIIe-
nop IIOKa B KOHQe 1970-x ro,[(OB HIIOHCKHe
paTypHbIH
KOMIIaHHH He BhIIIYCTHJIH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie
TOKa IIpH qJHKCHpOBaHHOM
VMOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbI
MOil-cTpyKTypa
c
(BepTHKaJibHaH
V-o6pa3HOH
KaHaB-
Koii).
Cero.[(HH
MOIQHI,Ie
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbI
K03<pqJHQHeHT
KOJIJieKTOpHoro
u63 (IIpH6JIH3H-
TeJibHO +9%/°C, CM. pa3.[(. 2.10) 03HaqaeT,
qTo JIOKaJibHaH To~a pa3orpeBa nepexo.[(a
6y.[(eT
HMeTb
TOKa,
qTO
6onee
BhICOKYIO
IIJIOTHOCTb
BbI30BeT ,[(OIIOJIHHTeJibHbIH
Ha-
UK 3 H IK
BhIIIYCKaJOT BCe H3rOTOBHTeJIH ,[(HCKpeTHI>IX
rpeB. Ilp0: .[(OCTaToqHo 6oJibIIIHX
IIOJIYIIPOBO,[(HHKOBbIX IIpH6opOB (HaIIpHMep,
3Ta «TOKOBaH .[(e<pOpMaQHH» MO)l(eT IIpHBeC-
B CIIIA TaKHe <pHpMbI, KaK GE, IR, Motorola,
TH K JIOKaJibHOMy caMopa3orpeBy, H3BeCT-
RCA, Siliconix, Supertex, TI; HapH.[(y c HHMH
HOMy IIO,[( Ha3BaHHeM «BTOpHqHI,JH npo6oii».
eBponeiicKHe KOMIIamm, TaKHe KaK Amperex,
B pe3yJibTaTe «nnoma.[(b 6e3onacHoii pa6o-
Ferranti, Siemens H SGS, a TaK)l(e MHOrHe H3
TbI» 60:noJIHpHoro TpaH3Hcrnpa (Ha rpaqim<e
HIIOHCKHX KOMIIaHHH) IIO,[( TaKHMH Ha3Ba-
3aBHCHMOCTH KOJIJieKTOpHoro TOKa OT Ha-
HHHMH, KaK VMOII, TMOII, BepTm<aJibHbie
IlpH)l(eHHH
,[(MOII H HEXFET (reKcaroHaJibHI>Ie IIT).
eCJIH yqHTbIBaTb TOJibKO ,[(OIIYCTHMYJO MOIQ-
0HH
HOCTb pacceHHHH TpaH3HCTopa (IIO.[(p06Hee
MoryT
BbICOKHMH
onepHpOBaTb
HaIIpH)l(eHHHMH
c
y.[(HBHTeJibHO
(.[(O
1000 B)
,[(OIIYCKaJOT IIHKOBbie TOKH ,[(O 280 A
H
(no-
CTOHHHO qepe3 HHX MO)l(eT IIpOXO,[(HTb TOK
.[(O
70 A),
Ra."
a
He6oJibIIIHe
oqeHb
MOIQHbie
06
3TOM
3,[(eCb
Ha
CM.
KOJIJieKTOpe)
B
COCTOHT
rJI. 6).
B
MeHbIIIe,
qeM
Ba)l(HbIH MOMeHT
TOM,
qTo
TOK
CTOKa
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpa IIa,[(aeT IIpH yBeJIHqeHHH
MaJio-0,02 OM.
TeMnepaTypbI (pHC. 3.13) H 3TO IIOJIHOCTblO
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbI
HCKmoqaeT IIOHBJieHHe «ropHqHx ToqeK» B
CTOHT cymecTBeHHO MeHbIIIe ,[(OJIJiapa, H BbI-
nepeXO,[(e. MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbI He IIO,[(Bep-
nycKaJOTCH OHH BO Bcex o6bJqHbIX TpaH3HC-
)l(eHbI BTOpHqHoMy npo6oJO H HX o6JiaCTb
TOpHbIX Kopnycax, a TaK)l(e IIO HeCKOJibKO
6e3oIIaCHOH
pa60TbI
TpaH3HCTopoB
,[(OIIYCTHMOH
MOIQHOCTblO
B
y.[(o6HOM
Kopnyce
DIP,
B KOTOpOM BbIIIYCKaJOTCH H 60JibIIIHHCTBO
MMC. I1poHHH cy.[(b6b1 3aKJIJOqaeTcH B TOM,
0IIaCHOH
TpaH3HCTopa
MaJIOMOIQHI,Ie
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbI,
3aTO
TOJibKO
pacceHHHH
( CM.
pHc. 3.66, r,[(e cpaBHHBaJOTCH o6JiaCTH 6e3-
qTo Tenepb y)l(e TPY.[(HO HaHTH .[(HCKpeTHbie
HeT npo6neM c MOIQHbIMH MOI1-TpaH3HC-
orpaH0:qeHa
pa60TbI
H
MOI1-TpaH3HCTopa
JM3KC ,
u
M3KC
H
n - p- n-
6HIIOJIHpHoro
MOIQHoro
npH
n-KaHaJibHOro
O.[(HHX
H
Tex
)Ke
p pacJ· Ilo TeM )Ke IIpH:qHHaM
TopaMH. B Ta6JI. 3.5 nepeqHCJieHbI HaH60Jiee
ycHJIHTeJIH MOIQHOCTH Ha MOI1-TpaH3HCTO-
npe,[(CTaBHTeJibHbie
pax He HMeJOT Tex HeIIpHHTHbIX TeH,[(eHQHH
THIIhI
MOIQHbIX
MOI1-TpaH3HCTopoB.
K TeMnepaTypHOMY yxo,[(y napaMeTpOB, 3a
BblCOKOe conpomueAemte, meMnepamypHaR
cma6u!lbHocmb. ,[(Ba Ba)l(HbIX npeHMymecTBa
KOTOpbie
MOIQHbIX
Mb!
«TaK
mo6HM»
6HIIOJIHpHbie
TpaH3HCTOpbI ( CM. pa3,[(. 2.15), H HaKOHeQ,
OTJIHqaJO-
MOIQHbie MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbI MoryT 6bITb
IQHX HX OT MOIQHbIX 6HIIOJIHpHhIX TpaH3HC-
BKmoqeHI,I napaJIJieJibHO 6e3 TOKOBbipaBHH-
TOpOB,- 3TO BbICOKOe BXO,[(HOe COIIpOTHBJie-
BaJOIIJ;HX pe3HCTOpOB, KOTOpbie ,[(JIH 6HIIO-
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpOB,
HHe (0.[(HaKO OCTeperaihecb BbICOKOH BXO,[(-
JIHpHbIX
HOH eMKOCTH, oco6eHHO ,[(JIH CHJibHOTOqffbJX
pa3.[(. 6.07).
TpaH3HCTOpOB
Heo6XO,[(HMhI
(CM.
rJiaea 3
168
Ta6Au11a 3.5. Mom;HhIC MOII-TpaH3HCTOphI
uc;>np' B fIOCTOlIHHhlli TOK
CTOKa, A
RBKJJ.'
U3w:,
OM npn B
(MaKc.)
Un, B
(MaKC.)
n<t>
(THn.)
C311,
C 3c, n<t> Q ... , HKn
(THn.)
Kopnyc 6>
Tnn " npnMe'!aHHll •>
(THn.)
n-KaHaJihHbie
30
0,8
1,8
5
2,5
110
35
40
60
4
0,2
2,5
6
5
5
1,5
2,5
60
60
5
5
60
0,4
5
5
2,5
60
10
DIP-14
60
15
0,14
5
2
900
180
T0-220
100
100
100
100
0,25
0,8
1,3
2
15
2,5
0,3
I
5
5
10
5
2,4
2,4
4
2
27
70
450
200
3
12
50
20
0,6
2,6
11
T0-92
T0-92
DIP-4
T0-220
100
4
0,6
10
4
180
15
5
T0-220
100
8
0,25
10
4
350
24
10
T0-220
100
100
100
120
200
200
200
200
200
200
25
40
65
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,25
0,4
3
5
0,08
0,06
0,04
10
40
24
15
8
1,5
0,8
10
10
10
2,5
5
10
5
5
10
10
4
4
5
2
3,5
2
3
3
4
4
1500
2000
5200
125
25
40
40
75
140
450
90
350
640
20
3
5
5
7
9
40
39
63
1,0
2,5
6
II
T0-220
T0-3
T0-3
T0-92
T0-92
T0-92
T0-92
T0-92
T0-220
T0-220
200
9
0,4
10
4
600
80
19
T0-220
200
200
18
30
0,18
0,09
10
10
4
4
1300
2600
93
150
43
80
T0-220
T0-3
500
500
500
0,05
0,2
2,5
85
20
3
5
5
10
4
4
4
45
75
350
2
10
10
13
T0-92
T0-92
T0-220
500
4
1,5
10
4
610
18
21
T0-220
500
8
0,85
10
4
1300
45
42
T0-220
500
500
1000
1000
12
20
I
5
0,4
0,3
10
3
10
10
10
10
4
5
4,5
4,5
2700
4500
1200M)
2600 M)
75
100
SOM)
220M)
86
T0-3
T0-3
T0-220
T0-3
30
0,6
2
12
4,5
150
60
DIP-14
60
0,4
5
10
4,5
150
20
DIP-14
100
100
100
100
0,15
0,4
I
6
40
8
0,6
0,6
5
5
10
10
3,5
3,5
4
4
20
90
300
300
3
15
50
50
DIP-14
0,8
0,5
33
110
T0-92
T0-92
VQ3001J 1>; 2N, 2P B KOpnyce DIP
TN0104N3; HH3KHH nopor
VN0610L 3 >; 3amnrn 3aTBopa; no.1106eH VN2222
VQ1004J 1>; C'!eTBepeHHblli
B Kopnyce DIP
RFP l 5N06L 2 >; HH3KHH nopor
VN1310N3, BSS!OO
VN0210N3
IRFD120
RFP2NIOL 2 >; HH3KHH nopor
IRF510, MTP4NIO,
VNIIION5, 2SK295
IRF520, BUZ72A, 2SK383,
VNl210N5
IRF540, MTP25N10
IRF150, 2N6764
VNE003A I)
VN1206L 1>; HH3KHH nopor
VN1320N3
VN2020L 1 >, BS107
VN0120N3, BSSIOI
VN0220N3, BSS89
IRF610, VN1220N5
IRF620, MTP5N20,
BUZ30, 2SK440
IRF630, MTP8N20,
BUZ32
IRF640
IRF250, 2N6766,
MTM40N20
VN0550N3
VN0650N3
IRF820, BUZ74,
MTP3N50
IRF830, BUZ41A,
VN5001D 1>, MTP4N50
IRF840, MTP8N50,
2SK555 4 >
IRF450, 2N6770, 2SK560 4 >
VNP006A I)
MTP!NlOO, BUZ50B
MTM5NIOO, BUZ54,
IRFAG50
p-KaHaJibHhie
0,4
3
16
16
T0-92
T0-92
DIP-4
T0-220
VQ3001J 1 >; 2N, 2P B KOpnyce DIP
VQ2004J 1 >; qeTbipe B KOpnyce DIP
VP1310N3
VP210N3, VPI008L 1>
IRFD9120
IRF9520, VP1210N5,
MTP8PIO
IloJieBhie TpaH3UCTOphl
169
llpoiJoA:»eeHue ma6A. 3.5
U3w
uc;>up' B IlocTO!IH- RBKn'
Hh!H TOK OM npn B
cToKa, A
(MaKc.)
100
200
200
200
200
500
500
500
500
a)
u311np
19
0,06
0,1
3,5
11
0,o7
0,1
1
2
0,2
100
40
4
0,5
150
25
9
6
10
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
C311 , n<t> C3c, n<t> Q.,., HKn Kopnyc 6>
(MaKc.) (THU.)
(THn.)
(THil.)
Un, B
4
3,5
3,5
3,5
4
5
4
4,5
4,5
1100
35
50
600
llOO
35
75
550
lOOQM)
250
2
5
20
150
3
10
20
SQM)
= ±20 B, 3a HCKJIIO'!eHHeM: l) ±40 B, l) ± 10 B,
3>
70
0,5
1
10
70
20
T0-220
T0-92
T0-92
T0-220
T0-220
T0-92
T0-92
T0-220
T0-220
Tim H npnMe'!aHH!I •>
IRF9540, MTP12Pl0
VP1320N3
VP0120N3, BSS92
VP1220N5, IRF9622
IRF9640
VP0550N3
VP0650N3
VP0350N5
MTP2P50
+ 15, -0,3 B H 4 > ± 15 B
en,: DIP-4 = 120 °C/BT; DIP-14 = 100 °C/BT; T0-92 = 200 °C/BT; en,: T0-220 = 2,5 °C/BT; T0-3 = 0,8 °C/BT.
Ppaoo npH T.,,p = 75°C: DIP-4 = 0,6 BT; DIP-14 = 0,8 BT; T0-92 = 0,3 BT; Ppaoo (npH 4opn = 75 °C): T0-220 = 30 BT;
6)
T0-3 = 90 BT.
•) 0JKHAa!OTC!I BapHanHH napaMeTpOB y pa3JIH'IHh!X H3rOTOBHTeJieii; 3AeCh npeACTaBJieHhl THilH'IHhle napaMeTph!.
Ml MaKCHMyM.
IlpuMepb1 MOUJflblX nepeKA10'lame11brtblX
cxeM u rteo6xoouMb1e npeoocmopo.)Krtocmu.
qaCTO 6brnaeT )KeJiaTeJibHO yrrpaBJI.sITb
MOIIUibIM MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpOM C BbIXO.[(a
11mppOBbIX Jiorw1eCKHX cxeM. XoT.sr HMeJOTC.sI
CeMeHCTBa JIOrwieCKHX cxeM, Bbl.[(aJOIIJHe
Harrp.sr)KeHHe 10 B H 6onee («KMOII-cepH.sr
4000»), O.[(HaKO B 60JibllIHHCTBe ceMeHCTB
norHqecKHX HMC HCIIOJib3YJOTc.sr ypoBHH
+ 5 B («BbicoKocKopocTHbie KMOII») HJIH
+2,4 B («TTJI»). Ha pHc. 3.67 rroKa3aHo,
KaK rrepeKJIJOqaTb Harpy3KY, rro.[(aBa.sr yrrpaBJI.sIJOIIJHe CHrHaJibI OT JIOrHqecKHX cxeM 3THX
Tpex ceMeiicTB. B rrepBoii cxeMe CHrHaJI
B036y)K.[(eHH.sI 38TBopa + 10 B IIOJIHOCTblO
OTKpoeT JIJ06oii MOI1-TpaH3HCTOp, TaK qTo
Mb! BbI6epeM VN0106-He.[(oporoii TpaH3HCTop, y KOToporo Ra•n < 5 OM rrpH
31'1 = 5 B. ,l(HO.[( B cxeMe 3aIIJHIIJaeT OT
HH,!JyKTHBHbIX BCIIJieCKOB (pa3.[(. 1.31); BKJIIOqeHHbIH IIOCJie.[(OBaTeJibHO C 3aTBOpOM pe3HCTOp XOT.sI He o6.sr3aTeJibHO Heo6XO.[(HM,
O.[(HaKO IIOJie3eH, TaK KaK eMKOCTb CTOK 3aTBop MOI1-TpaH3HcTopa MO)KeT rrepe.[(aTb
MH.[(YKTHBHbIH rrepexo.[(HbIH rrpouecc B Ha-
u
rpy3Ke
o6paTHO
Ha
qyBCTBHTeJibHYJO
KMOII-nornKy (BcKope MbI paccKa)KeM 06
3TOM 6onee rro.[(po6Ho ). Bo BTopoii cxeMe Ha
3aTBOp IIO.[(aeTC.sI 5 B, qTo BCe eme HeIIJIOXO
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MbI rrpnMeHHJIH 3.[(ecb p-KaHaJibHbIH MOII TpaH3HCTOp, rrepeKJIJOqaJOIIJHH Harpy3KY,
IIO.[(KJIJOqeHHYIO K 3eMJie.
,l(Be OCTaBIIIHec.sr cxeMbI .[(eMOHCTPHPYJOT
.[(Ba crroco6a o6pa6oTKH cnrHaJia + 2,4 B (B
xy.[(IIIeM cnyqae; o6bJqHo 3TO r.[(e-TO OKOJIO
+ 3,5 B)-BbICOKoro JIOrHqecKoro ypOBH.sI
IJHqJpOBOH JIOrHKH TTJI. MO)KHO HCIIOJib30BaTb «IIO.[(T.sirHBalOIIJHH» K + 5 B pe3HCTOP, qTo6bI o6ecrreqHTb IIOJIHbIH rreperra.[(
+ 5 B Ha BbIXO.[(e TTJI, KOTOphlii 3aTeM
B036y)K.[(aeT o6bJqHbIH MOI1-TpaH3HCTop;
MO)KHO BbI6paTb H .[(pyroii rryTb- HCIIOJib30BaTb qTO-HH6y.[(b BpO.[(e TN0106-«HH3KOrroporoBoro» MOI1-TpaH3HCTopa, paccqHTaHHoro Ha CHrHaJI B036y)K.[(eHH.sr C ypOBHeM
TTJI. Ey.[(bTe, O.[(HaKo, BHHMaTeJibHbI K rracrropTHbIM .[(aHHbIM. HarrprrMep, B crreIJHqJMKaIJHH Ha TNOl YKa3aHO «U3Ylnop = 1,5 B
(MaKc.)», qTo 3ByqnT rrpeKpacHo .[(O Tex rrop,
K
PHc. 3.65. TpaH3HCTOp C 60Jihl!JOH
IlJIOIUaAh!O nepeXOAOB MOlKHO pacCMaTpHBaTh KaK MHOro napaJIJieJihHO BKJIIO'!eHHhlX TpaH3HCTOpOB C
Manoli nnoruaAh!O nepexOAOB.
100
PHc. 3.66. Morn;HhJe MOI1-TpaH3HCTOphI He IlOABep)[(eHhI BTOpH'IHOMY npo6010.
OrpaHH4eH\.1e no I.,aKc
50f-----"---....
OrpaHH4eH\.1e no MOll\HOCnl
pacce51HM51•
20
10
5
OrpaHw;eHHe
no BTOpM'-IHOMy
npo5oKJ
..,::
2
2N6274
(npn -TpaH31ACTOp)
OrpaHM'leHIAe
0,5
no U.,aKc
0,2
+24 B (nocm. mo11)
0,1
0,05
0 3 8 (MaKC11MYM BO
BKJ110'leHHoM cocmoHHMM)
VN0106
2
+20B
50
100
+20B
+5B
VN0106
RBKnc:50M (MaKc.)
np1,1 u3w"5B
TN0104
74~
U3Hnop ~ 1,5B (MaKc.)
RBKJl =50M hMn.)
npH U3w =3B
-=Puc. 3.67. MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpbl cnoco6HhI nepeKJIIO'!aTb MOmHhie Harpy3KH, npH ynpaB.TIIDOIIUIX CHrHanax C ypoBHHMH
mnjJpOBbIX J!OfH'!eCKHX cxeM.
171
IloJieBLie TpaH3BCT0pb1
5
a MMeHHO-'fTO Bb16paTb: CJIO)KHYIO cxeMy,
IIOJIHOCTb}O y.ri;OBJieTBOPHIDIIJYJO KpHTepHHM
pa3pa60TKM B
4
U~w 108
9B
3
88
7B
6B
caMbIM
HaHxy.ri;IIIeM
CJiy'!ae H
rapaHTHPYJOIIIYID
TeM
pa60Tocrroco6-
HocTb, HJIH rrpOCTYIO CXeMY' He OTBe'!alOIIJYIO crre11mpHKaIIHHM B HaHXy.[(IIIeM cnyqae,
KOTOpaH, 0.[(HaKO, B rro.ri;aBJIHJOIIJ;eM 6oJibIIIHHCTBe
cnyqaeB
6y.ri;eT
pa6oTaTb
6e3
rrpo6neM. He pa3 eme B03HHKHYT MOMeHTbl,
Kor.ri;a Bbl rroiiMaeTe ce6H Ha TOM, 'fTO BbI6H-
5B
cna6b1ii BHyTpeHHHii ronoc, rro.ri;cKa3bIBaID-
3B
2B
IIJHii o6paTHoe.
o ~::::::::r:::::::r:::::J::::::c::::J
0
10
40
paeTe rrocne.[(Hee, He o6pamaH BHMMaHHH Ha
4B
50
B rrpe.ri;b1.ri;ymeM rrpMMepe Mbl
EMKocmb.
BKJIIO'faJIH
IIOCJie.[(OBaTeJibHO
C
3aTBOpOM
pe3HCTOP (B cxeMe C HH.[(YKTHBHOM Harpy3Koii). KaK OTMe'faJIOCb paHee (pa3.[(. 3.09),
MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpb1
3,0
6ecKOHe'!HOe
MMeIDT
pe3HCTHBHOe
rrpaKTH'feCKH
corrpOTHBJieHHe
3aTBOpa, HO KOHe'!HOe IIOJIHOe corrpOTHBJieHHe H3-3a eMKOCTH 3aTBOp-KaHaJI. Y CHJib-
2,4
HOTO'fHbIX MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpOB 3Ta eMKOCTb
MO)KeT 6bITb O'feHb pa3Hoii: cpaBHHTe BXO.[(-
1,8
HYIO eMKOCTb 45 rr<I> y
<:
...,'
c
......
aMrrepHbIM
1,2
1-aMrrepHoro VNOI
CBx = 450 rr<I> 10-aMrrepHoro IRF520; 70-
HMeeT
SMM70N05
CBx = 4300 rr<I>!
qmpMbl
liblCTpo
Siliconix
H3MeHHID-
meecH HarrpH)KeHHe CTOKa MO)KeT Bbl3BaTb
o,c: -
B 3aTBope rrepeXO.[(HblM TOK B MHJIJIHaMrre-
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
.[(JIH
IIOBpe)K,[(eHHH)
xapaKTepHCTHKH
n-KaBa.JihHOfO
a- Bh1xo,11sb1e xapaKTepHCTHKH; 6 - nepe-
(H
He)KHblX
yrrpaB-
BKJIIO'faeMoe
corrpo-
JIHIOIIJHX KMOil-'fHIIOB.
nrnneHHe
MOil-TpaH3HCTOpa THna TN0104 C Hll3KHM noporoBh!M
sanpsnKeHHeM.
'ITO .[(OCTaTO'IHO .[(JIH rreperpy3KM
.[(a)Ke
IIocne.ri;oBaTeJibHO
U~H, B
PHC. 3.68. CTOKOBhie
pax,
Bbl6HpaeTCH
M3
coo6pa)KeHHii
KOMIIpOMHCCa Me)K.[(y 6blCTpo.ri;eiiCTBMeM M
Heo6XO.[(HMOCTblO 3aIIJHTbl, rrpH 3TOM THIIH'!HbIMH HBJIHIOTCH 3Ha'feHHH OT 100 OM .[(O
,11aTO'!Hh!e xapaKTepHCTHKH.
10 KOM. .[(a)Ke 6e3 HH.[(YJCTHBHOii Harpy3KH
.[(HHaMH'feCKl'IM TOK 3aTBOpa 6y.ri;eT, KOHe'!HO,
IIOKa Bbl He rrpo•neTe rrpeBOCXO.[(HYIO CHOCKY
HMeTb MeCTO: eMKOCTb OTHOCHTeJibHO 3eMJIH
(«rrpM Ic = I
3aTBop ffY)KHO rro.ri;aTb HarrpirnceHMe HaMJrnro
Ciss 6y.ri;eT 3apH)KaTbCH TOKOM J = Cis dU3Mfdt,
C,ss
C03.ri;aeT BXO.[(HOM TOK I = C,ss dU c3/dt. 3TOT
Bblllle U 311 nop (pMC. 3.68). 0.ri;HaKO 3Ta CXel\,fa,
IIOCJie.[(HHM 6y.ri;eT .[(OMHHHpoBaTb B KJIIO'fe
B03MO)KHO,
C 06IIJHM HCTOKOM, IIOCKOJibKY fiU c 3 06bl'IHO
HaMHoro 60JibIIIe, '!eM CHrHaJI B036y)K.[(eHHH
MA»). 3To 03Ha'!aeT, 'ITO .[(JI.SI
IIOJIHoro OTKpbITIUI MOI1-TpaH3MCTOpa Ha
6y.ri;eT pa6oTaTb xopoIIIO, rro-
CKOJibKY a) BblCOKMM ypoBeHb Bb1xo.ri;a TTJ1
pe.ri;KO 6brnaeT HH)Ke
3Ha'feHHe cocTaBmreT
+ 3 B M TMIIH'fHOe ero
+ 3,5 B H 6) B rracrrop-
Te Ha TNOI .ri;anee yKa3aHo:
«UBKJI (THrr.) =
= 5 OM rrpu U 311 = 3 B».
3TOT rrpMMep MJIJIIOCTpHpyeT '!aCTO B03HHKalOIIJMe
y
pa3pa60T'fHKa
3aTpy.ri;HeHHH,
8
a (MeHblllaH) eMKOCTb o6paTHOM CBH3H
3arnopa AU 311 (3<p<peKT MMnnepa).
YnpalKHenne 3.19. MOil-TpaH3HCTop IRF520, nepeKJIIO'!aIOmHii 2-aMnepHy'IO
Harpy3KY,
BhlKJIIO'!aeTCSI 3a
100 BC (npH nepeKJIIO'!eHllll noTeHQHa.Jia 3aTBopa c
+ 10 B ,110 IlOTeHQHa.Jia 3eMJIH), B Te'!eBHe KOTOphIX
HanplllKeBHe CTOKa H3MeHSieTCSI OT
O ,110 50 B.
qeMy
paBHO cpe,11see 3Ha'!eHHe TOKa 3aTB0pa B Te'!eHHe 3THX
rJiaBa 3
172
1000
15
u3"= o
C;ss = C9 s + C9 d, Cds
C,ss = Cgd
BOO
Coss
= Cds + CgsCgd
C95 + C9 d
10
= Cds + Cgd
600
a>
-&
:s:
Ciss
C
:::r'
<..:i
400
5
IRF520
Coss
200
C,ss
5
0
0
15
10
10
3ap~~ 3arsopa,ttKn
Pnc. 3.69. 3aBHCHMOCTb 3apS1Aa 3aTBopa MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpa THna IRF520 OT
U 311 .
100 HC B npeAilOJIOJKeHHII, '!TO c,11 (Ha3bIBaeMoe TaKJKe
C,,,) paBHO 450 n<l>, a Cc, (Ha3bIBaeMoe TaKJKe C,,s) paBHO
50 n<l>?
20
30
UC~, B
40
50
Pnc. 3.70. EMKOCTH B MO~Ot' MOI1-TpaH3HCTOpe runa
IRF520. 113MepeHHS1 npoBoAHJIHCh n;')n U311 = 0. C,ss =
= C311 + C3c (CTOK H HCTOK 3aKOpO'!eHhl); C,ss = C,c;
Coss= Cc11 + (C,11· C,c)/(C,11 + C,c),,, Cc11 + C,c ·
YnpalKlleHHe 3.20. KaK 3aBHCHMOCTb C,ss OT HanpSIJKeHHSI o6bSICHS1eT H3MeHeHHe HaKJioHa KpHBblX 3apS1Aa 3aTaopa?
B KJUoqe C 06mHM HCTOKOM BKJia,L( 3q>-
!(onoAHumeAbHbze MOMeHmb1, mpe6y10UJue
q>eKTa MHJIJiepa B TOK 3aTBOpa HMeeT MeCTO
6HUMGHUR. EcTb elll;e HeKOTOpbie Belll;H, KO-
BCe BpeMH, IJOKa He 3aBepIIIHTCH nepeXO,L(-
TOpbIX He BhIHOCHT MOII-TpaH3HCTOpbl H 0
HhIH
eMKOCTh
KOTOpbIX BaM CJie,L(yeT 3HaTb. Bee H3rOTOBH-
3aTBOp-HCTOK C03,L(aeT TOK TOJihKO IIpH H3-
TeJIH MOIUHhIX MOII-TpaH3HCTopoB soe,L(H-
MeHeHHH HaIIpH)KeHHH 3aTBopa. 3TH 3q>q>eK-
HHIOT IJO,L(JIO)KKY C HCTOKOM IIpHMO B KOp-
npouecc
B
uenH
CTOKa,
a
Thl qacTO pHCYIOTCH B BH,L(e rpaq>HKa «3aBH-
nyce.
CHMOCTH
KaHaJIOM ,L(HO,L(, TO 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTo q>aKTH-
3apH.L(a 3aTBOpa
OT HaIIpH)KeHHH
IloCKOJihKY
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o6pa3yeT
C
3aTBOp-HCTOK», KaK 3TO C,L(eJiaHO Ha pHC.
qecKH B 3THX TpaH3HCTOpax Me)K.L(y HCTOKOM
3.69.
H CTOKOM HMeeTCH ):(HO.I( (pHC.
ropH30HTaJihHaH nonKa Ha rpaq>HKe
3.71); HeKo-
Ha6mo,L(aeTCH IIpH HaIJpH)KeHHH BKJIIOqeHHH,
TOpbie
KOr,L(a 6blCTpo IJa,L(aIOIIl;ee HaIIpH)KeHHe CTOKa
3TOT ):(HO.I( Ha cxeMHOM H306pa)KeH1rn Bhl-
BhlHY)K.L(aeT
nycKaeMoro HMM MOII-TpaH3HCTopa, qTo-
cxeMy
B036y)K,L(eHHH
3aTBopa
BIIpbICKHBaTh ,L(OIJOJIHHTeJihHbIH 3apH.L( B
c,••
H3rOTOBHTeJIH ,L(a)Ke
6bl Bbl 06
HBHO
pHCYIOT
3TOM He MOrJIH 3a6hITh.
3To
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TO 3Ta ropH30HTaJibHaH qacTh rpaq>HKa 6h1na 6bI IIpOIIOpll;HOHaJibHa HaIIpH)KeHHIO CTOKa, IIOCJie qero KpHBaH IIpO.L(OJI)KaJiaCb 6bI
C npe)KHHM HaKJIOHOM. Ha caMOM ,L(eJie eMKOCTh o6paTHOH CBH3H
c,•• IIpH MaJIOM Ha-
IIpH)KeHHH 6bICTpo B03pacrneT (pHC. 3.70),
a 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTo 3q>q>eKT MHnnepa 6onhrne
BCero
IIpOHBJIHeT ce6H
Ha TOH
_J
J
qacTH
CHrHaJia, KOr,L(a HaIIpH)KeHHe Ha CTOKe Mano.
3THM
ofo,HCHHeTCH
H3MeHeHHe
HaKJIOHa
KpHBOH 3apH.L(a 3aTBOpa, a TaK)Ke TOT q>aKT,
Pnc. 3.71.
B MO~bIX
MOI1-TpaH3HCTopax IlOAJIOlKKY
qTo ,L(JIHHa ropH30HTaJibHOH IJOJIKH noqTH He
COeAHHSIIOT C HCTOKOM, B pe3yJibTaTe '!ero o6pa3yeTCS1
3aBHCHT OT HaIJpH)KeHHH CTOKa.
AHOAHhIH nepeXOA CTOK - HCTOK.
IloJieBLie TpaHJHCTOpLI
173
B CBOIO oqepe.z:i;b 03HaqaeT, q'.fo Bbl He MO)l(e-
51HHblM TOK. Eme O.lJ;HO, 3a qeM Heo6xo,z:i;HMO
Te HCIIOJib30BaTb MOIUHblii MOII-TpaH3Hc-
cne.z:i;HTb-He oCTaBHTb 3aTBOp MOII-TpaH-
Top KaK HeHarrpaBJieHHbIB rrpH6op HJIH )Ke
3HCTopa
ITO MeHbIIIeii Mepe He MO)l(eTe rro.z:i;aTb Ha
HaMHoro 6onee rro.z:i;Bep)l(eH rrpo6010, Kor.z:i;a
rrepexo.z:i;
TaK
KaK
OH
Ha HeM HaKaIIJIHBaeTC51 IIJiaBaIOrn;Hii IIOTeH-
HaIIp51)1(eHHe
o6paT-
rrpeBblIIIaIOmee
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QHaJI (HeT ueIIH pa3p51.z:i;a CTaTHqeCKOro 3JieKT-
rra.z:i;eHHe Harrp51)1(eHH51 Ha .n;Ho.z:i;e. Harrpm.iep,
pHqecTBa, KOTOpa51 B HeKOTOpoii Mepe CHH-
Bbl
)l(aeT orracHOCTb rrpo6o51). 3To MO)l(eT cny-
HOM
CTOK- HCTOK
HeIIO.lJ;KJIIOqeHHbIM,
IIOJI51pHOCTH,
He
CMO)l(eTe
HCIIOJib30BaTb
MOIUHblM
MOII-TpaH3HCTop .z:i;n51 c6poca B HyJib HH-
qHTbC51 HeO)l(H.lJ;aHHO, ecJIH CHrHaJI Ha 3aTBOp
TerpaTopa,
rrocTyrraeT
B036y)l(.z:i;aeMoro
6Hrron51pHblM
CHrHaJioM; He rronyqHTC51 TaK)l(e IIpHMeHHTb
c
.z:i;pyroii rreqaTHoii cxeMhI.
B
3TOM cnyqae, T. e. TaM, r.z:i;e HCTOqHHK CHrHaJI
ero H B KaqecTBe aHanoroBoro KJIIOqa .z:i;n51
HaXO.lJ;HTC51 BHe .z:i;aHHOM IIJiaTbl, ny'lIIIe Bcero
6HIIOJI51pHblX CHrHaJIOB. 3Ta rrpo6JieMa He
IIOCTaBHTb B cxeMy Me)l(,n;y 3aTBOpOM H HC-
B03HHKaeT B I1MC Ha MOII-TpaH3HCTopax
TOKOM JII06oro TaKoro MOII-TpaH3HCTopa
( aHanorOBblX
pe3HCTOp (cKa)l(eM, 100 KOM-1 MOM).
KJIIOqax,
HaIIpHMep) - B
HHX
IIO.lJ;JIO)l(Ka coe,z:i;HHeHa C BblBO.lJ;OM HCTOqHHKa
IIHTaHH51 OTpHUaTeJibHOM IIOJ151pHOCTH.
Eme o.z:i;HH KaIIKaH .lJ;J151 HeOCTOpO)l(HblX 3TO
TOT
rrpo6o51
6oJibIIIHHCTBe cnyqaeB 51BJI51IOTC51 xopoIIIeii
3aTBop-HCTOK (06b1qHa51 BeJIHqHHa ±20 B)
3aMeHOM MOIUHblM 6HIIOJI51pHblM TpaH3HC-
MeHbIIIe,
q>aKT,
qTo
HaIIp51)1(eHHe
CpaBHeHue cu!lbHOmo'IHbIX KflIO'leu Ha
MOII-mpaH3ucmopax u 6unoARpHbIX mpaH3ucmopax. MoIUHble MOII-TpaH3HCTOpb1 B
qeM HaIIp51)1(eHHe
rrpo6o51
CTOK -
TOpaM. Cero.z:i;H51 OHH rrpH Tex )Ke rrapaMeT-
HCTOK ( OHO H3MeH51eTC51 B ,n;HaIIa30He OT 20
pax CT051T HeCKOJibKO 6oJibIIIe, O,n;HaKO OHH
.z:i;o 1000 B). 3TO He HMeeT 3HaqeHH51, eCJIH Ha
rrpome
3aTBOp rro.z:i;aIOTC51 CHrHaJibl B036y)l(,n;eHH51 OT
BTOpHqHOMY
HH3KOBOJibTHOM UHq>pOBOM JIOrHKH, o.z:i;HaKO
o6naCTb 6e30IIaCHOM pa60Tbl (CM. pHC. 3.66).
TpaH3HCTOp MrHOBeHHO BblM,n;eT H3 CTp051,
B
yrrpaBneHHH
IloMHHTe,
H
rrpo6010,
qTo
He
rro.z:i;Bep)l(eHb1
orpaHHqHBaIOrn;eMy
MOII-TpaH3HCTOP
BO
eCJIH Ha 3aTBOp eMy rro.z:i;aTb CHrHaJI co CTOKa
BKJIIOqeHHOM COCT051HHH Be,n;eT ce651 KaK Ma-
rrpe.z:i;b1.z:i;ymero MOII-TpaH3HCTopa c rroJIHoii
noe corrpoTHBJieHHe ( a He KaK Hacb1rn;eHHbIB
aMIIJIHTy.z:i;oii HaIIp51)1(eHH51 CTOKa.
6HIIOJI51pHblM TpaH3HCTOp ). 3TO MO)l(eT OKa-
I1 HaKoHeu, o 3arn;HTe 3aTBopa. B rrocne.z:i;-
3aTbC51 BbirO.lJ;HblM,
TaK KaK
«HaIIp51)1(eHHe
HeM pa3.z:i;ene 3TOM rnaBbl Mbl rOBOpHM 0
HaCb1IUeHH5I» 51BHblM o6pa30M C1'peMHTC51 K
TOM, qTo BCe MOII-TpaH3HCTOpb1 HCKJIIOqH-
HYJIIO IIpH MaJiblX TOKax CTOKa. CymecTByeT
TeJibHO qyBCTBHTeJibHbl K 3JieKTpOCTaTHqe-
o6mee rrpe.z:i;cTaBJieHHe o
CKHM
TpaH3HCTOpb1 He HaCb1IUaIOTC5I TaK )Ke IIpH
pa3p51,z:i;aM,
Bbl3bIBaIOIUHM
rrpo6oii
TOM, qTo MOII-
B OTJIHqHe
60JibIIIHX TOKax, O,n;HaKO HaIIIH HCCJie.n;oBa-
OT ITT HJIH .z:i;pyrnx ycTpoiicTB c p-n-rrepexo-
HH51 IIOKa3aJIH, qTo 3TO rrpe.z:i;cTaBJieHHe rny-
H30J1Hpy10mero 3aTBOp OKHCJia.
.z:i;aMH, B KOTOpblX JiaBHHHblM TOK rrepexo.z:i;a
60KO OIIIH6oqHo.
MO)l(eT
HeCKOJibKO
6e30IIaCHblM
B03HHKIIIee
o6pa30M
rrepeHarrp51)1(eHHe,
pa3p51.lJ;HTb
MOII-TpaH-
B rn6n. 3.6 Mbl Bbl6paJIH
cpaBHHMblX
nap
(6HIIOJI51pHb1M
n-p-n-TpaH3HCTop H n-KaHaJibHbIB MOII-
3HCTOpb1 Heo6paTHMO IIOBpe)l(.z:i;aIOTC51 rrpH
TpaH3HCTOp) H BbIIIHCaJIH .lJ;Jl51 HHX rracrropT-
O.lJ;HOKpaTHOM MrHOBeHHOM rrpo6oe 3aTBO-
Hble .z:i;aHHble ITO
pa. Ilo3TOMY oqeHb IIOJie3HO BKJIIOqaTb B
TO'lHbIM MOII-TpaH3HCTop BbirJI51.lJ;HT cna6o
uK'.J
Hae
HJIH Rc11 BKJI" Cna6o-
uerrb 3aTBopa rrocne.z:i;oBaTeJibHble pe3HCTO-
B
pbl corrpOTHBJieHHeM 1-10 KOM, oco6eHHO
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TaM, r.z:i;e CHrHaJI Ha 3aTBOp IIOCTyrraeT C .z:i;py-
0-100 B MOII-TpaH3HCTop pa6orneT nyq-
roii rreqaTHOM IIJiaTbl. 3TO CHJibHO YMeHb-
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cpaBHeHHH
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10-50 A,
IIIaeT B03MO)l(HOCTb IIOBpe)l(,n;eHH51 TpaH3HC-
qHTeJibHO BblCOKHM TOK 6a3bl, Heo6XO.z:i;HMblM
TOpa, a TaK)l(e rrpe.z:i;oTBpamaeT rreperpy3KY
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BOIIIeJI B rny6oKoe HaCblrn;eHHe-10% H 60-
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nee OT BeJIHqHHbl KOJIJieKTOpHoro TO Ka (!)- B
COCTOHT B TOM, qTO qepe3 3aTBOp HaqffHaeT
cpaBHeHHH C 10 B CMern;eHH51 (TOK HyneBoii),
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174
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Knacc
IK, le, A
npn-2N4400
60 B; 0,5 A
0,5
0,5
10
IO
20
20
15
15
nMOII-VN0610
60 B; 10 A
npn-2N3055
100 B; 50 A
npn-2N6274
nMOII-MTPJ055A
nMOil- VNE003A
npn-2N6547
400 B; 15 A
nMOII-IRF350
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Ha
TaK)Ke,
'ITO
MOII-TpaH3HeTop.
BhieOKOBOJihTHbie
0TMeTHM
MOII-TpaH-
/ 6 , MA
(U3 u, B)
U""' B (MaKc.)
25°C
125°C
0,75
2,5
3
1,5
1
0,7
1,5
3
0,8
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I.J;eHa, J:(OJIJI.
CIDA 3a
100 IIIT.
50
(10)
3,3
(10)
2
(10)
2
(10)
2,3
1,4
1,1
2,5
6
II0Tpe6JIHI0IIIHH
8
25
600
300
600
3000
500
900
0,09
0,43
0,65
0,57
11,00
12,50
4,00
12,60
3HalfHTeJibHYIO
MOIIIHOeTb
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UClil npo6 > 200 B)
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HMeIOT KaK rrpaBHJio 6oJihIIIee Rclil B•n H 60-
p-KaHaJihHhIH MOII-KJIIO<I, rrepeKJIIO<IaeMhIH
3HeTOpbI
(HaIIpHMep,
e
Jiee BhieOKHe 3Ha<IeHHH TeMrrepaTypHbIX K0-
5-BOJihTOBhIM JIOrH<IeemM eHrHaJIOM.
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B Ta6JIHIIe rrpHBe.IJ,eHbI 3HalfeHHH eMKOeTeH,
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TaK KaK HX BeJIH<IHHa
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y
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BOH Harpy30'IHOH erroeo6HoeThIO; .11,JIH HeKo-
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( oeo6eHHO
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14 MhI rrpe.11,JiaraeM ropa3.[(0 rro.Il,po6Hee
IIOJIHpHbIX TpaH3HeTopoB e TaKOH )Ke TOKO-
paeeeHHHH,
paBHYIO
paeeKa3aTh o TaKoro po.Il,a exeMe «OTKJIIO<IeHHH IIHTaHHH».
BrnpaH cxeMa (pHc.
3.72, 6) rrepeKJIIO<IaeT
+ 12 B
eMKOeTH Ha HarrpH)KeHHe HaehII1(eHHH KaK
rro.[(a<Iy
IIOKa3aTeJib Ka•reeTBa IIpHMeHHeMoro TpaH-
3HalfHTe.JibHOM TOKe Harpy3KH; 3TO MO)KeT
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Harpy3KY IIHTaHHH
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MO)KHO HCIIOJih30BaTb B Ka<IeeTBe 3aMeHbI
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6HIIOJIHpHbIX TpaH3HeTOpOB B MOIIIHhIX JIH-
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yeHJIHTeJIHx
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40
44
1,7
4
0,01
0,01
0,08
O,o25
0,4
0,2
1,3
0,6
4
40
4
35
EHIIOJillpHh!e, C MaJih!M CMell(eHHeM (cM. TaKllCe «EHilOJillpHhle, npeI1H3HOHHhle»)
OP-08E
PM
10
40
0,5
0,o7
0,15
* * HK
LMlO
NS+ * - 45
0,4
0,3
2
1
1
0,5
2
2,5
2
20
0,2
0,7
3
50nA
lOnA
2,5
30
2
7
0,2
1
-
*
2
5
*
* -*
1
10
*
LMll
NS+
* - -
* *
OP-12E
LM308
PM+
NS+
*
*
-
V
*
1
HK
5
40
0,6
0,1
0,3
10
40
36
0,5
0,8
0,07
2
0,15
7,5
10
0,5
6
of
em
IlpH
1 Kn:1
THil.,
HB/jrri
~
CKopOCTb
HapacTaIDrn
THil.,
mrr:1t>,
Mn.l
(I.)
fop
KOCC,
.llD
KOHII,
.llD
i
bl
(I.)
= "!
::r~
=
i:c
B/MKC
~
,;
0
'"'
~.,
~
~ ~
"' III
::E"'
10
10
MaKc.
PaaeH JIH
.!Ul<p<pe- pa3Max HanpllpeHQH· )Kemno ITHT. •>
MbHOe
BbIX0,11Bxo,11 BbIX0,11
HOe Ha- U+U_U+UnplllKeHHe, B 0 >
9,6
9,6
21
3,0
3,2
3,0
0,17
0,17
0,25
2,8
2,8
17
0,6
0,6
0,6
8
8
63
110
106
100
114
100
114
100
94
104
100
94
100
110
106
120
120
117
120
20
20
20
30')
30')
30')
0,5
0,5
0,5
4,5
3
25
126
140
140
70
JO')
9,6
0,3
0,6
120
110
134
12
30')
60
14
9,6
0,01
0,2
0,3
O,o2
0,9
0,6
100
114
114
104
114
100
117
110
114
6
10
12
36
0,5
30
6,5
9,6
0,7
0,3
1,8
0,9
124
130
100
120
134
138
10
12
0,5
44
2
450
310
110
110
50
18
9,6
2,5
0,25
2,5
0,8
8
114
117
110
110
113
137
30
20
30
0,5
14
0,2
0,8
110
110
106
12
0,9
15
75
114
117
137
20
2,5
15
60
117
110
137
20
0,5
9,6
0,25
0,8
120
110
128
15
30
4
94
100
108
20
40
7
9
3,0
0,8
35
2,5
140
106
114
94
80
120
120
20
15
15')
0,5
20
47
0,12
0,12
0,8
0,1
104
93
104
90
98
102
5
20
0,5
40
150
0,3
0,5
110
100
100
2
0,5
20
35
0,12
0,15
0,8
0,3
104
80
104
80
98
88
5
5
0,5
0,5
IlpHMe'!aIDrn
-
MaJIOMOIIJ,Hhrn
C HH3KHM ypOBHeM rnyMa
,[(erneBaJI cepHll
C HH3KHM ypoBHeM rnyMa,
IlO,llKOppeKTHpOBaHHblH
OP-27
- DOJlbIIIOH TOK, HH3KHH
ypoBeHh rnyMa
aapHaHT
- YJiyqrneHHhrn
OP-07
+ MHKpOMOII(HbIH
- ManoMo!I(Hbrn OP- 77
- CaMoe HH3Koe HenpepbmHOe 3Ha'!eHHe u,M
+
- YJIY'fllleHHhrn OP-07; c,11aoemn,tii = 708
- 06paTHaJI CBJl3b no TOKy;
6b1cTpo,11eiicTBYJOII(HH
- HH3KHii ypoBeHb rnyMa,
OP-27
- YJiyqrneHHhrn aapHaHT 312;
C,llBOeHHbIH = 1024
- O'!eHb HH3KHH ypoaeHh
rnyMa
- IIo,11KoppeKTHpoBaHHhlH
aapHaHT 1007, OP-37
- CaMoe HH3KOe HenpepbIBHoe 3Ha'!eHHe u,M
- qeTbipe OY B o,11HOM Kopnyce, HH3KHH ypoaeHb
IIIYMa
- C HH3KHM ypoaHeM rnyMa,
6bICTpo,11eiicTB)'JOII(HH,
HeCKOppeKTHpOBaHHhrn
- IIpeI(H3HOHHhrn 308
+ + + «0,llHOBOJibTHbIH
-
-
-
OY»,
npeQH3HOHHblH, MOlKeT
pa6oTaTb B I(ellJIX onopHOfO HanplllKeHHJI
- IIpeQH3HOHHhrn; caMoe MaJIOe CMelI(eHHe cpe,!IH 6HIlOJillpHb!X OY
- IIpeQH3HOHHhIH 312
- OpHrHHaJibHbIH C MaJlblM
cMemeHHeM (co caepxBhICOKHM 3Ha'!eHHeM K03<p·
<pHl."(HeHTa ~)
Tnu
•.,,
""
E-<
0
"'=
E-<
"'= ,&
Ilpe,lleJibHOe
,&
HauplllKeHHe ..l'
0
"'uill ""0
DHTaHHll, B
"'
>tsl
":.= >tsl:.
MHH. MaKC.
"'"' 0"' =
-,,:0
"'
Pa
4
"'"' ""':. "'=
"
'°~
ij =
~~
.... "a ~ 1l
0 "'
==
~6
" Ill= ::E~
KoJIHqecTBo OY
B 0,[IHOM
Kopuyce 6>
....0M
=
~
2
:.Pa
ToK
E-<
11
>,
,e=
HauplDKeHHe
C,llBHf, MB
~peiicjJ,
MKB/°C
CMeme- C,llBHf,
HHe, HA
HA
THU.
MaKC.
THU.
MaKC.
MaKC.
30
7
MaKC.
~
10
40
0,8
2
7,5
6
4
32
0,25
2
4
10
*
3
32
3
2
3
7
0,25
2
4
10
0,06
0,3
0,4
O,o7
0,5
2
3
DHUOJillpHbie, C O,[IHHM HCToqHHKOM UHTaHHll, upeI(H3HOHHbie
0,5
44
LT1006A
LT
2,7
0,02
0,05
0,2
0,04
0,15
0,4
2
0,2
0,75
0,75
2
5,5
20
8
5
15
200
25 MKA
25
10
2
20
900
25
LM312
NS+
LP324
NS
*
-
* *
*
DHUOJillpHbie, C 0,[IHHM HCTQqHHKOM IlHTaHHll
324A
1
NS+ V V
LP324
NS
-
*
4
32
LT1013C
LT
*
V
4
44
HA5141A
HA
V
V
2
40
*
*
LT1013A
LT
-
-
*
*
*
*
AD509K
SL541B
AD
*
*
-
PL
VA705L
VT
*
V V
*
VA706K
VT
*
V V
*
VA707K
VT
*
V
V
* -
LM837
NS
-
-
*
-
AD840K
AD
*
-
-
* -
AD841K
AD
*
-
-
* -
-
* *
* -
2
100
30
10
2
50
2
75
10
1,3
15
0,5
2
35
1,3
30
2,5
4
44
1
1
5
1
1
16
16
16
9
36
36
36
14
7
7
7
7
25
15
3
10
10
40
24
6
21
8
12
10
8
12
10
4
10
20
1 MKA
120
8
12
10
3
6
20
1 MKA
120
8
36
15
0,3
5
2
1 MKA
200
10
36
12
0,1
0,3
3
5 MKA
200
10
36
12
0,5
5 MKA
200
V
EnuoJillpHbie, 6bICTpO,lleiicTBYIOll(He
OP-62E
PM
- * *
*
OP-63E
PM
*
* *
OP-64E
PM
- * *
*
OP-65E
PM
*
* CLC400
CL
10
-
12
-
10
4
40
40
35
20
300
100
300
100
300
100
3MKA 1 MKA
(•)
25 MKA
llpoiJ011:»Ce11ue ma611. 4.1
em
IlpH
1 ffu
THn.,
HB/jrri
CKopOCTb
aapacTaHHJI
THn ..a.>,
B/MKC
lo.
THD.,
KOCC,
;:d,
KOHII,
,!lb
•f
=
i!l=
[
.,!-<=
;~
:.
=
Mru
<'>
35
<::.J
.
0
!-<
~
"'
~
MaKc.
AH<!><!>epeHQHa.JlbHOe
Bb1X0,1lHoe Hanplll!CeHHe, B•l
Pasea JIH
pa3Max aanplll!CeHHIO DHT.'"l
IlpHMe'!aHHJI
Bxo,!l Bb!XO.!l
U+U_U+U-
o!
~~
::E
0,15
0,3
80
96
88
5
0,5
0,05
0,1
80
90<<1>>
94
5
32
+
+
65
65
88
20
30
+
+ KJiaCCH'leCKHH OY; CABOeH-
0,5
-
saCKoppeKTHposaHHbiii
pHaHT 308
MaJIOMOIIUlbIH, C O,!lHHM
HCTO'IHHKOM IlHTaHHJI
HbIH BapHaHT 358A
0,05
0,1
80
90<<1>>
94
5
32
+
+ Ma.rroMOIIUlhlii, C Ma.Jlb!M
0,4
0,8
97
100
122
25
30
+
+ YJI)"lllleHHblii
CMel.IleHHeM
22
20
1,5
22
0,4
22
0,4
0,4
0,6
80
94
94
100
106
120
100
103
124
7
20
25
30
30
+
+ JJ;onoJIHHTeJibHO
+
+ YJI)"lllleHHhlii
358/324;
Hb!H = 1014
110
110
110
85
40
105
105
105
90
40
100
100
100
120
175
20
100
80
60
80
46
80
46
6,5
15
9
-
35
25
60
60
80
50
9
-
42
25
60
60
66
50
9
-
-
-
-
105
300
60
60
74
50
9
-
-
-
-
4,5
10
25
80
120
90
40
30
-
-
-
-
4
400
400
100
94
104
50
6
13
300
40
90
90
88
50
6
12
19
5
5
5
5
-
-
BapHaHT
yqernepea-
-
IlpeQH3HOHffblH
-
I1peo6pa30BaTeJ1b TOKa B
eanpJlllCeHHe; no,!lKoppeKTHp0BaHHbIH = 401
bbICTpO,!leHCTBYJOIIUIH
bblCTpO,!leHCTBYIOIIUIH, BH,!leOyCHJIHTeJib
BH,!leoycHJIHTeJib, ynpaBJIJIeT aarpy3Koii 50 OM; c
6blCTpbIM ycTaHOBJieHHeM
Be,!leoycHJIHTeJib, ynpaBJIJIeT earpy3Koii 500 OM; c
6blCTpb!M ycTaHOBJieHHeM
Ilo,!lKOppeKTHpOBaHHblH,
6blCTp0.1leiicTBy10IIU1ii,
50 OM
C HH3KHM ypoBHeM l.IlyMa,
C ee60Jibl.Ill!M HCKal!CeHHeM
Ilo,!lKOppeKTHpOBaHHbIH
OY THlla 841, .!lJIJI 842
K01cpq>. yCHJlcHHll > 2
C 6blCTpb!M ycrnHOBJieHHeM, HMelOTCll IlO,!lKOppeKTHpOBaHHb!e BepCHH
cxeMbI
-
-
1. =
90 MKA
50
50
200
150
280
Ill
sapHaHT
)"leTBepeH-
+ - + MHKpOMOIIUlbIH
15
50
200
200
700
2,5
7
7
20
20
20
50
50
-
358/324;
Hb!ii = 1014
-
Tnn
•"'
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E-<
0
"'=
E-<
0
...
KoJIHqecTBo OY
B 0.IIHOM
Kopnyce 6>
•="" .
:,::
=
2
'"
::;,
4
."'"' .
ij
"'"' ""'::;, "':,::=
"
21= ti
0
p.
... ":,::~
>,
p.
e=
~
~
-
AD847J
AD
*
-
*
AD848J
AD
*
-
* -
AD849J
AD
* - -
*
HA2539
HA
* -
MaKC.
~ 1l
HanpsnKeHHe
ii
ToK
0
E-<
';
C.11anr, MB
~~
'°~
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<)
THU.
MaKC.
,[(peii<p,
MKB/°C
THil.
CMeme- C.11BHr,
HHe, HA
HA
MaKc.
MaKC.
MaKC.
7MKA
50(<1>)
10
5 MKA
15(<1>)
10
5MKA
15(<1>)
E-< ..
0
"'
t:: 6
>,
9
36
5,6
0,5
15
5
9
36
5,6
0,5
2
25
9
36
5,6
0,5
10
10
35
25
8
10
20
20 MKA 6 MKA
20
20 MKA
2
20
35 MKA 7 MKA
35 MKA 7MKA
15 MKA 2MKA
15
*
-
14
30
25(<!>)
-
*
-
10
35
45
* -*
-
* *
* *
10
10
35
33
40
10
6
10
15
20
10
-
-
V
V
* *
*
10
4
14
40
35
6
8
0,5
15
3
3
350
200
150
75
V
V
* *
10
4
40
6
0,5
3
3
200
75
-
-
* -
10
8
44
4
0,01
0,025
0,2
40
35
5
20
35
25
3
6
20
15 MKA 4MKA
5
36
6,5
5
20
10
5 MKA 2MKA
5
5
36
6,5
2
9
6
5 MKA 2 MKA
25
5
36
6,8
6
3
5 MKA 2 MKA
4
36
0,08
0,06
0,25
0,75
10
36
8
0,3
5
2
7
8
36
36
3,5
2
0,14
0,5
0,2
6
2
6
40
44
0,25
8
2
0,5
4
10
36
5
0,15
3
3
44
44
0,25
2,5
2
0,5
SL2541B
PL
*
-
HA2541
HA
*
-
HA2542
HA2544
HA
HA
CA3450
HA5101
RC
HA
*
*
HA5111
HA
*
HA5147A
HA
*
HA5195
HA
* -
LM6361
NS
* -
*
LM6364
NS
* -
* -
LM6365
NS
*
-
* -
6nn01rnpH&1e, npo'!He
OP-20B
PM
*
V
V
LM833
NS
*
-
CA3193A
XR4560
RC
XR
*
-
HA5151
NE5534
HA
SN+
*
*
V
V
-
MC33078
MO
*
V
MC33171
MO
MC34071A MO
~~
MHH.
"~ >tsl:ii
0
M
.
Ilpe.11eJlhHoe
Hanp.SllKeHne
nnTamrn, B
t:r ,&
,&
C,
0
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-
-
*
*
-
V
*
V V
*
V
V
2
1
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*
*
1
3
0,6
25
1,5
1 MKA
200
20
500
5
200
3
150
2MKA
30
300
2
2
750
150
4,5
1,5
10
10
100
500
20
50
3
1,5
3
IlpoOoA:»eeHue ma6A. 4.1
em
npn
1 Kni
THII.,
HB/jrii
a"
CleopOCTb
HapacTaHHSI
THII.,
THil ..zd,
Mrll
J..
[
KOCC, KOHII,
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AE
:i
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"'
u
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PaBeH JIH
AHcpcpe- pa3Max HanpS1JKeHHIO IlHT. ><)
pem:uraJ!bHOe
BblXOABXOA BbIXOA
Hoe Ha- U+U_U+UnpS1lKeHHe, Be)
IlpHMeqaHHSI
oj
::E
[SM
300
50
78
75
82
25
6
4M
300
250
104<<1>)
104<<1>)
90
25
6
4<•)
300
725
110<<1>)
100<<1>)
80
10
6
6
600
600
60
85
45
10
10
900
800
47
40<<1>)
80
10
6
10
280
40
70
60
80
100
6
10
375
150
120
33
70
75
70
70
70
96
35
75
6
5
3,3
420
10
190
10
50
100<<1>)
60
80
136(<1>)
136(<1>)
30
30
7
7
3,3
50
100
100<<1>)
100<<1>)
120
15
0,7
3,0
35
140
114
80
80
25
6
6
200
150
74
70
52
30
8
15
300
50
70
72
66(<1>)
30
8
8
300
160
102<<1>)
70
75
30
8
58
0,05
0,1
96
100
114
0,5
30
4,5
7
15
80
80
90
10
30
24
8
0,25
4
1,2
10
110
100
I 10
70
76
86
7
100
5
30
15
4
4,5
6
1,3
10
80
70
80
80
94
88
3
20
7
0,5
4,5
1,3
16
80
80
90
20
36
32
32
2,1
10
1,8
4,5
80
80
80
80
94
94
4
25
44
44
-
-
-
-
-
-
- IlOAKOppeKTHpOBaHHblli
BapnaHT 847
- HecKoppeKTHpOBaHHbill BapnaHT 847
- C HH3KHM ypoBHeM rnyMa,
noAo6eH OY Tnna 2540
- HMeeT 6ycj>ep c eAHHHqffhIM
ycm1eHHeM
C 6bICTpbIM ycTaHOBJieHHeM, c He6oJibIIJHM HCKaJKeHHeM
- C 6bICTpbIM ycTaHOBJieHHeM, IlOAKOppeKTHpoBaHHblli
BnAeoycmrnTeJib
- BnAeoycmrnTeJih/JIHHei!HaSI
ynpaBJIIDOIUaSI cxeMa
- C HH3KHM ypOBHeM rnyMa
- C HH3KHM ypoBHeM IIJYMa,
HeCKOppeKTHpoBaHHhIB
C HH3KHM ypoBHeM IIJYMa,
npeUH3HOHHblli, HeCKOppeKTHpoBaHJ:IbIB
- YJiyqrneHHbli! BapnaHT cxeMbl
EL2195
cpHpMbI
Elantec
- C BePTHKaJihHoii p-n-pCTpyKTypoii:
- C BepTHKaJ!bHOH p-n-pCTpyKTypoii:
C BepTHKaJ!bHOll p-n-pCTpyKTypoi!
5
+
MOIUHOCTb,
- He60J1brnaS1
TOqffOe 3HaqeHHe
- HH3KHB ypoBeHb rnyMa, He6oJibIIJOe HCKaJKeHHe
- IlpeAHa3HaqeH AJISI HCIl0Jlb30BaHHS1 B KaqecTBe
ycHJIHTeJISI
3BYKOBblX
qaCTOT
+ He60J1bI1JaS1 MOIIlHOCTh
- HH3KHll ypoBeHb IIJYMa,
npeAHa3HaqeH AJISI HCIl0Jlb30BaHHS1 B KaqecTBe
ycmrnTeJIS1
3BYKOBbIX
qacTOT
- HH3KHH ypoBeHb IIJYMa, He60JibIIJOe HCKaJKeHHe
+
+
KOHAeHcaTO- YnpaBJISleT
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75
75
74
8
30
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75
75
94
30
30
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3,5
13
1
3
70
70
70
70
70
88
5
10
30
30
18
8
27
25
13
2
3
13
3
2
1
4
80
86
90
70
80
86
90
70
94
110
110
88
10
10
10
10
30
36
36
30
+
20
5
2,5
85
85
94
20
30
+
12
12
5
85
85
94
20
30
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25
3,5
15
20
4
10
70
80
70
80
88
100
20
15
30
2
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35
15
4
70
70
88
4
30
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106
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40
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3
18
24
42
18
IlpHMe'!aHHl!
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12
5
3
86
86
10
12,5
5
86
86
106
lOO(M)
40
35
3
90
90
110
10
36
18
13
2
80
80
94
20
20
13
13
5
86
88
104
10
40
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70
7
2
90
90
106
15
40
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25
38
13
10
4
4
80
70
80
70
94
88
20
8
30
36
+
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MOIIlHOCTb;
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aapnaHT
TL061
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HCKa)KeHHll;
yny'IIIleHHbIH
BapHaHT
TL071/081
- He6oJibIIJall MOIIlHOCTb
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- HH3KHH ypoBeHb IIJyMa
- O'!eHb Manoe cMemeHHe
- C,11BOeHHblli 353, C'!eTBepeHHbIH 347
IIIHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHblli OY
6onee 6bICTpo,11eHCTByiomHH aapnaHT OY Tnna
355
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IIJyMa cpe,11n noJieBbIX c
p- n-nepexo,110M
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HCKa)KeHHll,
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o6mero Ha3Ha'!eHHll Ha
noneBbIX TpaH3HCTOpax
C p - n-nepeXO,llOM
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p- n-nepexo,110M
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npHJIH'IHbIM
IIJyMa
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10
10
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36
36
36
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0,5
0,5
50
60 (jJA
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V
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3
18
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TLC27M2A TI
V
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3
18
0,6
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2
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3
18
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5
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3
18
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16
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12
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12
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0,4
0,18
5
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20nA
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ALD1701
AL
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ALD1702
AL
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RC
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4
44
6
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16
15
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10
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2
5
4
0,005
0,004
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CA5422
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15
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76
60
80
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94
92
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10
10
20
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30
18
35
40
0,5
2
0,7
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70
0,4
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60
60
100
10
16
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70
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10
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70
86
10
18
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4,5
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65
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65
80
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18
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112
15
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65
75
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114
90
15
0,5
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12
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65
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12
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76
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10
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76
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80
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60
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85
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0,2
0,6
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TSC918
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0,4
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0,01
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0,06
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32
1,5
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0,3
0,1
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40
40
10
0,05
0,01
10
30
30
25
25
25
40
30
0,05
0,02
0,02
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0,1
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LM344
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10
10
68
68
5
5
2
2
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20
100
4,5
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3580
3581
3582
3583
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10
20
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64
140
100
80
80
70
150
300
300
5
4,5
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6
10
3
3
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140
300
6,5
3
10
0,1
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8
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5
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0,06
10
10
15
10
0,02
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1,6
1,4
60
70
80
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100
1,6
1,4
60
70
80
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0,5
0,5
120
120
120
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0,13
0,13
120
120
120
2<•>
2,5
120
120
120
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0,2
2
0,7
0,8
110
120
120
120
120
120
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2,5
1,5
110
112
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0,2
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16
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16
36
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116
3,5
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120
105
125
120
100
130
10
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16
16
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120
120
120
16
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110
120
120
16
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120
120
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0,4
110
110
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0,5
120
120
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430 HMeeT CeayTp
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432 HMeeT CaayTp
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120
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35
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70
70
74
74
97
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10
68
68
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16
10
2
80
80
100
15
80
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50
30
15
25
25
50
2
5
15
20
20
30
1
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5
5
5
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74
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110<<1>>
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74
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100
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10
10
60
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75
80
37
70
150
300
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u;aTeJihHblX ypoBH.sIX BXO~Horo Hanp.sr)l(eHH.sI
BXO~Hoe Hanp.sr)l(eHHe C~BHra OY H BhI6paTh
X
6oJihrnHe BeJIH<IHHhI ~n.sr R H C. KpoMe Toro,
Hanp.sr)l(eHHe, paBHOe noTeHu;HaJiy 3eMJIH, H
Ha npaKTHKe <IaCTO npH6eraIOT K nepHO~-
orpaHH'IHTeJih
npH
'.ffOM
nOMep)l(HBaeT
I1C1
C e~HHH'IHhlM
pa6oTaeT
B
TO<IKe
KaK
HHBepTop
<IeCKOMY c6pocy B HYJih HHTerpaTopa c no-
K03q>qmu;HeHTOM
YCHJieHH.sI.
MOiu;hlO
TaKHM
o6pa30M,
BhIXO~Hoe
paBHO
a6COJII0TH0H
Hanp.sr)l(eHH.sr. EcnH
Hanp.sr)l(eHHe
BeJIH'IHHe
BXO~Horo
no~KJIIOlfeHHOro
K
KOH~eHCaTopy
nepeKJIIOlfaTeJI.sr (o6bI'IHO Ha noneBOM TpaH3HCTOpe ),
n03TOMy
HrpaeT
pOJih
TOJihKO
I1C 2 3anHThrnaeTc.sr OT
KpaTKOBpeMeHHhIH ~peiiq>. B Ka<Iecrne npH-
e~HHCTBeHHOro HCTO'IHHKa nOJIO)l(HTeJihHOro
Mepa paCCMOTpHM HHTerpaTop, B KOTOpOM
Hanp.sr)l(eHH.sI, TO OTna~aIOT npo6neMhl, CB.sI-
HCnOJih30BaH OY Ha noneBhIX TpaH3HCTopax
3aHHhie C KOHelfHOH CKOpOCThlO HapacTaHH.sI,
THna
TeJI.sr H3MeH.sreTc.sr JIHIIIh B npe~enax na~eHH.sr
LF41 l (TOK CMemeHH.sI COCTaBJI.sieT
25 nA), HacTpoeHHhiii Ha HYJih (Hanp.sr)l(eHHe
c~BHra cocTaBn.sreT He 6onee 0,2 MB). Pe-
Hanp.sr)l(eHH.sI Ha ~HO~e. 0TMeTHM, 'ITO OT
3HCTop H KOH~eHCaTop BhI6paHhl TaK:
TaK KaK Hanp.sr)l(eHHe Ha BhIXO~e orpaHH'IH-
pe3HCTopa
R3
BhICOKa.sr TO'IHOCTh He Tpe-
~peiiq> He npeBhirnaeT 0,005 B 3a
6yeTC.sI.
R =
= 10 MOM H C = 10 MK<l>; ~JI.sr TaKOH cxeMhI
EcJIH
ocrnTO<IHhiii
~peiiq>
1000 c.
no-npe)l(HeMy
CJIHIIIKOM BeJIHK ~JI.sr KOHKpeTHOro CJIYtfa.sI
4.19. lI11TerpaTOph1
HCnOJih30BaHH.sI HHTerpaTopa, TO K KOH~eHHa
OCHOBe
onepau;HOHHhIX
ycHJIHTeJieii
caTopy
C cne~yeT no~KJIIO<IHTh 60JihIIIOH
MO)l(HO CTpOHTh no<ITH H~eaJihHhie HHTerpa-
pe3HCTOP R 2 , KOTOphIH o6ecne'IHT cTa6HJih-
TOphI,
Hoe CMeID;eHHe 3a ClfeT o6paTHOH CB.sI3H no
Ha
KOTOpbie
He
pacnpocTpaH.sreTc.sr
C
nOCTO.sIHHOMY
npHBe~eT K
TOKy.
TaKoe
no~KJIIOlfeHHe
ocna6JieHHI0 HHTerpHpyIOiu;HX
Ha OlfeHh HH3KOH <IaCTOTe: f <
< l/R 2 C. Ha pHc. 4.48 noKa3aHhI HHTerpa-
CBOHCTB
TOphI, B KOTOphlX HCnOJih30BaHhl nepeKJIIO<IaTeJIH ~JI.sr c6poca Ha noneBhIX TpaH3HCTOpax H pe3HCTOp CTa6:irnH3aD;HH CMemeHH.sr.
B cxeMaX ntKoro THna MO)l(eT noTpe6oBaThc.sr pe3HCT0p o6paTHOH CB.sI3H C OlfeHh 60Jih-
PHc. 4.47. MHTerpaTOp.
IIIHM conpOTHBJieHHeM. Ha pHC.
4.49 noKa-
238
rJiaea 4
OJL C6poc
+15JLC6poc
1
-10
-15
6=
a
8
PHC. 4.48. llHTerpaTOpb! Ha OCHOBe OY c nepeKJIIO'-JaTeJil!MH AJ]ll c6poca.
3aH rrpHeM, C IIOMOIIU,IO KOTOporo 60JihIIIOe
TpaH3HCTOp
3q>q>eKTMBHoe 3Ha<IeHHe corrpoTHBJiemrn 06-
BhIKJI. 3m OIIIH6Ka MO)l{eT 6bITh rrpeo6na-
Haxo~TCH
B
COCTOHHHH
paTHoii CBH3M C03~aeTCH 3a ClfeT pe3MCTOpOB
~a10meii B HHTerpaTope B cny<Iae HCIIOJih30-
C OTHOCHTeJibHO He60JihllIHMH corrpOTMBJie-
Bamrn orrepaIJ;MOHHOro YCHJIMTeJIH C OlfeHb
HHHMM.
MaJiblM BXO~HbIM TOKOM H KOH,D;eHCaTopa
IIpe~cTaBneHHaH
uerrh
o6paTHOH
CBH3H pa6orneT KaK O~HH pe3HCTOP C corrpoTMBJieHHeM
10 MOM B cTaH,D;apTHOH cxeMe
MHBepTMpyiomero
ycMJIMTeJIH
C
K03q>q>M-
IJ;MeHTOM YCMJieHMH no HarrpH)l{eHMIO, paBHhIM
-
100.
,l(ocTOMHCTBO
3TOH
cxeMbI
c
ae6oJibIIIoii
yTe<IKoii.
HarrpHMep,
rrpe-
Bocxo~Hbm «3JieKTpoMeTpH'lecKHH» OY THrra
AD549 co Bxo~aMH Ha rroneBhIX TpaH-
3HCTopax o6na~aeT BXO~HbIM TOKOM BeJIMlfHHOH
0,06 rrA (MaKCHMYM), a BhICOKOKa-
COCTOMT B TOM, 'ITO OHa II03BOJIHeT MCIIOJih-
<IeCTBeHHhIH MeTaJIJIH3HpOBaHHblH Teq>JIOHO-
30BaTb y~o6Hh1e corrpoTMBJiemrn pe3HCTo-
BhlH
poB M He C03~aeT orraCHOCTM M3-3a BJIMHHMH
rrapa3MTHOH eMKOCTH, KOTopyio Bcer~a ey)l{-
eMKOCThlO 0,01 MK<l> o6na~aeT corrpOTHBJieHHeM yTeqm BeJIMlfHHoii 10 7 MOM (MHHM-
HO
MYM), IlpH TaKHX ycJIOBHHX HHTerpaTop, 6e3
YlfHTbIBaTb
pe3HCTopaMH.
H~eaJibHoro
IIpH pa6oTe
0TMeTHM,
c
6oJibIIIHMH
'ITO
rrpeo6pa3oBaTeJIH
B
cxeMe
TOKa
B
HJIM
IIOJIMCTHpOJIOBhlH
KOH,D;eHcaTop
YtfeTa cxeMhI c6poca, rroMep)l{HBaeT Ha CYMMHpy10m;eM rrepexo~e rrpHMOH TOK BeJIH'IH-
4.09) OIIHCaHHblH BbIIIIe
HOH HH)l{e 1 rrA (~JIH xy~ero CJIYtfaH, Kor~a
IIpHeM MO)l{eT rrpHBeCTH K yBeJIHtfeHHIO 3q>-
BhIXO~oii CHrHan cocTaBnHeT 10 B ~BOHHOH
HaIIpH)l{eHHe (pa3~.
q>eKTHBHoro BXO~Horo HaIIpH)l{eHMH C~BHra.
aMIIJIHTY~I), 'ITO COOTBeTCTByeT BeJIH'IHHe
HarrpHMep, eCJIM cxeMa, IIOKa3aHHaH Ha pHC.
H3MeHemrn
dU / dt
Ha
Bhlxo~e,
4.49, IIO~JIIOlfeHa K HCTO'llIHKY C 60JihllIHM
HMIIe~aHCOM ( CKa)l{eM, Ha BXO~ IIOCTyrraeT
TOK
OT
q>OTO~HO~a
H
BXO~HOH
orrymeH), rn BhIXO~HOH C~BHr 6y~eT B
pa3 rrpeBhIIIIaTh
100K0M
pe3HCTOP
100
U 0 J1,B' EcJIM B Toii )l{e cxeMe
eCTh pe3HCTOp o6paTHOH CBH3H BeJIMl{HHOH
10 MOM, TO BhIXO~Hoe HarrpH)l{eHHe paBHO
U CJJ,B ( C~BHrOM, o6ycJIOBJieHHblM BXO~HbIM
TOKOM, MO)l{HO rrpeHe6pe<Ib).
CxeMHaH KOMDencamtH yTe'IKII noJieBoro
TpaH3BCTOpa. PaCCMOTpHM HHTerpaTop C
rrepeKJIIOlfaTeJieM Ha IIOJieBOM TpaH3HCTOpe
(pHC. 4.48). TOK yTe<IKH rrepexo~a CTOK-HCTOK rrpoTeKaeT <Iepe3 CYMMHpy10mirn: rrepexo~ ~a)l{e B
TOM cny<Iae, Kor~a rroneBoii
PHC. 4.49.
100 K0M
paBHOH
OfipaTDBH CBH3L H onepaQHOHHLle yCHJlll'TeJIH
239
4.20. ~4>4>epe~aTOpb1
KoH11e11caTop
THna·J93
(R >107 MOM)
Pile. 4.50.
0,01 MB/c . .ll:JHI cpaBHeHIDI IlOCMOTpHTe, qeMY paBHa yretfKa TaKOro nonyJHIPHOro
MOII-TpaH3HCTopa, KaK HanpHMep 2N4351
(B pe)KHMe 06orameHm1). IIpH U 110T - cTox =
10 B H u,aTB-HCT = 0 B MaKCHMaJibHblH TOK
yTeqm paBeH 10 HA. MHbIMH CJIOBaMH,
yTetfKa noneBoro TpaH3HCTopa B 10000 pa3
6onbrne, qeM yreqKa Bcex oCTaJibHhIX 3JieMeHTOB, B3RTbIX BMeCTe.
Ha pHc. 4.50 noKa3aHo HHTepecHoe cxeMHoe perneHHe. 06a n-KaHaJibHhIX MOIITpaH3HCTOpa nepeKmoqalOTCR BMeCTe, 0,[{HaKO TPaH3HCTOp T1 nepeKmoqaeTCR TOr,[{a,
KOr.[{a Hailpj{)KeHHe Ha 3aTBOpe paBHO aymo
H + 15 B, npH 3TOM B cocrnRHHH BbIKil
(Hanp,i:)KeHHe Ha 3aTBope paBHO aymo) yTeqKa 3aTBOpa (a TaK)Ke yTeqKa nepexo.[{a
CTOK - HCTOK) IlOJIHOCTblO HCKJilOqaeTCR. B
cocToRHHH BKil KOH.[{eHcaTop, KaK H npe)KAe, pa3p,i:)KaeTCR, HO npH yABoeHHoM R8 .,..
B cocTORHHH BbIKil He6onhrnoil: TOK yTeqKH TpaH3HCTopa T2 qepe3 pe3HCTop R 2 CTeKaeT Ha 3eMJilO, C03AaBaR npeHe6pe)KHMO
Manoe na.[{eHHe Hanp,i:)KeHIDI. qepe3 CYMMHpywmHil: nepexoA TOK yTeqm He npoTeKaeT,
TaK KaK K HCTOKY, CTOKY H, IlO,[{JIO)l(Ke TpaH3HCTOpa T1 npHJIO)KeHO O,[{HO H TO)Ke Hanp,i:)KeHHe. CpaBHHTe 3TY cxeMy co cxeMoil: .nHKOBoro ,[{eTeKTOpa C HyJieBOH yrelfKOH, npHBe,[{eHHOH Ha pHC. 4.40.
.ll:Hqiq>epeHIUiaTOpbI noA06HbI HHTerparnpaM, B HHX TOJibKO MeHRIOTCR MecTaMH
pe3HCTop R H KOH.[{eHcarnp C (pHc. 4.51).
MHBepTHpywmirn BXOA OY 3a3eMneH, no3TOMY H3MeHeHHe BXO,[{Horo Hanpj{)KeHHR C
HeKOTOpoil: CKOpOCTl,lO Bhl3bIBaeT IlORBJieHHe
TOKa J = C(dUaxf dt), a CJie.[{OBaTeJibHO, H
BbIXOAHOro
Hanpj{)KeHIDI
U ax = - RC x
X (dU ax/ dt).
.ll:Hqiq>epeHIUiaTopbI HMeIOT
CTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHoe CMemeHHe, HenpHRTHOCTH C03,[{alOT 061,JqHO IIIYMbI H HeCTa6HJibHOCTb pa60Tl,J Ha BbICOKHX qacTOTaX,
qTo CBR3aHo c 6oJibIIIHM ycHneHHeM OY
H BHYTPeHHHMH qia30BhlMH CABHraMH. B
CBR3H C 3THM CJie.[{yeT ocna6JIRTb AHq>q>epeHIUIPYIOIUHe cBoil:cTBa cxeMbI Ha HeKoTopou
MaKCHMaJibHOH qacTOTe. 06biqff0 MR 3TOro
HCilOJib3YJOT MeTOA, KOTOpbIH IlOKa3aH Ha
pHc. 4.52. KoMnoHeHTbI R 1 H C 2, c noMOIUblO KOTOpbIX C03,[{aeTCR cna,[{, BbI6HpaIOT C yqeTOM ypOBHR rnyMa H IIIHpHHbl
nonochI nponycKaHIDI OY. Ha BbICOKHX
qacTOTaX 6naro.[{ap,i: pe3HCTopy R1 H KOH,[{eHCaTopy C 2 cxeMa HaqHUaeT pa6oTaTb KaK
HHTerpaTop.
Pile. 4.51.
PHe. 4.52.
-=
240
rnaea 4
PAliOTA OY C O,ll;HHM HCToquuKOM
illfTAHIDI
R,
2.20 KDM
.lJ:n.SI pa60Tbl onepaIIHOHHOro ycHJIHTeJI.SI He
Uon
rpe6yeTC.SI HMeTb CTa6HJIH3HpoBaHHble HCTOlffiHKH UHTaHH.SI
30BaTb
± 15 B. Moxrno HCilOJib-
pacm:enneHHhle
HCTO'IHHKH
6onee
+20B
HH3Koro Hailp.Sl)l{eHH.SI HJIH HeCHMMeTpHlffible
HCTO'IHHKH (HanpHMep,
+ 12 B H - 3 B),
KOTOpbie o6ecne'IHBalOT IlOJIHbIH W1ana30H
Hanp.S1)1{eHH.S1 nHTaHH.SI (U + -
c'3
G 15 MKcJl
Bxo.n
U _ ), cornacHo
>-'--+'-'~blXO,Il.
cneIIHq>HKaIIHH OY (cM. rn6n. 4.1). qacTO
no,n;xo.n;.SIIIIHMH OKa3hIBalOTC.SI HeCTa6HJIH3HpoBaHHble HCTO'IHHKH Hailp.Sl)l{eHH.SI, TaK KaK
6naro,n;ap.S1 0TpH11aTeJibHoii: o6paTHoii: CB.Sl3H
o6ecne'IHBaeTC.SI BbICOKOe 3Ha'leHHe K03q>q>H-
R3
IIHeHTa OCJia6neHH.SI BJIH.SIHH.SI Hailp.Sl)l{eHH.SI
1,0KOM
+Ci
HCTOtffiHKa nHTaHH.SI (,n;JI.SI OY THna 411 TH-
I 15
IlH'IHblM .SIBJI.SleTC.SI 3Ha'leHHe 90 ,n:6). Bo MHOrnx CJIYlla.SIX 6blBaeT y,n;o6Ho, 'IT06b1 OY
pa6oTaJI OT
o,n;Horo HCTO'IHHKa UHTaHH.SI,
HanpHMep
+ 12 B. 3To MO)l{HO ,n;eJiaTb H c
o6bl'IHblM
OY,
c03,n;aB
«HcKyccTBeHHoe
PHc. 4.53.
MK<-P
-=
H OH 6y,n;eT pa6oTaTb TaK, KaK Tpe6yeTC.SI
onopHoe Hallp.Sl)l{eHHe» OTHOCHTeJibHO 3eM-
(pHc. 4.53). 3m cxeMa npe,n;cTaBJI.SleT co6oii:
JIH, ecJIH no3a6oTHTbC.SI 06 o6ecne'leHHH MH-
ycHJIHTeJib 3BYKOBbIX 'laCTOT C ycHJieHHeM
HHMaJibHO Heo6xo,n;HMoro UHTaHH.SI, 06ecne-
40 ,n:6. OnopHoe Hanp.Sl)l{eHHe U on
'IHBaw111ero ,n;Hana30Hbl BblXO,ll;HOro H BXO,n;-
o6ecne'IHBaeT IIOJIHblH pa3MaX BbIXO,n;Horo
Horo CHHq>a3Horo Hanp.Sl)l{eHH.SI. B
HaIIp.Sl)l{eHH.SI,
HeKOTO-
pbIX COBpeMeHHblX onepaIIHOHHbIX ycHJIHTe-
paBHbIH
= 0,5 U +
IIpH6JIH3HTeJibHO
17 B oT nHKa ,n;o IIHKa ( oKono 6 B 3q>q>.) 6e3
JI.SIX BO BXO,ll;HOH H BbIXO,ll;HOH ,n;Hana30Hbl
cpe3a BepIIIHH CHrHana. Ko,H.n;eHcaTopbl Ha
BXO,ll;HT H Hailp.Sl)l{eHHe OTPHIIaTeJibHOrO HC-
BXO,n;e H BblXO,n;e 6JIOKHPYIOT ypoBeHb Hanp.Sl-
TO'IHHKa (T. e. IlOTeHIIHaJI 3eMJIH npH pa6oTe
)l{eHH.SI IIOCTO.SIHHOrO TOKa, paBHblH U on.
C 0,ll;HHM HCTO'IHHKOM UHTaHH.SI) . .lJ:JI.SI Tamx
4.22.
OY B03MO)l{HOCTb pa60Tbl C 0,ll;HHM HCTO'I-
HCTOlfHHKOM
HHKOM
6naro,n;ap.S1
KJiacc 011epa11HOHHblX ycHJIHTeneii:, KOTOpblii:
npOCTOTe. 0,n;HaKO HMeii:Te B BH.D:Y, 'ITO HaH-
,n;o11ycKaeT pa6oTy C O,ll;HHM HCTO'IHHKOM
6onee
IlOJIO)ICHTeJII:iHOro
oco6eHHO
3aMaH'IHBa
pacnpocTpaHeHo
HCUOJib30BaHHe
pac111enneHHbIX CHMMeTpH'IHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB
CMeIQeene
ycHJIHTeJIH
DHTaHHB.
C
0,ll;HHM
Cy111eCTBYeT
TaKOH
Hanp.Sl)l{eHH.SI
UHTaHH.SI.
3TO CB.Sl3aHO C TeM, 'ITO BXO,ll;Hble Hanp.Sl)l{eHH.SI MoryT H3MeH.SITbC.SI BIIJIOTb ,n;o npe,n;eJib-
UHTamrn.
4.21.
Onepa~HOHHLie
ycnJIHTeJieii
nepeMeeeoro
Horo
OTpHIIaTeJibHOrO
K
3Ha'leHH.SI
110TeH11HaJiy
(o6bltffi0
3eMJIH).
B
TOKa, HCD0JIL3yIDIQIIX O,ll;HH HCTOlfHHK DHTa-
npHB.Sl3aHHOro
HHJI. .lJ:n.S1 onepaIIHOHHbIX ycHJIHTeneii: o6m:e-
3TOM KJiacce B CBOlO oqepe,n;b MO)l{HO Bbl,n;e-
ro Ha3Ha'leHH.SI THna 411 pa3Max Hanp.S1)1{e-
JIHTb ,n;Ba THIIa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT B03M0)1{-
HH.S1 Ha BXO,n;ax H Ha BbIXO,n;e o6bl'IHO MeHbIIIe
HOCTeii: BblXO,n;Horo KaCKa,n;a: B yCHJIHTeJI.SIX
,n;Hana3oHa Hanp.Sl)l{eHH.SI UHTaHH.SI (no a6co-
11epBoro THna pa3Max BblXO,n;Horo Ha11p.S1)1{e-
JIIOTHoii: BeJIH'IHHe) Ha 1,5 B. EcJIH BbIBO,n;
coe,n;HHHTb He C HCTO'IHHKOM Hanp.Sl)l{e-
HH.S1 orpaHH'leH CHH3Y 3Ha'leHHeM U _, B ycH-
HH.SI, a C 3eMJieii:, TO HH Ha BXO,n;e, HH Ha
HaIIp.Sl)l{eHH.SI UHTaHH.SI:
u-
JIHTeJI.SIX BTOpOrO THUa-OByMR 3Ha'leHH.SIMH
BblXO,n;e Hailp.Sl)l{eHHe He 6y,n;eT paBHO IlOTeH-
1. 011epa11HoHHhIH ycHJIHTeJib THIIa LM324
IIHaJIY 3eMJIH. EcnH )Ke co3,n;aTb onopHoe
('leTb1pe OY B o,n;Hoii: MC)/LM358 (,n;Ba OY
U + ),
a O,n;HOH MC), LT1013 H TLC270 • .lJ:JI.SI 3THX
TO C ero IlOMOIIIblO MO)l{HO CMeCTHTb OY,
cxeM HH)l{HHH 11pe,n;en .n;Hana3oHa Bxo,n;Horo
Hanp.Sl)l{eHHe (paBHoe, HanpHMep, 0,5
241
OopaTHaH CBH3b H onepaQHOHHble YCHJIHTeJIH
.-----------+------------oU+
4,0
100
6 MKA t
MKA
MKA
=
Pnc. 4.54. IlpHH[(HilHaJlbHaSI
cxeMa pacnpocTpaneHHbIX OY
THna 324 11 358 (~HpMa
National Semiconductor Corp.).
0,3 B HH)Ke, tJeM
U _ , a pa3Max BhIXO,!l;HOro HarrpH)KeHHH orpaHH'leH CHH3Y 3HatJeHHeM HarrpH)KeHHH U _.
HHTh 60.JihllIOll BTeKaIOII(Hll TOK, O,D;HaKO OH
KaK Ha BXO,D;ax, TaK H Ha BhIXO,!l;e rrpe,D;e.Jih-
crroco6eH y,D;ep)KaTh BhIXO,!l;HOe HarrpH)KeHHe
CMHcpa3HOro CHrHa.Jia Ha
BhIXO,D;: TpaH3HCTop T13 pa6oTaeT rrpH HH3KOM BhIXO,!l;HOM HarrpH)KeHHH H MO)KeT rrpH-
HOe 3HatJeHHe HarrpH)KeHHH Ha 1,5 B MeHbIIIe,
TOJihKO Ha ypoBHe rra,D;eHHH HarrpH)KeHHH Ha
tJeM HarrpH)KeHHe
,!l;HO,D;e OTHOCHTe.JihHO 3eMJIH. Eo.Jiee HH3KHe
u + . Ecmi: Tpe6yeTCH, 'IT0-
6bI BXO,!l;HOll ,D;HaIIa30H 6bIJI orpaHH'leH 3HatJeHHeM
U +, TO JIY'IIIIe HCIIOJih30BaTh OY
LM301/307, OP-41 HJIH 355; rrpHMep
HCIIOJih30BaHHH TaKoro THIIa OY rrpHBe,D;eH
B pa3,D;. 6.24, IIOCBHII(eHHOM o6cy)K,D;eHHI0
THIIa
HarrpH)KeHHH o6ecrretJHBaeT IIpHeMHHK TOKa
Ha
50 MKA; :no 03HatJaeT, 'ITO IIpH HH3KHX
O B) He.Jih3H
ypOBHHX Bh!XO,D;a (6.JIH3KHX K
HCIIOJih30BaTh Harpy3KY, tJepe3 KOTopyIO B
cxeMy rroil:,D;eT TOK, 60.JihIIIHil: 50 MKA, B rrpo-
HCTO'IHHKOB IIOCTOHHHOro TOKa . .[(JIH Toro,
THBHOM CJiytJae HaIIpH)KeHHe Ha BhIXO,D;e He
'IT06hI
CMO)KeT rrpH6.JIH3HThCH K IIOTeHu;Ha.Jiy 3eMJIH
IIOHHTh
HeKOTOpbie
TOHKOCTH
IIOCTpOeHHH TaKHX OY, IIOJie3HO o6paTHThCH
60.Jiee tJeM Ha Be.JIH'IHHY rra,n:eHHH HarrpH)Ke-
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H
IloporoBhle
ypOBHII
.llOJllKHhl
6h!Th
3yi!Te IICTOqHIIKII nMTaHllll C HanplllKeu11eM
paBHhl
± 15 B.
OliPATHAil CBil3h Jil YCJilJIJilTEJIJil
C KOHEqHl,JM YCJilJIEHJilEM
B pa3,D;. 4.12 MbI yITOMHHYJIH, 'ITO KOHe'!HbIH
K03ql<pHIJ;HeHT
ycHJieHHH
OITepaIJ;HOHHOro
P11c. 4.66.
Bbl'IHTaeTCH
'!aCTb
249
OopaTHftH CBH3b u onepaQHOHHble YCHJIUTeJIU
10 ouu
pacnpocTpaHMM MX M Ha TOKM, H Ha HaIIp51)l(eHH51.
I1TaK,
IIOCTynaeT
- BU Bblx •
Ha
ycmuneJibHhIH
HaIIp51)1(eHHe,
6JIOK
U BX -
paBHOe
:.:: 5000
Bh1xo.n;Hoe HaIIp51)1(eHHe 6onhIIIe
BUBblx) = U Bblx •
U Bsix = [A/(1 + AB)] U BX' M K03<pqm-
Bxo.n;Horo B A pa3: A ( U Bx I1nH
n;MeHT ycMJieHM51 IIO HaIIp51)1(eHMIO IIpM 3aMKHYTOH u;enM o6paTHOH CB513H U Bbix/ U Bx paBeH
K = A/(l + AB).
IlpMH51Ta
cne.n;yJOID;a51
TepMMHOJIOrM51:
K-
f
l'Hc. 4.67.
H T. II.) . .[(onycTHM, HaIIpMMep, 'ITO 3aBMCM-
K03qJqJMD;MeHT yCHJieHM51 IIpM 3aMKffYTOH u;e-
MOCTh K03<pqJMD;HeHTa A OT <IaCTOThI MO)l(HO
IIM o6paTHOH CB513M, A-K03<pqJMD;MeHT YCM-
npe.n;cTaBMTh B BH.n;e rpa<pHKa, noKa3aHHoro
o6paTHOH
Ha pHC. 4.67. YcMJIMTeJib c TaKOH xapaKTe-
CB513M, AB-K03<p<pMD;MeHT nepe.n;a<IM B neTJie
pHCTMKOH, 6e3 BC51Koro COMHeHM51, MO)l(HO
npH
JieHM51
o6paTHOH
pa30MKHYTOH
CB513H
u;enH
(neTJieBoe
YCMJieHMe),
OTHeCTM
K
'IMCJIY
IIJIOXMX
(K03<p<pMD;MeHT
1 + AB-rny6MHa o6paTHOH CB513M .n;n51 .n;M<p-
ycMJieHM51 H3MeH51eTC51 B 10 pa3). Ilpe.n;crn-
qiepeHQMaJihHoro
CMrHana,
BMM,
u;HeHT
cxeMhI.
rpy6ocTM
MJIH
K03<p<pM-
U:enh
o6paTHOH
'ITO
B = O,l
Mb!
BBeJIH
(no.n;oil:.n;eT
o6paTHYIO
CB513h
npocToil:
.n;eJIHTenh
H
CB513M Ha3hIBaJOT MHor.n;a ~-u;eIIblO (<ITO He
HaIIp}[)l(eHM51). Ko3<pqJMD;MeHT yCHJieHM51 IIpM
HMeeT
3aMKHYTOH u;eIIH o6paTHOH CB513M M3MeH51eT-
HMKaKoro
u;MeHTY ~' T. e.
OTHOIIIeHM51
K
K03qJ<pM-
h213, TpaH3MCTOpa).
C51
OT
1000/[1 +(1000·0,1)]
HJIM
9,9
.D;O
10 000/[1+(10000·0,1)], HJIH 9,99. B TOM
)Ke .n;Mana30He <IaCTOT H3MeHeHHe K03qJ<pM-
4.26. BJIHHHne o6parnoii CBH3H
ua pa6oTy ycnJinTeJieii
u;MeHTa
ycHJieHM51
COCTaBJI51eT
BCero
1%.
EcJIH IIOJlh30BaTbC51 TepMMHOJIOrMeH, IIpMH51PacCMOTpMM, KaK BJIM51eT o6paTHa51 CB513h Ha
TOH
pa6oTy cxeMbI. .[(eHCTBMe o6paTHOH CB513M
paBHOMepHOCTh xapaKTepHCTHKM ycMJIMTeJI51
B
TeXHMKe
IIp051BJI51eTC51 npe)l(.n;e BCero B TOM, 'ITO MO)l(-
6e3
HO
COCTaBJI51eT
3apaHee
ou;eHMTh
ycMJieHMe
cxeMhI
H
o6paTHOH
3ByKOBhIX <IaCTOT,
CB513M
B
IIOJIOce
TO He<IaCTOT
± 10 .n;E, a IIpM HaJIM'IMM o6paT-
YMeHbIIIMTh MCKa)l(eHM51, a TaK)l(e B TOM, 'ITO
HOH CB513M HepaBHOMepHOCTh xapaKTepMCTM-
H3MeH5IIOTC51 BXO.D;HOH H BhIXO.D;HOH MMIIe-
KM
.n;aHChI.
BKJIIO'IMTh IIOCJie.n;oBaTeJibHO TPH TaKMX Kac-
IIpe,11;sapnTeJibHaH
Bcero
± 0,04 .n;E. EcJIM
ycuJieHHH.
Ka.n;a, TO K03<pqmu;MeHT ycHJieHH51 BHOBh 6y-
HaIIp51)1(eHMJO
.n;eT paBeH 1000, a HepaBHOMepHOCTh OCTaeT-
paB,.H A/(1 +
AB). EcJIM C<IHTaTh BeJIM<IHHY
A 6ecKOHelfHO 60JihIIIOH, TO
IIOJiylfHM K = l / B. 3TOT pe3yJihTaT Mb! IIO-
C51 IIO'ITH TaKOH )Ke MaJIOH, KaK y
K03<p<pMD;HeHTa
KaCKa.n;a C o6paTHOH CB513bl0. Ilo.n;o6Ha51 3a.n;a<Ia (a HMeHHO Heo6xo.n;MMOCTh IIOJIYtfeHH51
JIY'IHJIM paHhIIIe, Kor.n;a paccMaTpHBaJIH He-
IIJIOCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH TeJie<pOHHOro ycM-
Ko'>tb<pMD;MeHT
o~ewca
cocTaBJI51eT
ycMJieHM51
MHBepTHPYJOID;MH
IIO
ycHJIHTeJih,
B
KOTOpOM
o.n;Horo
JIMTeJI51) IIpMBeJia K H306peTeHMIO OTpHu;a-
CMrHaJI o6paTHOH CB513M no.n;aBaJIC51 Ha MH-
TeJibHOH
BepTHPYJOUUiH BXO.D; C IIOMOID;hlO .n;eJIMTeJI51
Electrical
Engineering, 53, 114 (1934) ): «YcrnHOBJieHo,
HaIIp}[)l(eHH51,
IIO.D;KJIIOlfeHHOro
(pMc.
Ko3<p<pMu;MeHT
4.69).
K
BhlXO.D;Y
yCMneHH51
no
HaIIp}[)l(eHHIO IIpM 3aMKHYTOH u;enM o6paT-
raponh.n;
'ITO
o6paTHOH
IimK
CB513M.
IIMcan
ecJIM B351Th ycMJIMTeJib,
ycMJieHM51 KOTOporo
J1306peTaTeJih
()l(ypHan
K03<p<pHD;MeHT
60JibIIIe, <IeM tty)l(HO,
HOH CB513M npe.n;cTaBJI51eT co6oil: BeJIM'IHHY,
cKa)l(eM Ha 40 .n;E (10 000-Kparnhm 3anac no
o6paTHYJO K03<p<pHD;HeHTY nepe.n;a<IH .n;eJIH-
MOID;HOCTM), a 3aTeM IIO.D;KJIIO'IMTh K HeMy
Kor.n;a
u;eIIb o6paTHOH CB513H TaKMM o6pa30M, lfT0-
K03<p<pHD;MeHT A orpaHMlfeH, o6paTHa51 CB513h
6bI noraCHTh M36hlTO'IHOe ycMJieHHe, TO OKa-
TeJI51
HaIIp51)1(eHH51.
B
TOM
cny<Iae
Bee paBHO yMeHbIIIaeT BJIM51HMe H3MeHeHMH
3hIBaeTC51,
A
MeTHO yny<IIIIaeTC51, a JIHHeHHOCTh yBeJIM'IH-
(npOMCXO.D;51UUiX
IIO.D;
B03.D;eHCTBMeM
<IaCTOThI, TeMIIepaTyphI, BeJIH'IHHhI CMrHaJia
BaeTC51».
'ITO IIOCT051HCTBO ycHJieHM51 3a-
250
rJiaBa 4
Ec.JIH
B3HTh
A (i3G/i3A),
yMeHbIIIeHHe
G
no
noKa3aTh,
qrn
npoH3BO,n;HyIO
TO
HeTpy,z:i;Ho
OTHOCHTeJihHhIX
K03<pqJHIJ;HeHTa
ycHJieHHH
npH
OT
H3MeHemm:
3aMhIKaHHH
neTJIH o6paTHOM CBH3H onpe,z:i;eJIHeTCH BeJIH-
AK/ K =
qHHOM K03<p<pHIJ;HeHrn rpy6ocTH:
= [1/(1 + AB)] AA/ A. CJie.n;oBaTeJihHO, ,n;JIH
noJiyqeHHH xopoIIIeM xapaKTepHcn:tKH Heo6xo,n;HMO,
qTo6bI
ycHJieHHH
AB
e,n;HHHIJ;hI.
3To
K03<pqJHIJ;HeHT
6hIJI
neTJieBoro
3HaqHTeJibHO
paBHOCHJihHO
60JihIIIe
ycJIOBHIO,
Pac. 4.68.
corJiaCHO KOTOpoMy K03<p<pHIJ;HeHT ycHJieHHH
npH pa30MKHYTOM neTJie o6paTHOM CBH3H
,z:i;oJDKeH 6hITh HaMHoro 6oJihIIIe, qeM K03<p-
paTHaH CBH3h co CJIO)KeHHeM TOKa yMeHh-
<pHU:HeHT ycHJieHHH npH 3aMKHYTOM neTJie
IIIaeT CHrHaJI Ha BXO,n;e ycHJIHTeJIH, no.n;aBJIHH
o6paTHOM CBH3H.
ero
YBeJIHqeHHe CTa6HJihHOCTH conpOBO)K,ll;a-
TOKOM,
TeKyIIJ;HM no uenH o6paTHOM
CBH3H.
eTCH YMeHbIIIeHHeM HeJIHHeMHOCTH, KOTOpaH
IloCMOTpHM, KaK o6paTHaH CBH3h MeHHeT
onpe,n;eJIHeTCH H3MeHeHHHMH K03<p<pHIJ;HeHTa
,z:i;eMCTBYIOIUee 3HaqeHHe BXO.D;HOro HMne,z:i;aH-
ycHJieHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ypOBHH CHrHa-
ca Ha npHMepe o6paTHOM CBH3H co CJIO)Ke-
Jia.
HHeM HanpH)KeHHM. A1mJiorflqffhJe paccy)K-
Bxo.z:i;uoii uMne.z:i;auc. IlpH nocTpoeHHH cxe-
,z:i;eHHH Bbl MO)KeTe npoBeCTH H .D;JIH BTOporo
MhI C o6paTHOM CBH3hI0 H3 BXO,n;Horo Ha-
cJiyqaH. 11cnoJih3yeM Mo,n;eJih OY c KOHeq-
npH)KeHHH 11Jil1 TOKa BhJqHTaeTCH HeKOTOpaH
HhIM BXO.D;HhIM conpOTHBJieHHeM (pHc. 4.68).
Uax yMeHhIIIaeTcH Ha
BU ah!x, H Ha Bhixo.z:i;ax ycHJIHTeJIH
qaCTh, nponopu;HoHaJibHaH BhIXO,n;y (TaKyIO
Bxo,z:i;Hoe HanpH)KeHHe
o6paTHYJO CBH3h Ha3bIBaIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO
BeJIHqHHY
nocJie.n;oBaTeJihHOM HJIH napaJIJieJihHOM 06-
,z:i;eMcrnyeT .n;H<p<pepeHIJ;HaJihHOe HanpH)KeHHe
= Uax - BUBhlX·
Bxo,n;HOM
paTHOM CBH3hI0 ). HanpHMep, B HeHHBepTH-
u)IHql
py10meM OY qacTh Bhixo,z:i;Horo HanpH)KeHHH
3TOM paBeH
BhiqJ1TaeTCH H3 .D;H<p<pepeHIJ;HaJihHOrO HanpH-
UBX - BUBhIX
lax=----Ra'x.
U BX [1 - AB/(1 + AB)]
)KeHHH, ,z:i;eMCTBYJOIIJ;ero Ha BXO,n;e, a B HHBepTHPYJOIUeM npOHCXO.D;HT BhJqHTaHHe qacTH BXO,n;Horo TOKa. B
3THX .D;BYX CJiyqaHX
TOK
npH
o6paTHaH CBH3h npOTHBOnOJIO)KHhIM o6pa30M BJIHHeT Ha BXO.D;HOM HMne,z:i;aHC. 06paTHaH CBH3h co CJIO)KeHHeM HanpH)KeHHH yBe-
(1 + AB)Rax.
npH 3aMKHYTOM neTJie o6paTHOM CBH3H B (1 + AB) pa3
0TcKl.z:i;a ,z:i;eMCTBYJOIIJ;ee 3HaqeHHe BXO.D;Horo
(no
conpoTHBJieHHH paBHO
JlliqJ1BaeT BXO.D;HOM HMne,z:i;aHc
cpaBHeHHIO
c
pa30MKHYTOM
cxeMOH),
B TO )Ke BpeMH o6paTHaH CBH3h co CJIO)KeHHeM TOKa YMeHbIIIaeT ero BO CTOJihKO )Ke
pa3.
IlpH
R~x = U.x!Iax = (1 + AB) Rax.
CTpeMJieHHH K03<pqJHIJ;HeHTa ne-
KJiaccH"'!ecKaH cxeMa HeHHBepTHpy10mero
pe.z:i;aqH neTJIH o6paTHOM CBH3H K 6ecKOHeq-
OY c o6paTHOM CBH3hIO HMeeT TO'IBO TaKOM
HOCTH BXO.D;HOM HMne,z:i;aHC ( co CTOpOHhI BXO-
BH.D;, KaK noKa3aHO Ha pHC. 4.69. ,[(JIH 3TOM
.z:i;a YCHJIHTeJIH) CTpeMHTCH K 6ecKOHeqHOCTH
cxeMhI
HJIH K HYJIIO COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
ycm1eHHH
3TO H no-
HHTHO, TaK KaK o6paTHaH CBH3h co CJIO)KeHHeM HanpH)KeHHH CTpeMHTCH BhJqeCTh H3
B = Rif(R 1 + Rz),
no
HanpH)KeHHJO
K03<p<pHIJ;HeHT
onpe,z:i;eJIHeTcH
+
Bhipa)KeHHeM Ku= 1
R 2 /R 1 , ,n;JIH H,n;eaJihHoro CJiyqaH K03<pqJHIJ;HeHT ycHJieHHH no Ha-
BXO.n;Horo TaKOM CHrHaJI, qTo B pe3yJihTaTe
npH)KeHHIO npH pa30MKHyTOM uenH o6p~T-
na,z:i;eHHe HanpH)KeHHH Ha BXO.D;HOM conpo-
HOM CBH3H A paBeH 6eCKOHeqffOCTH H BXO.D;-
AB
HOM HMne,z:i;aHC TaK)Ke paBeH 6eCKOHeqffOCTH.
pa3; 3TO CBOero po.z:i;a CJie,n;HmaH CBH3h. 06-
,[(JIH KOHeqHoro K03<pqJHIJ;HeHTa nepe.z:i;aqH B
THBJieHHH YCHJIHTeJIH 6y,z:i;eT MeHbIIIe B
OopaTHaH CBH3b H onepaQHOHHble YCHJIHTeJIH
251
KJiacCHqecKHH HHBepTHPYJOIIIHH OY, rroKa3aHHhIB Ha pHCYffKe, rrpe.[(cTaBJI51eT co6oii
coqeTaHHe ycHJIHTeJI51 c rrapaJIJieJihHOH 06paTHOH CB513hl0 H pe3HCTOpa, IIO,D;KJIIOqeHHOro
IIOCJie.[(OBaTeJihHO
KO
BXO.[(y.
Bxo.[(HOH
HMIIe,[(aHC B 3TOM cJiyqae paBeH CYMMe corrpoTHBJieHH51 R1 H HMIIe,[(aHca co CTOpOHhl
cyMMHPYIDIIIeii TO~. ,[(JI51 rreTJIH c BhICO-
=
PHc. 4.69.
RBx H R 1
KHM K03<p<pHIIHeHTOM ycHJieHH51
IIpH6JIH3HTeJibHO paBHhl Me)l{.[(y co6oii.
QqeHh KCTaTH ceiiqac B KaqecTBe yrrpa)l{-
rreTJie o6paTHOH CB513H crrpaBe.[(JIHBhI Bhipa-
eHTa ycHJieHH51 no HaIIp51)1{eHHIO .[(JI}( HHBep-
)l{eHH51, rroJiyqeHHbie BhIIIIe.
ur1eepmupy10U,Je20 OY OTJIHqaeTc51
CxeMa
OT cxeMhI HeHHBepTHPYIDIIIero OY H aHaJIH3HpoBaTh ee CJie.[(yeT OT.[(eJibHO. Jlyq:rue BCero paccMaTpHBaTh ee KaK coqeTaHHe BXO.[(Horo pe3HCTopa, yrrpaBJI51IDIIIero cxeMoii c
o6paTHOH
CB513hl0
(pHc. 4. 70).
B
co
CJIO)KeHHeM
TOKa
cnyqae o6paTHOH CB513H co
CJIO)KeHHeM TOKa (rrapaJIJieJibHOH) Ha BXO,[(e
YCHJIHTeJI51 ( HHBepTHPYIDIIIeM) CYMMHPYJOTC51 TOK H3 11errH o6paTHOH CB513H H BXO.[(HOH
TOK (TaKOH ycHJIHTeJib 51BJ151eTC51 q>aKTHqecKH
ycHJIHTeJieM c rrepe.[(aToqHhIM corrpoTHBJieHHeM; OH rrpeo6pa3yeT BXO.[(HOH TOK B BhlXO,D;HOe
HaIIp5[)1{eHHe).
06paTHa51
CB513h
yMeHbIIIaeT HMIIe,[(aHC co CTOpOHbl «cyMMHPYJOIIIero BXO.[(a» R 2 B (1
+ A) pa3 (rrorrpo-
6yiiTe 3TO .[(OKa3aTh). IlpH oqeHb 60JibIIIHX
3HaqeHH51X K03<p<pHIIHeHTa rrepe.[(aqH B rreTJie
o6parnoii CB513H (HarrpHMep, B OY) BXO.[(HOH
HMIIe.[(aHC YMeHhIIIaeTC51 .[(0 .[(OJieH OMa, qTo
51BJ151eTC51
xopoIIIeH
xapaKTepHCTHKOH
.[(JI}[
ycHJIHTeJieH C TOKOBhIM BXO.[(OM. B KaqecTBe
IIpHMepOB MO)l{HO rrpHBeCTH ycHJIHTeJih <pOTOMeTpa (pa3,[(. 4.22) H
HeHH51 BhIBeCTH Bbipa)l{eHHe .[(JI}[ K03<p<pHIIH-
JIOrapH<pMHqecKHH
™PYIDIIIero ycHJIHTeJI51 C KOHeqHbIM ycHJieHHeM B rreTJie o6paTHOH CB513H. Bbipa)l{eHHe
HMeeT BH.[(
q = - A(l-B)/(1 + AB),
r.[(e B orrpe.[(eJI51eTc51 KaK H paHbIIIe, a HMeHHO
B = Rif (R 1 + R 2 ).
,[(JI51
rrpe.[(eJihHOro
3HaqeHH51 K031plpHIIHeHTa yCHJieHH51
A IIpH
G=
pa30MKHYTOH 11errH o6paTHOH CB513H,
= - 1/B + 1 (T.e. G = - R 2 /R 1 ).
YnpalKlleHHe 4.11. BbIBeAHTe rrpeAhIAyrn:He Bb!pa)l(eHHJI
AJIJI BXOAHOro HMIIeAaHca H K03cpcpHIU!eHTa ycHJieHJrn
HHBepTHpy10rn:ero ycHJIHTeJIJI.
BMXo.a:noii HMDe.a:auc.
06paTHM
Terreph
BHHMaHHe Ha TO, qTo 11errh o6paTHOH CB513H
rrepe.[(aeT c BhIXO.[(a Ha BXO.[( CHrHaJI, rrporrop11HoHaJihHhm JIH6o BhIXO.[(HOMY HaIIp51)l{eHHIO,
JIH6o
TOKY
Harpy3KH.
B
rrepBoM
cnyqae BhIXO.[(HOH HMIIe,[(aHC IIpH 3aMbIKaHHH o6paTHOH CB513H YMeHhIIIaeTC51 B
(1 +
+ AB) pa3, a BO BTOpOM - BO CTOJihKO )Ke
pa3 YBeJIHqHBaeTC51. PacCMOTpHM 3TO 51BJieHHe Ha rrpHMepe HaIIp5[)1{eHH51.
HaqffeM C
MO.[(eJIH, rrpe.[(CTaBJieHHOH Ha pHC. 4.71. Ha
rrpeo6pa3oBaTeJih (pa3.[(. 4.14).
u
BU
a
PHc. 4.70. BXOAHOH H BhlXOAHOH HMIIeAaHCbl ycHJIHTeJlll c rrepeAaTO'lllhIM corrpoTHBJieHHeM
Z =
= R2/(l + k),
= Zcooaoq/(1 + A) (a); ~HBe;~HR 2/(l A), Z,..,x =
pyiorn:ero ycHJIHTem1, Z,x = R 1
= Zcooaoq/(1 + AB), B = Ri/(R 1 + R 2 ).
zm
+
+
PHc. 4.71.
=
rJiaBa 4
252
3TOH cxeMe BhIXO.[(HOH HMne,D;aHC noKa3aH
BJIHHeT Ha BeJIHqHHY K03qlqlHI(HeHTa YCHJie-
B HBHOM BH,D;e. ,l(JIH yrrpomeHHH BhJqHcJieHHH
HHH 6e3 o6paTHOH CBH3H (o6paTHaH CBH3h
BOCnOJih3yeMCH CJie,D;yJOIIl;HM npHeMOM: 3aM-
ycTpaHeHa,
KHeM
qTo
CJie,D;yeT HCnOJih30BaTh MO.[(HqlHIJ;HpOBaHHhIH
BhIXO,D;HOe HanpH)KeHHe paBHO U; onpe,D;eJIHB
K03qlqlHI(HeHT ycHJieHHH pa30MKHYTOH neTJIH
I, Haii,D;eM BhIXO.[(HOH HMne,D;aHC R~b!X = U/ I. HanpH)KeHHe U Ha BhIXO.D;e
noJiaraeTCH, qTo ~-u;enh HBJIHeTCH HanpaB-
BXO.[(
HaKOpOTKO
H
noJIO)KHM,
Bh!XO.[(HOH TOK
C03,D;aeT Ha BXO,D;e ycHJIHTeJIH na,D;eHHe HanpH)KeHHH, paBHOe
-B/U, KOTOpoe B CBOIO
HO no,D;KJIJOqeHHe BhIIIOJIHeHO),
o6paTHOH CBH3H. I1 HaKoHel(, o6bJqHo npe,D;JieHHOH, T. e.
OHa He nepe,D;aeT CHrHaJI co
BXO,D;a Ha BhIXO.[(.
oqepe.D;h co3,D;aeT BO BHyTpeHHeM reHepaTope
ycHJIHTeJIH HanpH)KeHHe
-ABU. BhIXO.D;Hoii
TOK npH 3TOM paBeH
ycuJIUTeJieii C o6paTHOH CBH3bI0
U - ( -ABU)
U (1 + AB)
RBbIX
RBbIX
I = - - - - - - = -----,
cJie,D;oBaTeJihHO,
PaccMOTpHM
,D;eiicTByJOrn;Hii
BhIXO.D;HOH
HOH o6paTHoii CBH3hJO.
Onncauue cxeMbI. Ha nepBhIH B3rJIH.D; oHa
B Heii HeT XHTpOCTeii H npoaHaJIH3HpOBaTh
ECJIH HCnOJih3yeTCH o6paTHaH CBH3h no
TOKy, T. e. CHrHaJI o6paTHOH CBH3H nponopl(HOHaJieH TOKY B Harpy3Ke, TO Bhipa)KeHHe
.[(JIH BhlXO,[J;HOro HMne,D;aHca npHHHMaeT BH.[(
ee .D;OCTaToqHo Jierno. TpaH3HCTOphI T1 H
T2
o6pa3yJOT .D;Hq>q>epeHu;HaJihHYJO napy, a .D;OnoJIHHTeJihHOe ycnneHHe ee BhIXO,D;Horo CHrHaJia
o6ecneqnBaeT
ycHJIHTeJih
c
o6rn;HM
T3 . Pe3HCTop R 6 -3TO pe3HCT!)P KOJIJieKTOpHoii Harpy3KH T3 , a .D;ByxTaKTHhIH KacKa,D; Ha TpaH3HCTopax T4 H T5
3MHTTepoM Ha
R~b!X = RBbIX (1 + AB).
MO)KHO HCnOJih30BaTh HeCKOJihKO ueneii
o6paTHOH CBH3H KaK no TOKY,
TaK H
no
o6rn;eM CJiyqae BhIXO.[(HOH
HMne,D;aHc onpe,D;eJIHeTCH qiopMyJioii .liJI3K-
npe,D;CTaBJIHeT
co6oii
BhIXO.[(HOH
3MHTTep-
HhIH nOBTOpHTeJib. BhIXO,[J;HOe HanpH)KeHHe
nocTynaeT B u;enh
oc, KOTOpaH COCTOHT H3
,D;eJIHTeJIH HanpH)KeHHH, o6pa3oBaHHoro pe-
MaHa:
R~bIX
pHC. 4. 72
Ha
MO)KeT noKa3aThCH CJIO)KHOH, Ha caMOM ,D;eJie
= U/1 = RBblX/(1 +AB).
HanpH)KeHHIO. B
noKa3aHHhIH
TpaH3HCTOpHbIH ycHJrnTeJih C OTpHI(aTeJih-
HMne,D;aHC onpe,D;eJIHeTCH Bhipa)KeHHeM
R~bIX
4.27 . .21:Ba npnMepa TpaH3BCTOpHLIX
3HCTopaMH R4 H
= RBbIX [1 + (AB) •. ,./1 + (AB)x.xJ,
Rs H KOH,D;eHCaTopoM C2,
6naro,D;apH KOTOpOMY K03qlqlHI(HeHT YCHJieHHH cxeMhI
C
oc no IIOCTOHHHOMY TOKy
r ,D;e ( AB) •. ,. - K03q>q>Hl(HeHT nepe,D;a qH u;enH
YMeHh!rraeTCH .[(0 e,D;HHHI(hl (,D;JIH CTa6HJIH3a-
o6paTHOH CBH3H npH KOpOTKOM 3aMhIKaHHH
l(HH pe)KHMa no nOCTOHHHOMY TOKy). Pe3HC-
(AB)x.x. - K03qlqlHI(HeHT
TOp R3 onpe,D;eJIHeT TOK CMern;eHHH B ,D;HqJ-
BhIXO,D;a;
u;enH
o6paTHOH
CBH3H
u;enH
qiepeHI(HaJihHOH nape; HaJIHqne neTJIH 06-
Harpy3KH (Ha XOJIOCTOM XO.D;y). TaKHM o6pa-
paTHOH CBH3H, OXBaTbIBaJOII(eH cxeMy, ra-
30M, C IIOMOIIl;hlO o6paTHOH CBH3H MO)KHO
paHTHpyeT, qTo BhIXO,[J;HOe HanpH)KeHHe no-
noJiyqHTh
KOH paBHO noTeHI(HaJiy 3eMJIH,
HY)KHhIH
npH
nepe,D;aqH
o6pbIBe
BhlXO,[J;HOH
HMne,D;aHC.
3TO Bhipa)KeHHe eCTh o6o6meHHe noJiyqeH-
a
noTOMY
OKa3hIBaeTCH, qTo TOK noKOH T3 COCTaBJIHeT
HhIX Bhnrre pe3yJihTaTOB .[(JIH npOH3BOJihHOH
10 MA (na.[(eHne HanpH)KeHHH Ha R 6 npH-
KOM6HHal(HH o6paTHhIX CBH3eii no TOKY H no
6JIH3HTeJihHO paBHO
HanpH)KeHHJO.
noKa3aHO
B
u::n). KaK y)Ke 6bIJIO
pa3,D;. 2.14,
.[(HO.[(hl
CMern;aJOT
oc H HarppKa ycHJIHTCJIH. BhlnOJI-
.D;BYXTaKTHhIH KaCKa,D; B COCTOHHHe npOBO-
HHH pacqeThI .[(JIH cxeM C o6paTHOH CBH3hl0,
,[J;HMOCTH, npH 3TOM na,D;eHHe HanpH)KeHlrn Ha
Qenb
o6hJqHo npe,D;noJiaraJOT, qTo ~-uenh He Harpy)KaeT BhIXO.[( ycHJIHTeJIH.
cJiyqae
3TO
CJie.D;yeT
yqecTh
B npOTHBHOM
npH
pacqeTe
nocJie,D;OBaTeJihHOM coe,D;HHeHHH pe3HCTOpOB
R7 H
Rs paBHO na,D;eHHIO HanpH)KeHHH Ha
.[(HO,D;e, T. e. TOK noKOH BhIXO.[(HOro nOBTOpH-
60 MA. 3To ycnJIHTeJih KJiacca
K03qlqlHI(HeHTa yCHJieHHH npH pa30MKHYTOH
TeJIH paBeH
neTJie o6paTHOH CBH3H. ToqHo TaK )Ke, eCJIH
AB, B KOTOpOM 3a cqeT noTepH MOII(HOCTH
B 1 BT, pacceHBaeMOH Ka)K,D;hIM BhIXO,[J;HhIM
no,D;KJIJOqeHHe ~-u;enH Ha BXO.[(e ycHJIHTeJIH
253
06paTHaH CBH3L u onepaQHOHHLie ycuJIHTeJIU
+15 B
-------------------UK/(
t60MA
C1
2,2 MKcJl
BXO,l\HOH
+I
-0,4 B
c~rHan
-1,0B
-=
7;, T2 : h 213 "" 250
GOrJTaLOB8HHa5I
napa
_...,.._________.____,___Un
-15B
PHc. 4.72. TpaH3HCTOpHhIH ycHJIHTeJih MOll(HOCTH c OTpm1aTeJihHOH o6paTHOH CBll3hJO.
TpaH3HCTOpOM, )'MeHbIIIaIOTCH nepeXO.[(Hbie
TpaH3HCTOpHOM cxeMe BXO.[(HhIM TOKOM CMe-
HCKa)KeHHH.
rn:eHHH
C TO'IKH 3peHHH paCCMOTpeHHbIX paHee
npeHe6pe<Ih
4 MKA)-Ha
HeJib3H
BXO.[(HhIX
( OH
paBeH
pe3HCTOpax,
HMeIO-
100 KOM, OH C03.[(aeT
0,4 B. B no-
cxeM Heo6bI'!HhIM B 3TOM cxeMe HBJrneTCH
IUHX conpOTHBJieHHe
TOJihKO TO, 'ITO KOJIJieKTOpHoe HanpH)KeHHe
na.ri;eHHe HanpH)KeHHH, paBHoe
nOKOH TpaH3HCTOpa Tl MeHbIIIe HanpH)KeHHH
.ri;o6HhIX cxeMaX TpaH3HCTOpHbIX ycHJIHTeJieM
nHTaHHH
U •• Bcero Ha BeJIH<IHHY na.ri;eHHH
HanpH)KeHHH Ha .[(HO.[(e. OHO .[(OJI)KHO 6hITh
TaKHM
.[(JIH
HaXO.[(HJICH
Toro,
B
60JibIIIe, lfeM
B onepan:HOHHhIX ycHJIHTeJIHX, n03TOMY oco-
TpaH3HCTOp
T3
6eHHO
npoBO.[(HMOCTH,
a
nOCTOHHHOMY TOKy CO CTOpOHhI BXO.[(OB 6bI-
'IT06hr
pe)KHMe
BXO.[(Hbie TOKH 3Ha'!HTeJibHO
Ba)KHO,
lfT06bI
conpoTHBJieHHH
no
no.[(,[(ep)KHBaeT 3TO COCTOHHHe n:enh o6paT-
JIH paBHhI ( OlfeBH.[(HO, 'ITO JIY<IIIIe 6bIJIO 6bl
HOM CBH3H. EcJIH, HanpHMep, KOJIJieKTOpHoe
HCnOJih30BaTb
HanpH)KeHHe rpaH3HCTOpa Tl npH6JIH3HJIOCh
TpaH3HCTOp .[(apnHHrTOHa).
3.ri;ecb Ha
BXO.[(e COCTaBHOM
T3
AuaJIU3 cxeMLI, PacCMOTpHM npHBe.ri;eH-
Ha'!aJI 6hr npOBO.[(HTh 6oJiblIIOM TOK, npH
HYIO cxeMy no.ri;po6Ho H onpe.ri;eJIHM K03q>-
6hr K noTeHn:HaJiy 3eMJIH, TO TpaH3HCTOp
3TOM YBeJIH'lHJIOCh 6hr BhIXO.[(HOe HanpH)Ke-
q>HU:HeHT ycHJieHHH, BXO.[(HOM H BhIXO.[(HOM
HHe, a
HMne.ri;aHChI H BeJIH'IHHY HeJIHHeMHhIX HCKa-
3TO B CBOIO
o<Iepe.ri;h npHBeJIO 6bl
K TOMY, 'ITO <Iepe3 TpaH3HCTOp T2 TO)Ke CTaJI
)KeHHM . .[(JIH Toro 'IT06br MO)KHO 6bIJIO on:e-
6hr npoTeKaTh 60JibIJJOM TOK, 'ITO BhI3BaJIO
HHTh BJIHHHHe o6paTHOM CBH3H, onpe.ri;eJIHM
6hr
)'MeHbIIIeHHe
TpaH3HCTOpe
B
3TH napaMeTpbI npH pa30MKHYTOM H 3aMK-
Tl H BOCCTaHOBHJIO 6hr Hapy-
KOJIJieKTOpHoro
TOKa
HYTOM n:enH o6paTHOM CBH3H (y<IHThIBaH, 'ITO
IUeHHhIM CTaTyC-KBO. Pe3HCTOp R2 no.ri;o6paH
npH
TaKHM o6pa30M, 'IT06hr TOK nOKOH TpaH-
CMern:eHHe npaKTH'!eCKH 6ecnone3HO ).
3HCTOpa
Tl C03.[(aBaJI Ha HeM na.ri;eHHe Ha-
Toro
pa30MKHYTOM
'IT06bl
n:enH
on:eHHTh
o6paTHOM
BJIHHHHe
CBH3H
.[(JIH
o6paTHOM
npH)KeHHH, paBHOe na.ri;eHHIO HanpH)KeHHH Ha
CBH3H Ha JIHHeMHOCTh, onpe.ri;eJIHM K03qJqJH-
.[(HO.[(e, Tor.ri;a B TO'!Ke noKOH KOJIJieKTOpHbie
U:HeHT ycHJieHHH npH HanpH)KeHHHX Ha BhI-
TOKH B .ri;mpqiepeHn:HaJibHOM nape 6y.ri;yT npH6JIH3HTeJibHO paBHhI Me)K.ri;y co6oM.
B 3TOM
xo.ri;e, paBHhIX
+ 10 B, -10 B, H HanpH)Ke-
HHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUeM TO'!Ke noKOH (0 B).
rJiaBa 4
254
Qenb OC paJOMKHyTa. BxoiJ1tou uMneiJa1tc.
PaJopBeM n:errh
o6paTHoii CBSI3H B
To'IKe
~aHC
yBeJIHqHBaeTCSI
B
+ K03q>q>Hn;HeHT
(1
rrepe~aqH rreTJIH OC) pa3. U:errh o6parnoii
X H 3a3eMJIHM rrpaBhIH KOHen: pe3HCTopa R 4 •
CBSI3H rrpe~cTaBnsreT co6oii ~eJIHTeJih Harrpsr-
,l(nsr
)l(eHHsr
BXO~Horo
CHrHaJia
COIIpOTHBJieHHe
orrpe~ensreTcsr rrapaJIJIMhHhIM coe~HeHHeM
c
OTHOllleHHt:M
B = 1/30 Ha
rrneq
qacTOTax CHrHaJia, CJie~oBaTeJihHO, K03q>q>H-
corrpOTHBJieHHSI 100 KOM H corrpoTHBJieHHSI
n;HeHT ycHJieHHSI B rreTJie o6paTHOH CBSI3H
co CTOpOHhl 6a3hl. Ilocne~ee COCTOHT H3
paBeH
)'BeJIH'IeHHhIX
B
h 213
pa3
co6cTBeHHoro
AB = 70.
Cne~oBaTeJihHO, BXO~Hoii
HMrre~aHc orrpe~ensreTcsr rrapannenhHhIM co-
T1 rrmoc co-
e~HHeHHeM
corrpOTHBJieHHSI
rrpOTHBJieHHe co CTOpOHhl 3MHTTepa T2, rrpH
pe3HCTOpa
CMein:eHHSI
3MHTTepHoro COIIpOTHBJieHHSI
orrpe~eneHHH KoToporo Ha~o Y'{eCTh,
qTo
100 KOM,
T. e.
70 · 16 KOM
H
corrpOTHBJieHHeM
rrpH6.JIH3HTeJihHO
92 KOM.
T2 IIO~KmoqeHa n:errh
o6paTHOH CBSI3H. ECJIH h213 ~ 250, TO Zax ~
~ 250 [(2 · 25) + (3,3 KOM/250)], T. e. Zax ~
MO)l(HO cqHTaTh,
~ 16 KOM.
qaCTh BhIXO~Horo HaIIpSI)l(eHHSI rrepe~aeTCSI
K 6a3e TpaH3HCTOpa
B&1xoiJ1tou uMneiJa1tc. B
CBSI3H c TeM qTo
'ITO BXO~HOH HMIIe~aHC
orrpe~eJISieTCSI pe3HCTOpOM CMein:eHHSI.
BblXOiJflOU UMneiJaflC. B
CBSI3H C TeM qTo
Ha BXO~, BhIXO~HOH HMIIe~aHC YMeHblllaeTCSI
(1 + K03q>q>Hn;HeHT yCHJieHHSI rreTJIH OC)
corrpOTHBJieHHe KOJIJieKTOpa TpaH3HCTOpa T3
B
BeJIHKO, MO)l(HO CqffTaTh, qTo Ha BhIXO~Hhie
pa3. Cne~oBaTeJibHO, BhIXO~HOH HMIIe~aHC
TpaH3HCTOphl pa6oTaeT HCTOqHHK C corrpo-
paBeH 0,3 OM. 0TMeTHM, qTo 3TO HMm:~aHC
THBJieHHeM 1,5 KOM (R 6 ). BhIXO~Hoii HMrre-
~nsr Manoro CHrHana. He cne~yeT ~aTh,
15 OM
qTO IIOJIHhIH pa3Max BhIXO~Horo Harrpsr)l(e-
(h 213 ~ 100) rrmoc 3MHTTepHoe corrpoTHB-
HHSI MO)l(HO IIOJIYqffTh Ha Harpy3Ke C corrpo-
~aHc
COCTaBJISieT
rrpH6.JIH3HTeJihHO
20 OM. Co6-
THBJieHHeM, HarrpHMep 1 OM. 3MHTTepHbIH
corrpOTHBJieHHeM
pe3HCTOp corrpOTHBJieHHeM 5 OM, rrpHCYT-
neHHe, paBHoe 5 OM, HTOro
CTBeHHhIM
3MHTTepHhIM
BeJIHqHHOH 0,4 OM MO)l(HO rrpeHe6peqh.
Ko'3¢¢u14ue1tm ycu.r1e1tuR. CorrpoTHBJieHHe
Harpy3KH
~mpq>epeHn:HaJihHoro
CTBYIOIUHH B BhIXO~HOM KaCKa~e, orpaHHqHBaeT pa3Max 6oJihllIOro CHrHana.
HarrpH-
KacKa~a
Mep, Ha Harpy3Ke C corrpOTHBJieHHeM 4 OM
orrpe~ensreTcsr rrapannenhHhIM coe~HHeHHeM
MO)l(HO IIOJIYqffTh pa3Max, paBHhlH rrpH6.JIH-
R2 H 6a30BOro corrpOTHBJieHHSI TpaH3HCTOpa
3HTeJihHO 10 B (OT IIHKa ~o IIHKa).
Km¢¢u14ue1tm ycuAe1tuR., Ko3q>q>Hn;HeHT
T3. B CBSI3H C TeM qTo TOK IIOKOSI TpaH3HCTOpa T3 cocTaBnsreT 10 MA, ero co6cTBeHHoe
3MHTTepHoe corrpOTHBJieHHe paBHO 2,5 OM,
a BXO~Hoe corrpOTHBJieHHe co CTOpOHhl 6a-
(h 213 ~ 100).
3hI- 250 OM
Cne~oBaTeJihHO,
· K03q>q>Hn;HeHT yCHJieHHSI ~q>q>epeHn:HaJihHOH
rraphI
paBeH
Ko3q>q>Hn;HeHT
250
II 620 OM/2 · 25 OM ~ 3,5.
YCHJieHHSI
no
HaIIpSI)l(eHHIO
BTOporo KaCKa~a, Ha TpaH3HCTope T3, paBeH
yCHneHHsr paBeH A/(1
+ AB). B TO'IKe rroKosr
OH rrpHHHMaeT 3HaqeHHe 30,84, rrpH 3TOM
HCIIOJih3yeTCSI TOqHoe 3HaqeHHe ~JISI B. ,l(JISI
HJIJIIOCTpan;HH
CTa6HJihHOCTH
o6ycnoBneHHoii
OTpHn:aTeJihHoii o6paTHOii
ycHJieHHSI,
CBSI3hl0, HH)l(e rrpHBe~eHhl 3HaqeHHSI IIOnHOro
K03q>q>HU:HeHTa YCHJieHHSI no Harrpsr)l(e-
HHIO ~JISI cxeMhI IIpH HaJIH'IHH H B OTcy-
1,5 KOM/2,5 OM= 600. Ilontthm K03q>q>HU:H-
TCTBHe o6paTHOH CBSI3H ~JISI Tpex 3HaqeHHii
eHT ycHJieHHSI no HarrpSI)l(eHHIO B TO'IKe rro-
BhIXO~Horo HaIIpSI)l(eHHSI. OqeBH~HO, qTo OT-
KOSI
pHn:aTeJibHaSI o6paTHaSI CBSI3h cyin:ecTBeHHO
paBeH
ycHJieHHSI
3,5 · 600 = 2100.
Ko3q>q>Hn;HeHT
T3 3aBHCHT OT BeJIHqHHhl KOJIJieK-
TOpHoro TOKa, H II03TOMY OH cyin:ecTBeHHO
YJI)"llllaeT xapaKTepHCTHKH ycHJIHTeJISI,
crrpaBe~JIHBOCTH
pa~
CJie~yeT
HO
OTMeTHTh,
H3MeHSieTCSI rrpH H3MeHeHHH CHrHaJia OT ITH -
qTO cxeMy MO)l(HO 6hIJIO 6bI pa3pa6oTaTh
Ka ~o IIHKa - B 3TOM rrpOSIBJISieTCSI HeJIHHeii-
H TaK, qTo6bI ee xapaKTepHCTHKH IIpH pa-
HOCTh cxeMhI. B cne~y10in:eM pa3~ene rrpH-
30MKHYTOH
BO~SITCSI
JIY'{IIIe; HarrpHMep B Ka•reCTBe KOJIJieKTOpHOH
3HaqeHHSI
K03q>q>Hn;HeHTa
ycHJie-
rreTJie
o6paTHOH
CBSI3H
6bIJIH
HHSI ~JISI Tpex 3HaqeHHH BhIXO~Horo Harrpsr-
Harpy3KH T3 MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI HCIIOJih30BaTh
)l(eHHSI.
HCTOqHHK TOKa, B 3MHTTepHOH n:errH ~q>-
Qenb OC JaMKnyra. BxoiJ1tou uMneiJa1tc.
qiepeHn;HaJihHOH rrapbl TaK)l(e MO)l(HO 6bIJIO
cxeMe HCIIOJih30BaHa IIOCJie~OBaTeJibHaSI
6bI HCIIOJih30BaTh HCTOqHHK TOKa; 3TO rrpH-
o6paTHasr CBSI3h, II03TOMY BXO~HOH HMIIe-
BeJIO 6bI K yMeHhllleHHIO BJIHSIHHSI 3MHTTep-
B
06paTHaH CBH3b u onepa ..HOHHble YCHJIHTeJIH
HEKOTOPLIE TiflilfllHhIE CXEMLI
C OilEPAI.J,HOHHLIMH YCHJIHTEJUIMll
llxx
+20 B
R3
620
4.28. Jla6oparnpHhrii ycnJinTeJih
o6~ero ua3uaqe11JU1
R1
68K0M
MA
Ri
R4
10 K0M
1,0 KDM
ycHJIH-
C rrepeKJIIO'leHHeM K03<pqJHD;HeHTa ycHJieHHH,
IIOJIOChl rrporrycKaHHH H C IIIHpOKHM ,D;Harra-
!
30HOM CMern;eHHH BhIXO,D;a IIO IIOCTOHHHOMY
TOKy. llHTerpaJibHaH cxeMa I1C1 rrpe,D;CTaB-
1 MA
2,0 B
«,D;eKa,D;HhIH
TeJih» co CBH3HMH no IIOCTOHHHOMY TOKY
Rs
10 KOM
'2.,6 B
pHc. 4.74 rroKa3aH
Ha
10 B
.1
255
JIHeT co6oii HeHHBepTHpy10rn;Hii OY co BXO,!l;OM Ha IIOJieBhIX TpaH3HCTOpax, ycHJie1rne
OT e,D;HHHD;hl (0 ,D;li) ,!l;O 100
(40 ,D;li), mar H3MeHeHHH OTKaJIH6poBaH H
paBeH 10 ,D;li; ,!l;JIH IIO,!l;CTpOHKH YCHJieHHH
H3MeHHeTCH
P11c. 4.73.
rrpe,D;yCMOTpeH BepHbep. I1C2-3TO HHBepTHpy10rn;Hii ycHJIHTeJih; OH o6ecrreqHBaeT cMern;eHHe BhIXO,D;Horo HarrpmKeHHH B ,D;Hana30-
± 10 B; IIO,!l;CTpOHKa BhlIIOJIHHeTCH c rro-
HOH u;errn H T. rr. Ho ecJIH 6hI cxeMa H 6hrna
He
crrpoeKTHpOBaHa xoporno, o6paTHaH CBH3h
MOlli;hlO pe3HCTOpa R14, rrpH 3TOM qiopMH-
Bee paBHO 3aMeTHO YJIY'IIIIHJia 6bI ee xapaK-
pyeTCH TOK, rrocTyrra10rn;Hii Ha CYMMHPYIO-
TepHCTHKH.
IIIHH Bxo,n; I1C 2 . KoH,D;eHcaTophI C 2 -C4 ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT COIIpHraIOrn;y10 qacTOTY ycuQenh OC
pa30MKHyTa
-10
UBbl.X
16
20
Ko:,qxjuw;11eHT 1360
ZBX' K0M
ZBblX' OM
0
16
20
2100
+ 10
16
20
2400
Qenh OC
3aMKHyTa
JieHHH Ha BhICOKHX qacTOTax, TaK KaK qacTO
He)KeJiaTeJihHO
-10
0 + 10
92
92
92
0,3
0,3
0,3
30,60 30,84 30,90
,n:ayxi.:acKa;J;HLDi ycnJIHTeJIL c OC.
Ha
IIIHpOKYIO
I1C5 rrpe,D;CTaBJIHeT co6oii yCHJIHTeJih MOlli;cxeMa
B ,D;Harra3oHe
pHC. 4. 73 IIOKa3aH eme 0,!l;HH TpaH3HCTOp-
qepecqyp
HOCTH ,!l;JIH HH3KOOMHhIX Harpy30K H Ka6eJieii;
ycm1eu11l!
HMeTh
IIOJIOCY rrporrycKaHHH CHrHaJia (H IIIYMOB).
o6ecrre'IHBaeT
HeKOTOphre
BXO,!l;HOH
BhIXO,!l;HOH
TOK
± 300 MA.
HHTepeCHbie
pe3HCTOp
oco6eHHOCTH:
corrpOTHBJieHHeM
HhIH ycHJIHTeJib c o6paTHOii CBH3hIO. EcJIH
10 MOM HeJih3H C'IHTaTh 6oJihIIIHM, TaK KaK
paccMaTpHBaTh T1 KaK ycHJIHTeJih, KOTOphrn
TOK CMern;eHHH ,!l;JIH OY THIIa 411 COCTaBJIHeT
ycHJIHBaeT rra,D;emi:e HarrpIDKeHHH Me)K,D;y 6a-
25 rrA ( ornH6Ka 0,3 MB rrpH pa30MKHYTOM
3oii H 3MHTTepoM (BCIIOMHHM MO,D;eJih 36ep-
BXO,D;e). Pe3HCT0p R2 B CO'leTaHHH C ,!l;HO,D;a-
ca - MoJIJia), TO BH,!l;HO, 'ITO o6paTHaH CBH3h
MH /( 1 H /( 2 orpaHH'IHBaeT HarrpH)KeHHe Ha
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100 ,!1;6
ycHJIHTeJIIO THIIa
741, HO He CKOppeKTHpo-
(nnrnqHoe 3HaqeHHe).
BaH (KaK H OY THrra 739). B orrepa11HOHHhIX
qACTOTHAR KOPPEKQHR
YCHJIHTEJIEH C OliPATHOH CBR3LIO
peHHHH KOppeKIIMH, KpoMe Toro, IIpOMhIIII-
ycHJIHTeJIHX 6brnaeT rrpe,D;yCMOTpeHa BHYTJieHHOCTh BhIIIYCKaeT H HeCKOppeKTHpOBaHHhie OY; II03HaKOMIIMCH C HeKOTOphIMH Me-
EcJIH IIOilhITaThCH rpaqiffqeCKH H306pa3HTh
3aBHCIIMOCTh K03qJqJHI1;IfeHTa
ycHJieHHH
HaIIpH)l(eHHIO rrpH pa30MKHYTOH rreTJie 06paTHOH CBH3H OT qacTOThl ,!l;JIH HeCKOJihKHX
orrepaIIHOHHhIX
ycHJIHTeneii,
TO
TO,D;aMH qacTOTHOH KOppeKIIHH.
no
4.33. 3aBHCHMOCTL K034>4>1111neHTa
ycnJieHHH H 4>a30BOl'O C,!l;Bnra OT 'laCTOThl
IIOnyqHM
Ha
B orrepaIIMOHHOM YCHJIHTeJie (a B 06111eM,
pHC. 4.80. LJ:a)l(e IIOBepXHOCTHhIH B3rJIH,!l; Ha
B JII060M MHOroKaCKa,D;HOM ycHJIHTene), Ha-
Oua2paMMbl Eooe (KpHBhie
qffHaH c HeKOTOpOH qacTOThl Ha6JIIO,D;aeTCH
KpHBhie,
IIO,D;06Hble
rrpe,D;CTaBJieHHbie
IIOKa3aHHhlM
H
crra,D; K03qJqJHIIHeHTa ycHJieHHH, o6ycJIOBJieH-
qia3hl OT qacTOThl C HCIIOJih30BaHHeM nora-
HhIH TeM, qTo ycHJIHTeJihHhIB KaCKa,D; ,!l;JIH
3aBHCHMOCTH
K03qJqJHIIHeHTa
ycHJieHHH
pHqJMHqecKoro Macnna6a) II03BOJIHeT c,D;e-
CHI'HaJibB,
naTh 3aKJIIOqeHHe, qTo orrepaIIHOHHhlH ycH-
IIMeI0111ero KOHeqHhIB IIMIIe,D;aHC, HBJIHeTCH
IIOCTyrraIOIIIHX
OT
HCTOqHHKa,
JIHTeJih THIIa 741 xy)l(e OCTaJihHhIX, TaK KaK
eMKOCTHOH Harpy3KOH, H, TaKHM o6pa30M,
C yBeJIHqeHHeM qacTOThl ero K03qJqJHIIHeHT
KaCKa,D; 3KBHBaJieHTeH qJHJihTPY HH3KHX qac-
ycHJieHHH rrpM pa30MKHYTOH 11errH o6paTHOH
TOT.
CBH3H yMeHhIIIaeTCH oqeHh 6bICTpO. Ha ca-
rrpe,D;CTaBJIHeT
HarrpIIMep,
qacTO
co6oii
BXO,!l;HOH
KaCKa,D;
,!l;HqJqJepeHIIHaJihHhIH
MOM ,D;eJie TaKOH crra,D; ycHJieHHH IIOJiyqaIOT
ycHJIHTeJih C Harpy3KOH B BH,D;e TOKOBOro
HaMepeHHO, H xapaKTepHCTHKa orrepaIIMOH-
3epKana (cM. cxeMy LM358, H3o6pa)l(eHHYIO
HOro ycHJIHTeJIH COBIIa,D;aeT C xapaKTepHCTM-
Ha pHC. 4.54), KOTOphIH pa6orneT Ha BTOpOH
KOH RC-qJHJihTpa HH3KHX qacToT, IIMe10111eii
KaCKa,D;,
crra,D; TeJih
6 ,D;6/oKTaBa. OrrepaIIHOHHhIH ycHJIHTHIIa 748 IIO,D;06eH orrepa11HOHHOMy
rrpe,D;CTaBJIHIOIIIHH co6oii cxeMy c
o6III;IfM 3MHTTepOM. Terrepb ,!l;OIIYCTIIM, qTo
KoH,D;eHcaTop, o6o3HaqeHHhIH Ha cxeMe KaK
261
OopaTHaH CBHJL u onepaQIIOHHLle ycuJIHTeJIH
100
0
i::
~
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80
~
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0
60
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0
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g~
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;:,::: :,:;-20'-----''-----'---'-----'---'---'---'--
1
10
10i
10" 10 4 10 5
Lfacmoma, ru,
3
10 6 10 7
Yacmotna (nor. Macwma6)
PHc. 4.80.
Pile. 4.81.
c., MCKJUOlfeH. Bh!COKMH BhIXO,!l;HOH HMne-
puc. 4.81.
,D;aHc BXO,D;Horo KaCKa,D;a, a TaK)Ke eMKOCTh
npH pa30MKHYTOH neTJie
nepexo,D;a CBx., M eMKOCTh o6paTHOH CB513M
c.6
(BcnoMHHTe
3<pq>eKT
Mmrnepa,
\
Cna,D;
BeJIWIHHOH -
"'-
.+,-l-8_.n_6/.,....o-1<-
~ 1------f.~1_ _ _ _ __.(z_f,.Y
, maBa
K03q>q>Hu;MeHrn
yCMJieHH51
oc onpe,D;eJI51eTC51
6 ,D;n/OKTaBa M HalfHHaeTC51 Ha
HeKOTOpOH cpaBHHTeJihHO HeBhICOKOH <Iac-
!1. OH o6ycJIOBJieH eMKOCTHhIM xapaK-
pa3,D;. 2.19 M 13.04) noc1ie,D;y10mero KacKa,D;a
TOTe
06pa3y10T q>MJihTP HM3KOH <IaCTOThI. To<IKa
TepoM Harpy3KH BhIXO,D;a nepBOro KacKa,D;a.
-3 ,!l;D Ha xapaKTepMCTMKe 3TOro q>MJihTpa
Cna,D; C TaKMM yrJIOM HaKJIOHa np0,!1;0JI)KaeT-
Jie)KMT B ,!l;Mana30He OT 100 ru; ,!l;O 10 Kru;.
YMeHbIIIeHMe peaKTMBHOro conpOTMBJie-
npo51BJI51Th ce651 co6cTBeHHa51 RC-u;enh cJie-
C51 ,!l;O Tex nop, noKa Ha <IaCTOTe
!2 He Ha<IHeT
HH51 KOH,D;eHCaTopa npH YBeJIWieHHH <IaCTOThI
,D;y10mero KacKa,D;a. Ha<IMHa51 c 3TOH TO<IKH,
BhI3hIBaeT n051BJieHHe cna,D;a xapaKTepMCTH-
cna,D; onpe,D;eJI51eTC51 Bemf'IHHOH
KM c HaKJIOHOM 6 ,D;E/oKTaBa. Ha ,!l;OCTaTOlf-
TaBa M T. ,[(.
HO BhICOKHX <IaCTOTax (KOTOphie MOryT He
npeBbIIIIaTh
1 Kru;)
-12 ,D;E/oK-
qTO )Ke CJie,D;yeT M3 TaKOH xapaKTepHCTM-
HMne,D;aHC KOJIJieKTOp-
KM? HanOMHMM, <ITO ,D;JI51 RC-q>MJihTpa HH3-
HOH Harpy3KM HMeeT eMKOCTHOH xapaKTep,
KOH <IaCTOThI 3aBHCHMOCTh C,!l;BHra q>a3hl OT
= gmX<' T. e. cna,D; ycu-
<IaCTOThI HMeeT BH,!l; KpHBOH, noKa3aHHOH Ha
B CB513H c 3TMM Ku
1/f KpoMe Toro,
pHc. 4.82. Ka)K,!l;hIH q>HJihTp HH3KOH <IacTO-
BhIXO,!l;HOH CHrHaJI 6y,D;eT C,!l;BMHYT no q>a3e
ThI, npucyTCTByIOIUMH B ycHJIHTeJie, HMeeT
JieHH51 nponopuHoHaJieH
Ha
90°
OTHOCMTeJihHO
BXO,!l;HOrO.
(Cna,D;y
ycMJieHH51 COOTBeTCTByeT HH)KHMH YtfaCTOK
(«XBOCT»)
xapaKTepHCTHKM
no,D;06HyIO q>a30BYI0 xapaKTepHCTHKY,
no-
3TOMY nOJIHhIB q>a30BhIH C,!l;BIIT rHIIOTeTM-
RC-q>MJihTpa
<IeCKoro ycMJIHTeJI51 MO)KHO npe,D;cTaBMTh B
HH3KOH <IaCTOThI, B KOTOpOM conpOTHBJieHHe
BH,D;e KPMBOH, H3o6pa)KeHHOH Ha pHc. 4.83.
R eCTh 3KBMBaJieHTHOe BhIXO,!J;HOe conpOTMB-
IIpo6JieMa 3aKJIIO<IaeTc51 B cJie,D;y10meM:
JieHMe HCT0'-1.HHKa, K KOTOpOMY no,D;KJIIOlfeHa
eCJIH 3TOT ycHJIHTeJih BKJIIO'IHTh, HanpHMep
eMKOCTHa51 Harpy3Ka. 0,D;HaKO B cxeMe He
no cxeMe nOBTOpHTeJI51, TO B03HHKHYT aBTO-
o6513aTeJihHO ,!l;OJI)l(Hhl npucyTCTBOBaTh pe-
KOJie6aHH51.
aJibHhie pe3HCT0pb!.)
HeKOTOpOH <IaCTOTe q>a30BhIH C,!l;BHr npM pa-
B
3TO
CB513aHO
C TeM,
'ITO
Ha
MHOroKaCKa,D;HOM ycHJIMTeJie Ha Bh!CO-
30MKHYTOH neTJie o6paTHOH CB513M ,!l;OCTH-
KMX <IaCTOTax Ha xapaKTepHCTHKe ycHJIHTeJI51
raeT 180°, npM 3TOM K03q>q>Hu;MeHT ycMJieHM51
no51BJI5IIOTC5I ,D;OnOJIHMTeJihHhie TO'IKM nepe-
eme npeBhIIIIaeT e,D;HHHQY (Ha 3TOH <IaCTOTe
ru6a, o6ycJIOBJieHHhie TeM, <ITO ,D;pyrue ycH-
oTpHu;aTeJihHa51 o6paTHa51 CB513h npeBpama-
JIHTeJihHhie KacKa,D;hI TaK)Ke Ha<IHHaIOT npo-
eTc51 B nOJIO)KMTeJihHyIO). 3Toro ,!l;OCTaTO'IHO
51BJI51Th CBOHCTBa q>MJihTpOB HH3KOH <IaCTO-
,[(JI}[ Toro, lfT06bI B03HHKJia aBTOreHepau;M51
ThI. 3aBHCHMOCTh K03q>q>Mu;HeHTa ycMJieHH51
KOJie6aHHH, TaK KaK Ha 3TOH <IaCTOTe JII06oil:
BCeH MHOroKaCKa,D;HOH cxeMhI npH pa30MK-
CHrHaJI 6y,D;eT caM ce651 Haparn;HBaTh, npo-
HYTOH u;enM
X0,!1;51 no neTJie o6paTHOH CB513M.
oc OT lfaCTOThI noKa3aHa Ha
rJiaBa 4
262
"" -90°
0
t.o
r::t
:s;
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ct
><
u
,;s
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><
:.;
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0
"'
~
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B-
0
0,1 f3 n5 f'3[J.8 10f'3.0.B
1.Jacmoma (nor. Macwma6)
Pnc. 4.82. ~HarpaMMa 60,11e: 3aBHCHMOCTb K03<p<pm:u1eHTa ycmieHHll H <pa3bl OT 'laCTOTbI.
KpHTepuu ycrnii'IHBOCTH.
Kp1uepHil:
yc-
TOH<IHBOCTH ycHJIHTeJUI C o6paTHOH CB5l3bI0
BbITJI51~HT CJie~yIOrn:HM o6pa30M: q>a30Bh!H
C~BIIT ycHJIHTeJI51 rrpH pa30MKHYTOH rreTJie
1 ~o 20 ru;. IloKa)KeM, KaK 3Toro
3oHe oT
~06HBaI0TC5I.
4.34. Mern.r.LI KoppeKQHH ycHJIHTeJieii
o6paTHOH CB513H He ~OJI)KeH rrpeBhIIIIaTb 180°
0.r.uonomocuaH
Ha <IaCTOTe, rrpH KOTOpOH K03q>q>HIJ;HeHT rre-
~OJI)KHa o6ecrre<IHTh, <IT06hI Ha Bcex <IaCTO-
KoppeKQHH.
KoppeKu;H51
pe~a'IH u;errH o6paTHOH CB513H paBeH e~HHH-
Tax,
u;e. 3TOT KpHTepHil: TPY~Heii Bcero y~oBJie-
u;errM o6paTHOH CB513H rrpeBbIIIIaeT e~MHHu;y,
TBOpHTh,
q>a30BhIH
KOr~a
ycHJnITeJib
BKJIIOlfeH
KaK
IlOBTOpHTeJib, TaK KaK rrpH 3TOM K03q>q>H-
Ha KOTOpb!X K03q>q>HIJ;MeHT rrepe~a<IH
c~BIIT
rrpH
pa30MKHYTOH
rreTJie
6brn MeHbIIIe 180° (orrepa-
o6paTHOH CB513M
IJ;HeHT rrepe~a<IH B rreTJie o6paTHOH CB513H
u;MOHHbIH ycHJIHTeJih MO)KHO MCITOJib30BaTh
paBeH
pa-
KaK ITOBTOpMTeJib, Il03TOMY BMeCTO rreTJie-
30MKHYTOH rreTJie o6paTHOH CB513H, T. e. HaH-
Boro YCHJieHH51 MO)KHO rOBOPMTb O K03q>-
K03q>q>HIJ;HeHTy
6oJibIIIeMy
ycHJieHH51
3Ha<IeHHIO.
B
rrpH
orrepau;HOHHOM
q:mu;MeHTe ycHJieHH51 rrpH pa30MKHYTOH rreT-
ycHJIHTeJie C BHyTpeHHeH KOppeKu;MeH KpM-
Jie o6paTHOH CB513H). ,l(JI51 ~OCTH)KeHH51 3TOH
TepMH ycTOH'IHBOCTH Y~OBJieTBOp51eTC51 ~a)Ke
u;eJIM rrporn:e Bcero BKJIIO<IHTh B cxeMy ~o-
B TOM CJiy<Iae, KOr~a 3TH ycMJIMTeJIH BKJIIO-
cTaTO<IHYIO eMKOCTb, C IlOMOru:hlO KOTOpOH
<IaIOT no cxeMe IlOBTOpMTeJieH; B HHX C rro-
3a~aTb
MOrn:hIO rrpOCTOH pe3HCTMBHOH cxeMhI 06-
xapaKTepMCTMKM,
paTHOH CB513M MO)KHO IlOJIY'IMTb JII06oe 3Ha-
IlpH 3TOM K03q>q>Hu;MeHT ycMJieHH51 rrpM pa-
<IeHMe K03q>q>MIJ;HeHTa ycMJieHM51 rrpM 3aMKHy-
30MKHYTOH rreTJie o6paTHOH CB513H ~oJI)KeH
TOH u;errH o6paTHOH CB513M, rrpH 3TOM OHH
CHM3MTbC51 ~o e~HHIJ;bl Ha <IaCTOTe, rrpM-
6y~yT
6JIM3HTeJibHO
pa6oTaTb
ycTOH'IMBO
M
B
HHX
He
6y~yT B03HMKaTh KOJie6aHH51. Mb! y)Ke yrro-
corrpua10rn:y10 <IaCTOTY M HaKJIOH
- 3 ~E
Ha
paBHbIH
-
6 ~E/OKTaBa.
COOTBeTCTBYIOrn:eii
xapaKTepMCTHKe
TO<IKe
cne~YIOrn:ero
M51HYJIH BbIIIIe, 'ITO ~JI}[ 3Toro HaMepeHHO
«ecTeCTBeHHOro» RC-q>HJibTpa. 3a ClfeT 3TO-
CMern:aIOT HalfaJIO crra~a
ro B 60JihIIIeH <IaCTM IlOJIOCbI rrporrycKaHM51
o6pa30M, lfT06bI TO<IKa
ycHJieHM51 TaKHM
-
3 ~E Jie)KaJia B
o6JiaCTM HM3KHX lfaCTOT-06bI'IHO B ~Marra-
q>a30BhIH c~BIIT rrpM pa30MKHYTOH u;errM 06rrpM6JIH)KaTbC51 K
L-
:s:
-270°
- - - , , Ko3q:,q:,11u,11e1-1m yc,rneHl15f
' " (nor. Mac111ma6)
~
'-' -1so
K03q>q>Mu;MeHT
e~MHHIJ;e.
CTaHeT
paBHbIM
MJIJII0CTpMpyeTC5I
rrpH
pa30MKHYTOH
u;errM
o6paTHOH
CB513M CHH)KaeTC51, CTpeM51Cb K e~HHHIJ;e, rrpH
,;s:
:;;
3TOM BHa<IaJie HaKJIOH xapaKTepHCTMKH pa-
g"' -90°
BeH
&
M T. ~-
cc;
00,..._...:::__..,___ _ _ __.___--:T'l:--f1
f2 f3\
1.Jacmoma (nor. Macwma6) \
Pnc. 4.83.
ycHJieHM51
3aMbICeJI
pHC. 4.84. Ee3 KOppeKIJ;HM K03q>q>m:i;MeHT yCMJieHH51
0
90° H Ha<IHeT
180° TOJibKO TOr~a, KOr~a
paTHOH CB513H oy~eT paBeH
-
6 ~E/oKTaBa, 3aTeM - 12 ~E/oKTaBa
B pe3yJihTaTe, rrpe)K~e <IeM K03q>q>M-
u;MeHT ycMJieHH51 CTaHeT paBHbIM e~MHMIJ;e,
q>a30BbIH C~BIIT 6y~eT COCTaBJI51Tb
180° HJIH
6onee. EcJIH cMeCTMTh Ha<Iano rrepBoro crra~a xa paKTepMCTHKM B o6JiaCTb 6onee HH3KHX
06paTHaH CBH3L u onepa..HOHHLie ycHJIHTeJIH
263
-
Poem C
100
~
<:t
QJ
:s:
:c:
"'I:;:s:
80
60
"'
2s 40
::,,
"'"'
E
~
20
c::
"'
0
...:s:
lfacmoma (JJor. Macrnma6)
\
270°
"'Ef
180°
':S:
:a
"'..,
0
2
,e..
"'
PHc. 4.85. KnacCHqecmii BXO.LIHOH KacKa.LI OY co cxeMoii
KoppeKQHH.
PHc. 4.84.
+ 45°),
qacTOT (cq>opMHpOBaTh <<BepIIIHHy» xapaK-
HO, 3anac no q>a3e paBeH 180° -
TepHCTHKH ycHJIHTeml), TO q>a30BhIH C,!l;BHr
npHqeM C,!l;BHr q>a3hl Ha 90° 6y,D;eT noqTH Ha
npeBhICHT 90°, TOJihKO KOr,D;a K03q>q>HIJ;HeHT
ycHJieHH.sr
pa30MKHyToii
neTJIH
o6paTHoii
(90°
BCeM yqacTKe xapaKTepHCTHKH nocne rnaBHoro nOJIIOCa.
CB.sI3H npH6JIH3HTC.sI K e,D;HHHIJ;e. TaKHM o6-
KoppeKIJ;H.sI, OCHOBaHHa.sr Ha HCnOJih30Ba-
pa30M, npoHrpaB B ycHJieHHH, MO)KHO BhI-
HHH 3q>q>eKTa MHJIJiepa, HMeeT TO ,!l;OCTOHH-
y KaCKa,D;a, Ha KO-
CTBO, qTo OHa HeqyBCTBHTeJihHa K H3MeHe-
TOphIH Harpy)KeH ,D;Hq>q>epeHu;HaJihHhiii yCH-
HH.sIM K03q>q>HIJ;HeHTa ycHJieHH.sI no Hanp.sr-
JIHTenh, «ecTeCTBeHHa.sr» conp.srra10ma.sr qac-
)KeHHIO C TeMnepaTypoii HJIH K TeXHOJIOrH-
TOTa o6bJqHo CB.sI3aHa C 3q>q>eKTOM MHJIJie-
qecKOMY pa36pocy 3HaqeHHii K03q>q>HIJ;HeHTa
HrpaTh B ycTOffqHBOCTH.
xapaKTepHCTHKH
yCHJieHH.sr: qeM 6oJihIIIe K03q>q>HIJ;HeHT ycH-
3aKJIJOqaeTC.sI npOCTO B no,D;KJIIOqeHHH ,!1;0-
JieHH.sI, TeM B 6oJihIIIeii CTeneHH npo.srBJI.sieTC.sI
pa,
no3TOMY
KOppeKIJ;H.sI
o6pa THOM
CB.sI3H H TeM
nOJIHHTeJihHOH eMKOCTH o6paTHOH CB.sI3H K
eMKOCTh
TpaH3HCTOpy BTOporo KacKa,D;a, npH 3TOM
CMemaeTC.sI xapaKTepHCTHKa B o6naCTh HH3-
CHJfhHee
o6rn;Hii K03q>q>HIJ;HeHT YCHJieHH.sI ,D;BYX Kac-
KHX qacTOT, a qacTOTa, COOTBeTCTByIOma.sr
gmXc HJIH
e,D;HHHqHoMy ycHJieHHIO, coxpaH.sreTC.sI HeH3-
gm/21t/C. 0 PP B ,D;Hana3oHe cna,D;a qacTOTHOH
MeHHOH. IlpH 3TOM qacTOTa, COOTBeTCTBYIO-
Ka,D;OB
no
Hanp.sr)KeHHIO
paBeH
3 ,!l;O, HaqHHa.sr c KOTOpoii ,D;eii-
xapaKTepHCTHKH ycHJIHTeJI.sr (pHC. 4.85). Ha
ma.sr TO~e -
npaKTHKe B o6oHX KaCKa,D;aX MO)KHO HCnOJih-
CTByeT KOppeKIJ;H.sI, He coxpaH.sreTC.sI nOCTO-
30BaTh TpaH3HCTOphI, coe,D;HHeHHhie no cxe-
.sIHHOH, a q>aKTHqecKH q>HKCHpyeTC.sI qacTOTa,
Me ,n:apJIHHrTOHa.
B KOTOpoii xapaKTepHCTHKa nepeceKaeT OCh
EcJIH CMeCTHTh xapaKTepHCTHKY TaK, qTo-
e,D;HHHqHoro ycHJieHH.sI (pHC. 4.86).
6hI K03q>q>HIJ;HeHTY YCHJieHH.sr, paBHOMY e,D;H-
HecKoppeKTnpoBaHHLie onepauuouHL1e ycn-
3 ,!l;O Ha-
JIHTeJIH, EcJIH onepau;HoHHhiii ycHJIHTeJih Hc-
HHU:e, COOTBeTCTBOBaJia TOqKa
-
ycHneHH.sr
noJih3yeTc.sr B cxeMe, ,D;JI.sr KOTopoii K03q>q>H-
( -12 ,D;O/OKTaBa), TO B xy,D;IIIeM cnyqae (,D;JI.sI
IJ;HeHT ycHJieHH.sI npH 3aMKHYTOH neTJie 06-
qaJia
BToporo
yqacTKa
cna,D;a
cxeMhI noBTOpHTen.sr) 3anac no q>a3e 6y,D;eT
paTHOH CB.sI3H 60JihIIIe e,D;HHHIJ;hl (He noBTO-
paBeH 45°' TaK KaK Ha qacTOTe, COOTBeT-
pHTeJih ),
crny10meii ycHneHHIO
-3 ,D;E, RC-q>HJihTP
BHOCHT C,!l;BHr no q>a3e Ha 45°. Cne,D;OBaTeJih-
TO
HeT
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OY: 308(312), 3130(3160), HA5102(HA5112)
H T. II.); .ll;JI.S: HeCKOppeKTHpOBaHHbIX orrepa-
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TO K03cpcpHIJHeHT rrepe.n;aqH rreTJIH o6paTHOH
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ll KaTyrueK llHAYKTHBHOCTH; eMKOCTb YKa3aHa B n<J),
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MepeHHa.SI xapaKTepHCTHKa 3TOro cjJHJlbTpa. (Ha OCHOBe
pnc. 11 H 12 H3 CTaThll Orchard H.J., Sheahan D. F.
IEEE journal of so/id-state curcuits, SC-5, No. 3 (1970).)
10
12 14 16 1B 20 22 24
ttacmoma, Kfu,
281
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Ma q>HJihTpa Ha
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poB BO BpeMeHHOH o6naCTH, ,!l;OITOJIH.sIJOIIl;a.sI
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qacTOTHhIX xapaKTepHCTHK. Ilo 3THM ,D;aH-
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a
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B 3TOM pa3,D;eJie 6y,D;eT paCCMOTpeHO He-
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TaK)Ke rrpOCTO KaK q>HJih Tp C yrrpaBJIHeMhIM
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1. Ha pHC. 5.16
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R H C rro-rrpe)KHeMy qiopMHPYJOT <IaCTOTHYJO xapaKTepHCTHKY <imJihTpa. KaK 6y.11;eT
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EecceJIH H .11;p. 3a c<IeT orrpe.11;eneHHoro rro.11;6opa rrapaMeTpOB 3.JieMeHTOB. JIJ06oe 'IHCJIO
.IJ;BYXIIOJIJOCHbIX ceKIJHH Ha
I1HYH MO)KeT
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coe.[(HHeHO
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q>HJihTpOB 6onee BhICOKoro IIOpH.IJ;Ka.
B
B Ta-
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Pl!c. 5.16. CxeMhI aKTl!BHhIX cjJl!JihTpOB Ha HHYH. acjJl!JihTp Hl!lKHl!X qacToT; 6-cjJl!JihTp BepxHl!x qaCTOT;
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n,
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B 60JihIIIHHCTBe o6bI'IHhIX crrpaBO'IHHKOB
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q>HJihTpOB,
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c HepaBHOMepHOCThlO
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B cne.11;y10JIJeM pa3-
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10-1614
Ta6JIHIJhl
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rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH
rJiaBa 5
290
5.07. IlpoeKTnpoBanne (J>HJILTpOB ua HHYH
C HCUOJIL30BaHHeM uaumx
ynpome1rnL1x Ta6mm
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ycHJIHTeJI.sr ,D;06aBJI.sieTC.sI K COIIpOTHBJieHHIO
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HaM Hyxrna. KaK y)l(e rOBOpHJIOCb paHee,
<ilHJibTp EaTTepBOpTa xoporn, eCJIH Hy)l(Ha
MaKCHMaJibHO
nonoce
IJJIOCKa.sr
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o6ecneqHBaeT
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xapaKTepHCTMKH B IJOJIOCe nponycKaHH.sI), a
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xapaKTepHCTHKy.
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(pHC. 5.17).
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n-IIOJflOCHOro
<pHJibTpa (npn qeTHOM n) HY)l(HO coe,!l;HHHTb
n/2 ceKu;Hil: Ha 11HYH. PaccMaT-
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«l>HJILTpLI liaTTepBOpTa HH.KHHX qacTOT.
Ecn0: HCIIOJih3yeTc.sr <pHJihTP EaTTepBopTa,
TO napaMeTpbI BCeX ceKD;Hll UMeIOT 0.[(HHaKOBble 3HaqeHH.sI RH C, onpe,D;en.sreMbie COOTHOIIIeHHeM RC= l/2rcfc, r,D;efc-qacTorn, coOTBeTCTBYIOma.sr 3HaqeHHI0 ocna6JieHH.sI BCero <pHJibTpa, paBHOMY - 3 ,D;o. qTo6bI nocTpOHTh, HaIIpHMep, 6-IJOJIIOCHbIB <pHJibTp
EaTTepBOpTa HH)l(HHX qacTOT, Mb! coe,[(HH.sIeM KaCKa.[IHO TPH BbIIIIeOIIHCaHHhie ceKQHH
C K03qJqJHD;HeHTaMH ycHJieHH.sI, paBHbIMU coOTBeTCTBeHHO 1,07, 1,59 H 2,48 ()J(eJiaTeJihHO
KOHCTPYHPOBaHH.sI
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pe3HCTOpa, BHOC.sI OIIIH6Ky B pacqeT.) Tor,[(a
CKOJibKO
H
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Ha
e.[IHHHu;y 6onbIIIero nop.sr.[(Ka. B Ka)l(,D;Oil: ceK-
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R2
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H II0,!1;60pOM H,D;eHTHqHbIX ,!l;Jl.sI Bcex ceKD;Hll
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npe,D;cTann.sreT co6oil: no,1J;o6Hbril: np0:Mep co
3HaqeHHeMfc
= 88,4 ru; (R = 180 KOM, C =
= 0,01 MK<l>).
n~n.srx, 3Haqem1e R BbI6HpaeTc.sr B .[(HaIIa3oHe
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OT 10 .[10 100 KOM. (Pe3HCTOpOB C MaJlbIM
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ny~e
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qnrnhTpoB
Ha
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c
npe,D;IJHCaHHbIM .[(JI.sI Ka)K,!l;Oll ceKD;HH K03<p<f>HJibTp
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(0,5 AD)
qe6bl1!IeBa
(0,2 AD)
K
- - - - - r- - - - - - -
1,586
1,274 1,268 1,231 1,842 0,907 2,114
!H
K
Jn
K
fu
K
qJHD;HeHTOM ycHJieHH.sI. CHOBa B Ka:>K.[(Oll ceK-
= R2 = R H cl = C2 = C.
Ho Tenepb, B OTJIHqI{e OT CHTyau;HH C qJHJibTpoM EaiTepnoprn, npon3Be.[(eHHe RC 6y,D;eT
Il;HH 3a,D;a,D;HM R1
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2
4
1,152
2,235
1,432 1,084 0,597 1,582 0,471 1,924
1,606 1,759 1,031 2,660 0,964 2,782
6
1,068
1,586
2,483
1,607 1,040 0,396 1,537 0,316 1,891
1,692 1,364 0,768 2,448 0,730 2,648
1,908 2,023 1,011 2,846 0,983 2,904
1,038
1,337
1,889
2.610
1,781 1,024 0,297 1,522 0,238 1,879
1,835 1,213 0,599 2,379 0,572 2,605
1,956 1,593 0,861 2,711 0,842 2,821
2,192 2,184 1,006 2,913 0,990 2,946
8
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npnBe.[(eHbI B rn6n. 5.2) no qiopMyne RC=
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Ka,
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291
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XapaKTepHCTHKH cjJHJlbTpOB EaTTepBOpTa (a) n EecceJIJI (6) HOpMnpoBaHbl npnBeAeHHeM OCJia6neHHJI 3 AE K eAHHH'I·
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qeHH51 K OCTaHyTC51 Te )l{e, a HOpMHpyIDIIJ;HH
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TOT
C HepaBHOMepHOCThlO
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0,5 .n:E B .n;Hana-
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O }J;O 100 ru, Ha qacTOTe 100 ru;
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30He OT
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TOT H q>HJihTpOB HH)l{HHX qacTOT C rrepe-
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EaTTepBOpTa HHqero 60JihIIIe He H3MeHHTC51
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B TaKHX CJiyqa51x CJie.[(yeT rrpHMeH51Th
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paBHOH 1,5 f,?
rI(.
5.08. <l>HJibTphI, UOCTpoeHIILie ua OCHOBe
MeTo.a:a nepeMCHHLIX COCTOHHHH
pMC. 5.18
q>HJibTpbl Ha OCHOBe MeTO,[(a rrepeMeHHblX
J1306pa)l{eHHbIH
COCT051HH51)
Hbl.H q>MJihTp Ky.[(a 6oJiee CJIO)KeH no cpaBHe-
q>HJibTpa.
BMeCTO
,[(a)l{e
MHOrOKaCKa,[(HOrO
0,[(HOKaCKa,[(HhIH
.[(Byxrro-
Ha
.[(BYXIIOJIIOC-
HMIO c q>HJihTpaMH Ha I1HYH, HO OH IIIHpo-
JIIOCHhIH q>MJibTp MO)l{eT HMeTh xapaKTepMC-
KO
TMKY C Kpa.iiHe OCTpbIM IIMKOM. l1Hq>OpMa-
ycTO.HqMBOCTH M JierKOCTH peryJIHpOBKH. OH
upHMeH51eTC51
6Jiaro,[(ap51
IIOBhIIIIeHHOH
U:MI0 0 TaKHX KOHCTPYKUM51X q>HJibTpOB MO)l{-
Ha3bIBaeTC51 q>HJibTpOM Ha OCHOBe MeTO,[(a
HO Ha.HTH B crrpaBoqHHKax.
rrepeMeHHhlX COCT051HH51. 3TOT q>MJibTp Bhl-
B q>HJihTpax Ha I1HYH McrroJih3yeTc51 MM-
rrycKaeTC51 B BH,[(e MHTerpaJibHOH cxeMbl q>Hp-
(AFlOO
AF150),
HHMaJihHOe qHCJIO 3JieMeHTOB (0.[(MH orrepa-
MaMM
U:HOHHbIH YCHJIMTeJih Ha ,[(Ba IIOJIIOCa xapaK-
Brown (cepM51 UAF) M .[(pyrHMM. IIocKOJihKY
TepMCTHKH), rrpM 3TOM OHM ,[(aIOT ,[(OIIOJIHM-
3TOT q>HJibTp 51BJI51eTC51 roTOBhIM MO.[(yJieM,
National
H
TeJihHbIH BhIMrpbIIII B BM,[(e HeHHBepTMpyIO-
TO BCe 3JieMeHThl y
mero K03q>q>MUHeHTa ycMJieHH51, HM3Koro BhI-
MCKJIIOqeHMeM pe3MCTOpOB
Burr-
Hero BCTpOeHHbie, 3a
XO.[(Horo rroJIHoro corrpoTHBJieHM51, MaJioro
Ra, RQ M .[(Byx
RF. Cpe.[(M upoqMX ,[(OCTOHHCTB 3TOH cxeMbl
pa36poca 3HaqeHHH rrapaMeTpOB, IIpOCTOThl
cymecTBeHHa B03MO)l{HOCTh rryTeM KOMMy-
H
Tan;MM BhlXO,[(OB IIOJiyqaTh M3 0,[(HOH CXeMbI
rrpH 60JihIIIOM K0-
q>MJibTpbI BepXHHX H HM)l{HHX qacTOT, a TaK-
3q>q>Hn;MeHTe ycMJieHH51 MJIM BhICOKOH .[(06-
)l{e IIOJIOCOBOH q>MJibTp. KpoMe Toro, qacTO-
peryJIMpOBKH
K03q>q>Mn;MeHTa
crroco6HOCTM pa6oTaTb
pOTHOCTH.
I1x
yCHJieHM51
He,[(OCTaTOK -BbICOKa51
qyB-
TY q>MJibTpa MO)l{HO peryJIMpOBaTh rrpH He-
Q (HJIM
CTBHTeJihHOCTh K M3MeHeHM51M uapaMeTpOB
M3MeHHOM 3HaqeHHM .[(06pOTHOCTM
3JieMeHTOB M K03q>q>Mn;MeHTa rrepe,[(aqH ycH-
HeM3MeHHOH IIOJIOCe rrporrycKaHM51- no Bhl-
JIMTeJI51, KpOMe Toro, OHM He r0.[(51TC51 ,[(JI}[
6opy) xapaKTepMCTHKM B IIOJIOCe rrporrycKa-
IIOCTpOeHH51 rrepecTpaHBaeMblX q>MJibTpOB C
HH51.
ycTo.iiqMBOH xapaKTepHCTMKOH.
I1HYH, HeCKOJihKO ceKUMH MoryT 6hITh co-
YnpalKueuue 5.3. CnpoeKTnpyiiTe Ha HHYH 6-noJIIOCHhIH qJHJ!bTp qefibIIIIeBa HHlKHHX 'laCTOT C HepaBHO-
e,[(MHeHhI KaCKa,[(HO ,[(JI}[ C03,[(amrn q>MJibTpOB
KaK
npM
pa6oTe
C
q>MJibTpaMM
Ha
6oJiee BhICOKMX uop51.[(KOB.
1000n¢>
Bb1X0An¢
Pnc. 5.18. <l>HJibTp, IIOCTpoeHHbIH Ha OCHOBe MeTOAa rrepeMeHHbIX COCTO!IHHll.
AKTHBHble ct,nJibTpbl n reeepaTOpbl
JhroTOBHTemI 3THX HHTerpaJihHhIX cxeM
npe.n;naraIDT .n:m1
nonh30BaTeneii
no.n:po6-
293
Q npH HCnOJih30BaHHH
HOH .n;o6pOTHOCThlO
B KatJeCTBe pe3HCTOpa
RF .n;ByxceKIIHOHHOro
Hhie pactJeTHhie q>OpMyJihl H Ta6JIHIIhl. 0HH
nepeMeHHOro pe3MCTOpa (nOTeHIIMOMeTpa) .
.n;aIDT peK0MeH.n;a11HH no BhI6opy HOMHHa-
C
JIOB conpOTHBJieHHH BHeIIIHHX pe3HCTOpOB
c.n:enaTh pe3MCT0p Ro, npH 3TOM nOJIYtJ:aeTCH
.n:m1
nOJIYtJ:emur
Eeccemr
H
q>HJihTpOB
qe6hIIIIeBa
EaTTepBOpTa,
pa3HhIX
nopH.n;KOB;
.n;pyroii CTOpOHhl,
nepeMeHHhIM MO)KHO
q>HJihTp C q>MKCMpOBaHHOH tJaCTOTOH M M3MeHHeMOH .n:o6pOTHOCThlO
Q (H, K CO)KaJie-
npH 3TOM MO)KHO nony'laTh q>HJihTphI C xa-
HHIO, C nepeMeHHhIM K03q>q>HIIHeHTOM nepe-
paKTepHCTHKaMM BepXHMX, HH)KHHX tJaCTOT
.n;atJH).
HJIH noJIOCOBhie H
nOJIOCHono.n;aBJIHIOIIIMe.
YnpalKlleUHe 5.4. Heo6XO,L\HMO paCC'll!TaTh HOMMHa-
IlpMBJieKaTeJihHOH oco6eHHOCThlO 3TMX ru6-
Jlhl pe3HCTOpOB DOKa3aHHOH Ha pnc. 5.18 cxeMhl, HCilOJ!h-
pH.n;HhlX cxeM HBJ151eTCH TO, 'ITO B M0.11:YJlh
3yeMOH B Ka'!eCTBe IlOJIOCOBOro qJHJihTpa C fo
BCTpOeHhl KOH,n:eHCaTOphI; TaK 'ITO OCTaeTCH
Q = 50 n G = 10.
.n:o6aBMTh TOJihKO BHeIIIHMe pe3MCTOphI.
IIOJIOC0Bble (J>HJihTphI, HeCMOTpH Ha 6oJih-
Ha pHC.
= 1 Kn:1,
5.19 M306pa)KeHa none3HaH MO-·
.11:MqJMKaIIMH nOJIOCOBOro q>MJihTpa Ha OCHOBe
q>HJihTp,
MeTo.n;a nepeMeHHhIX COCTOHHMH. He.n;ocTaT-
nocTpoeHHhIH Ha OCHOBe MeTo.n;a nepeMeH-
KOM HBJIHeTCH HCnOJih30BaHHe B Heil tJeThipex
IIIOe 'IMCJIO
cxeMHhIX
3JieMeHTOB,
HhIX COCTOHHMH, npe.n;cTaBJIHeTCH HaH6onee
OY, .ll;OCTOHHCTBO )Ke 3aKJIIOtJaeTCH B B03-
y.n;atJHOH cxeMOH .ll;JIH peaJIM3aIIMM (BhICOKO-
MO)KHOCTH perynHpOBaTh IIIMpHHY noJIOChl
.n;o6poTHhIX) nOJIOCOBhIX q>MJihTPOB. OH 06-
nponycKaHHH (T. e . .n;o6pOTHOCTh Q) 6e3 H3-
na.n:aeT HH3KOH n03JieMeHTHOH 'IYBCTBHTeJih-
MeHeHMH K03q>q>MIIHeHTa ycHJieHHH B nonoce.
Q, TaK
HOCThlO, He npe,n:'hHBJIHeT BhICOKMX Tpe6o-
Ll:eiicTBMTeJihHO, KaK .n:o6pOTHOCTh
BaHMH K IIIMpMHe nonochI nponycKaHHH OY,
H K03q>q>MIIHeHT ycMJieHHH ycTaHaBJIHBalOTCH
a
e,n:MHCTBeHHhIM pe3HCTOpOM.
TaK)Ke npocT B
HacTpoiiKe.
B npe.n;cTaBJieHHOH Ha pHC.
HanpMMep,
5.18 cxeMe, HC-
noJih3yeMOH B KatJeCTBe noJIOCOBoro q>MJihTpa, C nOMOIIIhlO ,n:Byx pe3HCTOpOB
RF ycTa-
HaBJIHBaeTCH 11eHTpaJibHaH tJaCTOTa nOJIOChl
nponycKaHMH, B TO BpeMH KaK pe3MCT0ph1 RQ
H Ra COBMeCTHO onpe.n;eJIHIOT .n:o6pOTHOCTh
Q H K03q>q>MIIMeHT ycMJieHMH B nonoce nponycKaHMH
RF= 5,03 x 10 7/fo OM,
R 0 = 10 5/(3,48Q + G - 1) OM,
Ra= 3,16 x 10 4 Q/G OM.
Ll:o6pOTHOCTh
Q, K03q>q>HIIMeHT ycHJieHHH M 11eHTpaJihHaH
'laCTOTa noJIOChl nponycKaHMH noJIHOCThlO
He3aBMCHMhl
H
3a,n:a10TCH
cne.n;yIDIIIMMH
npOCThIMH COOTHOIIIeHMHMH:
fo = 1/2nRFC,
Q = RifR0 , G = Ri/Ra,
R ~ IO KOM (3HatJeHHe HeKpMTM'IHO, no.n;ro-
HHeMoe).
EuKeaopamHble
<ftu1lbmpb1.
Hau6onee
6JIM3KO K q>MJihTPY Ha OCHOBe MeTo.n;a nepeMeHHhIX COCTOHHMH npHMhIKaeT M306pa)KeHHhIH Ha pHC.
5.20 TaK Ha3bIBaeMhIH 6MKBa.n;-
B 3Toii cxeMe TaK)Ke Hc-
Cne.n;oBaTeJihHO, MO)KHO c.n:enaTh HaCTpaH-
paTHhIH q>HJihTp.
BaeMhIH no tJaCTOTe q>MJihTp C q>HKCMpOBaH-
noJih3YIDTCH TPM OY M ee MO)KHO CKOHCT-
BbiXOA n¢
PHc. 5.19. <l>HJihTp C He3aBHCHMOH perynnpOBKOH ycMJieHHH H .LI06pOTHOCTH
Q.
294
rJiaBa 5.
C
C
10K0M
>--..-- Bb1xoA n<ti
Pnc. 5.20. OHKBa):(paTHblH
aKTHBHblli
(jJHJibTp.
pyHpOBaTb C nOMOrn;hlO yrrOMKHYTOH paHee
HHe .[(JI}[ BhllfHCJieHH51 no 3a.[(aHHOMY 3Ha<Ie-
MC Ha OCHOBe MeTO.[(a nepeMeHHhIX COCT051-
HHIO IIIHpHHhl nOJIOChl nponycKaHH51 HOMH-
HH51.
HaJia conpOTHBJieHH51
3aMe<IaTeJihHhIM
CBOHCTBOM
TaKoro
B03MO)KH0CTh
peryJIH-
pOBKH ero <IaCTOThl (c nOMOrn;hlO
q>HJihTpa
51BJI51eTC51
Ra.
5. McX0.[(51 H3 Tpe6yeMoro K03q>q>HIIHeHTa
Rp) npH
nepe.11;a<IH Ha 11eHTpaJihHOH lfaCTOTe noJIOChl
coxpaHeHHH nOCT051HHOCTH mupUHbl nOJIOChl
nponycKaHH51 H cornacHo TpeTheMy pac<IeT-
nponycKaHH51 (:no npe.[(IIO'ITHTeJihHee, <IeM
HOMY ypaBHeHHIO nOJiy<IaeM 3Ha<IeHHe co-
coxpaHeHHe HeH3MeHHOCTH .11;06pOTHOCTH Q).
npOTHBJieHH51 Ra.
.D:anee
npe.11;nara10TC51
pac<IeTHhie
ypaBHe-
EcJIH pac<IeTHhie
HHii
HH51:
fo = 1/2rcRFC,
G = RB/RG.
noJiy<IaIDTC51
3Ha<IeHH51
conpoTHBJie-
CJIHIIIKOM
BeJIHKH
HJIH
CJIHIIIKOM MaJlhI, 'ITO Hey.11;06HO B HeKOTOphIX
BW = 1/2rcRBC,
cny<Ia51X, TO MO)KHO no.11;06paTh .11;pyroii HOMHHaJI KOH.[(eHcaTopa. HanpHMep, B BhICOKO.IJ;06poTHOM
q>HJibTpe
noTpe6yeTC51
HC-
Q onpe.11;eJI51eTC51 KaK
nOJih30BaTh yBeJIHlfeHHOe 3Ha<IeHHe KOH.IJ;eH-
f 0 /BWH paBHa RB/Rp. IlpH H3MeHeHHH 3Ha-
caTopa C, OTlfaCTH C TeM 'IT061,1 npe.IJ;OTBpa-
CaMa .11;06poTHOCTh
<IeHH51 11eHTpaJihHOH qacTOThl ( c nOMOrn;hlO
THTh
Rp)
cyrn:ecTBeHHOe
yBeJIHlfeHHe
3IIalfeHHe
6poTHOCTh
Q, npH 3TOM coxpaH51eTC51 He-
RB (HJIH MO)KHO HCnOJih30BaTh onHCaHHYIO B pa3.[(. 4.19 T-o6pa3HYJO
H3MeHHOH
IIIHpHHa
nponycKaHH51
11enb). Cne.11;yeT OTMeTHTh, 'ITO Ka)K.[(Oe H3
Kor.11;a BhI npoeKTHpyeTe 6HKBa.11;paTHhiii
rpy3KOii .[(JI}[ OY H, CJie.[(OBaTeJihHO, HX 3Ha-
nponopIIHOHaJihHO H3MeH51eTC51 H .[(0noJIOChl
Qfo.
conpOTHBJieHH51
conpoTHBJieHHii
RF, RB H Ra 51BJI51eTc51 Ha-
q>HJibTp B<IepHOBYIO (npaBHJlhHee HCnOJih30-
<IeHHe He .[(OJI)KHO CTaHOBHThC51 MeHhIIIe, CKa -
BaTh MC aKTHBHoro q>HJihTpa, KOTopa51 y)Ke
)KeM,
co.11;ep)KHT 60JihIIIHHCTBO Heo6XO.[(HMhIX 3Jie-
3JieMeHTOB cxeMhI, MO)KHO HaHTH HX 3Ha<Ie-
MeHTOB),
5 K0M.
MaHHnynHpy51
HOMIIHaJiaMH
onpe.11;e-
HH51, TaK lfT06hI npoCTO y.IJ;OBJieTBOpHJIOCh
JI51eTC51 CJie.IJ;yIDrn;HM o6pa30M:
Tpe6oBaHHe
1. Bhl6epeM OY c IIIHpHHOH nonochI nponycKaHH51 fc, KOTopa51 no KpaiiHeii Mepe B
10-20 pa3 npeBhIIIIaeT Gf0 •
2. IIo.11;6epeM OKpyrneHHhIH HOMHHaJI KOH-
IIHeHTa nepe.11;a<IH HHTerpaTopa (yBeJIITTeHHe
.11;eHCaTopa, 6JIH)KaHIIIHH K CJie.IJ;yIDIIIeMy 3Ha-
pe3HCTOpa o6paTHOH CB513H, KOTopoe B HC-
C = 10/fo MK<I>.
3. McnoJih3yeM Tpe6yeMoe 3Ha<IeHHe 11eHT-
XO.[(HOH cxeMe COCTaBJI51eT
paJihHoii
3Ha<IeHH51
)KeJiaTeJihHO cnpoeKTHpOBaTh q>HJihTp C Te-
conpOTHBJieHH51 RF cornaCHO npHBe.[(eHHOMY
MH )Ke xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, KaK B nocJie.[(HeM
TO
OCHOBHa51 MeTO.[(HKa
<IeHHIO
<IaCTOThI
.IJ;JI51
pac<IeTa
3HalfeHH51
1 nyTeM yMeHbIIIeHH51 K03q>q>H-
Rp) npH COOTBeTCTByIDrn;eM yBe-
JIHlfeHHH K03q>q>HI~HeHTa nepe.11;a<IH HHBepTHpyIDrn:ero
.D:n51
KacKa.11;a
(yBeJIITTeHHe
HJIJIIOCTpaIIHH
3Ha<IeHH51
10 KOM).
npe.11;noJIO)KHM,
'ITO
BhIIIIe nepBOMY ypaBHeHHIO.
yrrpa)KHeHHH. Mbl .[(OJl)l(Hhl Ha<IaTh C Toro,
4. Mcnonh3yeM BTopoe pac<IeTHoe ypaBHe-
'ITO BpeMeHHo 3a.[(a.[(HM C = 0,01 MK<I>. 3aTeM
295
AKTHBHLle «l>HJILTPLI e reeepaTOPLI
Hail:.z:i;eM RF= 15,9 K0M (Jo= 1 Krn:) H Ra=
5.09. .LJ:soiiuoii T-o6pa3HbIH 4>HJlbTp-npo6Ka
796 KOM (Q = 50; BW = 20 ru:).
Hen:, R 0 = 79,6 KOM (G = 10).
I13o6pa)KeHHa.sr Ha pHC. 5.21 IIaCCHBHa.sr RC-
=
HaKO-
YnpalKHeUHe 5.5. Heo6xo.L1HMO cnpoeKrupoBaTb nonocosoii qJHJihTp co cne.L1yioIUHMH napaMeTpaMH: / 0 =
= 60 rii, BW = 1 rii H G = 100.
IloJIOCOBbie cl>HJlbTpbI BbICOKOro nopH,ll;K8.
KaK H .z:i;mr paCCMOTpeHHhIX paHee qJHJihTpOB
HH)KHHX
H
BepXHHX
MO)KHOCTh
qacTOT
HMeeTC.sI B03-
npoeKTHpOBaTh
IIOJIOCOBhie
qJHJihTphI 6onee Bh!COKHX nop.sr,ll;KOB c IIpH6JIH3HTeJihHO IIJIOCKOH IIOJIOCOH nponycKaHH.sr lI KPYThIM nepexo.z:i;oM K IIOJIOCe 3a.z:i;ep3To MO)KHO c.z:i;enaTh c IIOMOIUhlO KaCKa.z:i;coe,ll;HHeHH.sI
HeCKOJihKHX
IIOJIOCOBhIX
qJHJihTpOB 6onee HH3KOro nop.sr.z:i;Ka, KOM6HHHpy.sr HX TaKHM o6pa30M, qTo6bI o6ecneqlITh xapaKTepHCTHKy qJHJihTpa Tpe6yeMoro
BH,ll;a (EaTTepBOpTa,
qe6hIIIIeBa H JII06hie
.z:i;pyrne). KaK H paHhIIIe <pHJihTP EaTTepBopTa HMeeT «MaKCHMaJihHO IIJIOCKyIO» xapaKTepHCTHKY, B TO BpeM.sr KaK qJHJibTp qe6bIIIIeBa y.z:i;oBJieTBOp.sreT Tpe6oBaHH.sIM IIJIOCKOH
xapaKTepHCTHKH B IIOJIOCe nponycKaHH.sI IIpH
KPYThIX
CKaTax
(nepexO,ll;HOH
o6naCTH).
TOJihKO
qTo
paCCMOTpeHHhie
IIOJIOCOBhie
cxeMhl,
Tame
KaK
Ha
<pHJihTphl
I1HYH,
6HKBa.z:i;paTHbie qJHJihTphI H qJHJibTphI Ha ocHOBe MeTo.z:i;a nepeMeHHhIX COCTO.sIHH.sI, .srBJIHIOTC.sI qJHJihTpaMH BTOporo nop.sr.z:i;Ka (.z:i;Ba
noJIIOca).
TOTe, paBHOH
fc = l/2nRC. TaKoe 6ecKoHeq-
Hoe ocna6neHHe .z:i;n.sr RC-<pHJihTpoB, Boo6rn;e
roBop.sr,
He
.z:i;eil:cTByeT
xa paKTepHO - .z:i;aHHhIH
CTOJih
3<pq:>eKTHBHO
q:>HJih Tp
6naro.z:i;ap.sr
CJIO)KeHHIO ,ll;Byx CHrHaJIOB, KOTOpbie Ha qaCTOTe cpe3a HMeIOT pa3HOCTh <pa3 B
180°.
IIonyqeHHe ,ll;OCTaToqHo 6JIH3KOro K HyJIIO
3HaqeHH.sI xapaKTepHCTHKH Ha qacTOTefc Tpe6yeT xopornero
cornacoBaHH.sr 3JieMeHTOB.
3TOT q:>HJihTp Ha3bIBaeTc.sr ,ll;BOHHhIM T-o6-
)KlIBaHH.sI.
HOro
n:eIIh HMeeT 6ecKoHeqffoe 3aTyxaHHe Ha qac-
YBenHqeHHe KPYTH3HhI xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH qJHJibTpa IIyTeM .z:i;o6aBJieHH.sI .z:i;oIIOJIHHTeJihHhIX ceKU:HH IIpHBO,ll;HT, KaK npaBHJIO, K yxy.z:i;rneHHIO nepeXO,ll;HOH H <pa30qacTOTHOH xapaKTepHCTHK. CaMa «IIIHpHHa
IIOJIOChI nponycKaHH.sI» IIOJIOCOBoro qJHJihTpa onpe.z:i;en.sreTc.sr KaK IIIHpHHa xapaKTepHcTHKH Me)K.z:i;y TOqKaMH -
3 .z:i;E, KpoMe, ecTe-
CTBeHHO, paBHOBOJIHOBhIX qJHJibTpOB, ,ll;JIH KO-
pa3Hh!M H MO)KeT yrroTpe6JI.sIThC.sI ,ll;JI.sI ycTpaHeHH.sI CHrHaJia IIOMeXH, HaIIpHMep ceTeBOH
HaBO,ll;KH 60 rn:. Tpy,ll;HOCTh COCTOHT B TOM,
qTo xapaKTepHCTHKa 3TOH n:erm TaKa.sr )Ke
«MHrKa.sr», KaK H y BCex IIaCCHBHhIX RC-n:eneil:,
H
JIHUih
o6pbrnaeTC.sI
.z:i;Boil:Ha.sr
B
OKpeCTHOCTH
qacTOThI
fc
noqTH
OTBeCHO.
HanpHMep,
T-o6pa3Ha.sr
n:enh,
yrrpaBn.sreMaR·
H.z:i;eaJihHhIM HCTOqHHKOM HaIIp.sr)KeHHH, HMeeT
3aTyxaHHe
10 .z:i;E
Ha
qacTOTe,
paBHOH
Y.ll:BOeHHOH (MJIM IIOJIOBMHHOH) qacTOTe
M
ocna6neHHe
3 .z:i;E
Ha
qacTOTe,
fc,
paBHOH
yqernepeHHOH (MJIH .z:i;eneHHOH Ha qeThipe)
qacrnTe
fc. 0.z:i;HH H3 cnoco6oB ynyqUIHTh
xapaKTepMCTHKY 3TOH n:enH-c.z:i;enaTh ee «aKTHBHoil:»-no THIIY q:>HJihTpa CanneHa H KM
(pHC. 5.22). 3m M.z:i;e.sr Ka)KeTc.sr B IIpHHn;MIIe
xoporneil:, HO Ha npaKTHKe pa3oqapoBhIBaeT
M3-3a HeB03MO)KHOCTM coxpaHeHM.sr xopoUiero 3aTyxaHH.sr Ha qacToTe HyJIH. ,n:eno B TOM,
qTo IIpH YBeJIHqeHMM pe3KOCTH npoBaJia xapaKTepHCTHKH (6oJibIIIee ycHJieHHe B IIeTJie
cne.z:i;.srrn;eft
CB.sI3H)
ocna6neHHe Ha
qacTOTe
HY AA YMeHhUiaeTc.sr.
.ll:BOHHhie T-o6pa3Hhie <pHJihTphI BhmycKaIOTC.sr B BH,ll;e roTOBhIX Mo.z:i;yneil: Ha ,ll;HaIIa30H
TOphIX 3Ta IIIHPHHa onpe.z:i;en.sreTc.sr TO~aMH,
R
r.z:i;e xapaKTepHCTHKa cna.z:i;aeT Ha BeJIHqHHY
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Pnc. 5.33. MMC 555, BKmo'leHHall KaK reHepaTop.
MhI.
IIOKa He rrpOH30H,n;eT rrepeKJIIOlfeHHe BXO,n;a
IIOPOr; B 3TOT MOMeHT BhIXO.D;HOH CHI'HaJI
rra.z:i;aeT .z:i;o HM3Koro ypoBHH (OKOJIO rroTeHu;HaJia
<<3eMJIH»)
TpaH3HCTOP
H
Tor.z:i;a
BKJIIO<IaeTCH
PA3P.H.[(.
Bxo.z:i;
TPMrrEP
BKJIIO<IaeTCH IIpH ypoBHe BXO.D;Horo CHI'HaJia
MeHbIIIe
1/3 U KK,
a
I IO PO r - rrpH
BXO.D;Horo CHI'HaJia 60JihIIIe 2/3
uKK ·
ypOBHe
YnpalKneHHe 5.8. IloKa)iillTe, 'ITO oep1rn,11 KOJie6aHHii
He 3aBHCHT OT Haop.SllKeHH.SI HCTO'lHMKa OMTaHM.SI.
CxeMa
HO
555 rrpe.z:i;crnBJIHeT co6oii ,z:i;oBOJih-
rrpHJIH'IHhIH reHepaTop
CThlO OKOJIO
co
CTa6HJihHO-
1%. 0Ha MO)KeT pa6oTaTh OT
e,n;HHCTBeHHoro HCTO'IHHKa IIHTaHHH HarrpH)KeHHeM OT 4,5 .z:i;o
16 B, coxpaHHH CTa6HJih-
HYIO <IaCTOTY rrpH H3MeHeHHHX HarrpH)KeHHH
HaH6onee nernHii crroco6 rroHHTh pa6oTy
HCTO'IHHKa IIHTaHHH, IIOCKOJihKY rroporH CJie-
MC
555 -3TO paccMOTpeTh KOHKpeTHhiii
IIpHMep (pHC. 5.33). IlpH BKJIIOlfeHHH HCTOlf-
.D;HT 3a qinyKTyau;HHMH IIHTaHHH. CxeMy 555
HHKa IIHTaHHH KOH,n;eHCaTop pa3pH)KeH, rro-
BaHHH O.D;HHO'IHhIX HMIIYJihCOB rrpOH3BOJih-
MC 555 OKa3hrnaeTCH B COCTOHHHH,
HOH .D;JIHTeJihHOCTH H eme .D;JIH MHOrHX ue-
3TOMY
MO)KHO
rrpHMeHHTh
TaK)Ke .D;JIH qiopMHpO-
Ta6AulJa 5.3. reHepaTopb1 cep1rn 555
THo
H3f0TOBHTeJih I)
KoJI-Bo
B Kopoyce
HaoplllKeHHe
IIHTaHHJI,
B
2
555
ICL7555
TLC551
TLC555
LMC555
ALD555-l
ALD1504
ALD4503
XR-L555M
I)
SN+
IL
TI
TI
NS
AL
AL
AL
XR
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
4
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
ToK ooTpe6JieHM.SI
Ha O,IIHH
reuepaTop
(U., = 5 B),
MKA
ToK BXO,lla
TpHrrep,
oopor,
HA
MaKc11MaJibHa.S1
'!aCTOTa
(U., = 5 B),
Mrn
MHH.
\lHH.
MaKC.
THO.
MaKC.
THO.
MaKC.
4,5
2
1
2
1,5
1
1
1
2,7
18
18
18
18
15
12
12
12
15
3000
60
170
170
100
100
50
35
150
5000
300
100
500
10
250
180
90
70
300
om
0,01
om
0,001
0,01
0,01
500
0,2
0,4
0,4
1,4
1,5
TeMoepaTYPHhiii
K03cpqmnHeHT,
10- 6/°C
THO.
0,5
1
2,1 3 >
2,1 3 >
3
2
2,5
2
30
150
75
300
300
300
30
CM. npHM. K Ta6JI. 4.1. 2 ' 03Ha'!aeT, 'ITO BhIXO,llHOii KaCKa,11 HMeeT MaKCMMaJihHhlii Y.11BOeHHhlM oepeoa,11.
AKTUBHhie ctiuJibTphl u reuepaTOphl
305
+10B
neii. K TOMY )Ke 3TOT He6onhIIIOH KpHcTaJIJI
co;::i;ep)KHT npOCTbie KOMnapaTOpbI, BeHTHJIH
H TpHrrepbI.
B 3JieKTpOHHOH npOMhIIIIJieH-
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noHBHJiaCb
;::i;a)Ke
8
Hrpa-npH)];YMaTh
eme HOBoe npHMeHeHHe cxeMhI 555. I1 Ha;::i;o
CKa3aTb, qTo MHOrHe B 3TOM pa3BJieqeHHH
1MKC
1,5MOM
2
npeycneBaIDT.
IIpe;::i;ocTepe)KeHHe: I1C 555, KaK H ;::i;pyrne
cxeMbI
TaHMepoB,
C03;::i;aeT
TpMrrep
!CL 7555
BblX,
3
10Krl\
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---
6 nopor
MOIUHYIO
3eMJ151
( ~ 150 MA) TOKOBYIO noMexy B rrenH nHTaHHH BO BpeMH Ka)K.l];Oro nepeKJIJOqeHHH BhI-
XO)];HOro CHJ'HaJia. Ey;::i;eT BeCbMa none3HhIM
nO.l];KJilOqHTh K 3TOH HHTerpaJibHOH cxeMe
3;::i;opoBeHHhIH IIIYHTHPYIDIUHH KoH;::i;eHcaTop.
KpoMe Toro,
K
1N914
555 HMeeT CKJIOHHOCTh
I1C
q>OpMHpOBaHHIO
BhIXO)];HOro
CHJ'HaJia
C
y;::i;BoeHHOH qacTOTOH nepeKJIJOqeHHH.
KMOil MC 555. HeKoTOphre H3 HenpHuHhIX cBoiicTB I1C
PHc. 5.34. reHepaTop c yKopo'!eHHbIM pa60'!HM IIHKJIOM.
555 (6onhIIIOH TOK no-
Tpe6neHHH OT HCTOqHHKa nHTaHHH, BhICOKHH
TOK 3anycKa, y;::i;BOeHHaH qacTOTa nepeKJIIO-
Cne;::i;yeT OTMeTHTh, B qacTHOCTH, HX cno-
qeHHH BhIXO)];HOro CHJ'HaJia H Hecnoco6HOCTh
co6HOCTh q>yHKIIHOHHpOBaTb npH oqeHh HH3-
q>YHKIIHOHHpoBaTb npH
KHX HanpH)KeHHHX IIHTaHHH (;::i;o
oqeHb HH3KHX Ha-
npH)KeHHHX HCTOqHHKa nHTaHHH) 6hIJIH ycT-
1 B!) H, KaK
npaBHJIO, TOKe noTpe6neHHH. 3TH KpHCTaJI-
paHeHbI B ee KMOII-aHanorax. I1x MO)KHO
JlhI TaK)Ke 6onee 6bICTpo;::i;eHCTBYJOIUHe, qeM
Y3HaTb no IIHq>paM «555», pacnOJIO)KeHHhIM
Hcxo;::i;HaH cxeMa 555. Bhrxo;::i;Hhre KMOII-Ka-
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KaKOH-JIH6o
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qacTH
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B
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npe;::i;cTaBJieHO
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H3
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HaHTH,
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a TaK)Ke HX HaH6onee Ba)KHbie napaMeTphr.
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MOIUHOro BhIXO)];HOro KaCKa;::i;a, KaK B THno-
555). Bee nepeqHcneHHhre KpH5.3), KpoMe Hcxo;::i;Hoii cxeMhI
555 H XR-L555, c;::i;enaHhI no KMOII-TexHo-
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crnnnhr (rn6n.
MaKCHMaJibHblli
ABOHHOH
nepenaA 2i
UHaC' THil.
/sblx' MaKc.
(U 11 =5 B,
U,wx = 2,5 B)
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UBifB'
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B
MA
MA
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1,4
1
1
1
0,3
0,4
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2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
0,1
0,5
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
2
200
4
200
25
1.. ,
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IloKa3aHHhIH Ha pHC. 5.33 reHepaTop Ha
cxeMe 555 Bbipa6aThIBaeT BhIXO)];HOH CHJ'HaJI
npHMOyrOJihHOH q>OpMbI, qeii pa6oqHH IIHKJI
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
(qacTh BpeMeHH, KOr;::i;a BhIXO)];HOH CHJ'HaJI
HMeeT BhICOKI1M ypoBeHh) Bcer;::i;a 6onhIIIe 50%. 3TO npOHCXO)];HT BCJie)];CTBHe Toro,
qTo BpeMH3a)];aIDIUHH KOH)];eHcaTop 3apH)Ka-
3
10
3
100
100
100
100
eTCH qepe3 nocne;::i;oBaTeJihHO BKJIJOqeHHYJO
napy pe3HCTOPOB
Top
3l IlpH U"" = 1,2 B.
RA + Ra, a pa3pH)KaeTCH
(6onee 6brcTpo) qepe3 e;::i;HHCTBeHHhIH pe3HC-
Ra. Ha pHc. 5.34 noKa3aHo, KaK o6Ma555 c TeM, qTo6hI noJiyqflTb
HYTh cxeMy
B
pa6oqeM
IIHKJie
Y3KHe
noJIO)KHTeJibHbie
306
rJiaBa 5
+158
IIOKa3aH crroco6 HCIIOJib30BaHHH ,!l;JIH 3THX
11eJieii rrpocToro HCTOqHHKa TO Ka Hap- n - p-
'39K0M
TpaH3HCTope. IlHJI006pa3HblH CHI'HaJl ,!l;OXO,!l;HT ,!1;0 HaIIpH)KeHHH 2/3UKK, 3aTeM 6bICTpo
8
4
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2
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555
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l/3UKK, ,D;aJiee JWKJI HaqHHaeTcH cHoBa. OT-
TR
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qTo
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KY
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0,01MK¢
555,
cxeMbI
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t
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n - p- n-TpaH3HCTOP
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Ha
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C
PHc. 5.35. reHepaTop rrmrno6pa3HbIX KOJie6aHIIit
p-n-KaHaJioM (pa3,D;. 3.06); o,D;HaKo ee pa-
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]WH ,!l;HO,D;a H pe3HCTOpa, 6bICTpO 3apH)KaeT
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a
HMeHHO JIHHeH-
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XO,!l;HOH KaCKa,D;, pa3pH,!1; )Ke ero qepe3 BHYT·
CH He TaKOH xopOIIIHH HCTOqHFJK TOKa, KaK
peHHHH pa3pH)KaJOW:HH TpaH3HCTOP rrpoHc-
Ha 6HIIOJIHpHOM TpaH3HCTope.
BpeMH3a,D;aIOIJWH
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555, rrocKOJihKY
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qiopMHpoBaHHH c rroMOIIIhJO KMOII-cxeMbI
B 3TOM CJiyqae Heo6XO,!l;HM IIOJIHbIB IIOJIO)KH-
555 CHrHaJia mpey2011bHou qiopMbI. B rrpe,D;-
TeJibHblH rreperra,D; BhIXO,D;Horo cHrHaJia.
JIO)KeHHoii cxeMe coe,D;HHHJOTCH rrocJie,D;oBa-
IlpH HCIIOJib30BaHHH ,!l;JIH 3apH,D;a BpeMH-
TeJibHO ,[(Ba peryJIHTOpa TOKa Ha IIOJieBOM
3a,D;aJOw:ero KOH,D;eHCaTopa HCTOqHHKa TOKa
TpaH3HCTope TaKHM o6pa30M, qTo6bI IIOJIY-
MO)KHO C03,D;aTb reHepaTop JIHHeHHOro («IIH-
qffJICH
JIOo6pa3HOro») HaIIpH)KeHHH. Ha pHC. 5.35
(Ka)K,!l;blH peryJIHTOp TOKa Be.[leT ce6H B 06-
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+158
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2
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8
4
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7555
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TOKa
AKTHBHLie cJiuJILTpLI u reeepnopLI
307
paTHOM HanpaBnemrn KaK o6hl'IHbIH ,z:um.z:i;,
qffK, c TeM qTo6bI IIpM q>OpMMpOBaHMM CHI'-
H3-3a IIPOBO.D;HMOCTH 3aTBOp-CTOK). Cne.z:i;o-
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C y,n;BOeHHbIM MaKCHMaJihHhIM nepena,z:i;oM
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q>OpMHpyeTCH IIOCTOHHHhIH TOK IIpOTHBOIIO-
KOH.D;eHCaTopoB. IlpHMepOM TaKHX cxeM MO-
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ryT CJIY)KHTh cxeMhI 74HC4060, Exar 2243
KOH,n;eHca1 ope
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KOToporo
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Hoe
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Intersil
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cxeMe
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M
TaK)Ke
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pa3BH3KH 3Toro CHI'HaJia (HCTO'IHHK C BhI-
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HCIIOJih3yeTcH OY. Cne.z:i;yeT OTMeTHTh, qTo
rnil:MephI (M HX 6JIM)KaHrnHe aHanorn) npH-
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KMOII-cxeMy 555, B qacTHOCTH IIpM no.z:i;aqe
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3TOM
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BhIXO.D;HbIM
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Ha cxeMY Hanp}I)KeHMH IIMTaHHH
+ 5 B, no-
HeCKOJihKMX MHHYT.
CKOJihKY ee q>yHKIJHOHMpOBaHHe 3aBMCMT OT
MaKCHMaJihHOro .D;BOHHOro nepena.z:i;a BhIXO.D;HOro HaIIpH)KeHMH. HanpHMep, HaIIp}I)KeHMe
BhIXO.D;HOro CHI'HaJia BhICOKoro ypoBHH
6MIIOJIHpHOH cxeMhI 555 B THIIOBOM cnyqae
5.15. reuepaTOpbI,
ynpaBJIHeML1e uanpmKeuneM
OcTaJihHbie HC reHepaTopoB BhIIIycKaIOTCH
HH)Ke MaKCHMaJihHOro IIOJIO)KHTeJihHOro ne-
o6bJqHO B BM.n;e reHepaTopoB, ynpaBJIHeMhIX
pena.z:i;a Ha na.n;eHMe HaIIp}I)KeHMH Ha ,n;Byx
HaIIpH)KeHMeM (rYH), y KOTOphIX BhIXO.D;HOH
n-p-n-
CHI'HaJI H3MeHHeTCH B HeKOTOpOM ,z:i;HaIIa30He
,n;Mo,z:i;ax (cxeMa ,l(apJIMHrTOHa Ha
TpaH3HCTopax), qTo COCTaBMT
HaIIpH)KeHMM
HCTOqHMKa
+ 3,8 B IIpH
IIMTaHMH
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B COOTBeTCTBMH C ynpaBJIHIOIIJMM BXO.D;HbIM
HaIIpH)KeHMeM.
HeKOTOpbie
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HMeIOT qacTOTHhie ,n;MaIIa30HhI, npeBOCXO.D;H-
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IIJHe 1000: 1. IlpMMepaMH TaKHX cxeM HB-
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JIHIOTCH Hcxo,z:i;HaH HC NE566 M 6onee HOBhie
napy peryJIHTOpOB TOKa, qTo HBHO He,z:i;ocTa-
HC: LM331, 8038, 2206 H cep1m 74LS624-9.
TO'IHO
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peryJIHTOpa
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CxeMhI cepMM 74LS624, HaIIpMMep, cno-
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co6HhI
pa6oTaTh
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H3 noneBoro TpaH3HCTopa c p-n-nepexo-
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qacTOThI M q>OpMHPYIOT BhIXO.D;Hhie CHI'HaJihI
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cnrnana.
CYIIJeCTByeT eme HeCKOJihKO .z:i;pyrHX MHTepecm,1x
MHTerpanhHhIX
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BhICOKHX
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20 MrII,
Tpe6yIOT
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c o6bl'IHbIMM JIOrMqecKMMM ypOBHHMM. Eonee 6h1cTpo.z:i;eil:cTBYI0IIJHe cxeMhI rYH, TaKHe KaK 1648, MoryT q>yHKIJHOHMpoBaTh B
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CxeMa TaHMepa 322 q>HpMhI National MMeeT
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llJhIO KOToporo 3a.z:i;aeTcH HaIIp}I)KeHHe nopo-
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ra. 3TO 061,HCHHeT ero npeKpaCHhie CBOH-
pa3.z:i;. 9.20 M 9.27). B Tex )Ke cnyqaHx, Kor.z:i;a
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KOToporo ,ll;OJI)l(Ha 6bITh IIpOIIOpIJMOHaJihHa
TOpOM,
TOKY, no,z:i;aBaeMOMY OT BHeIIIHero HCTOqHM-
U/F npeo6pa3oBaTeJIM THIIa AD650, o6ec-
npe.z:i;noqTHTeJihHhI
COBpeMeHHbie
Ka, HaIIpHMep C q>OTO.D;MO,n;a. B COCTaB .z:i;py-
neqHBaIOIIJMe JIMHeHHoCTh 0,005 % . B 6onh-
roir pa3HOBM.D;HOCTH Tail:MepoB BXO.D;HT pe-
IIIMHCTBe cxeM rYH Mcnonh3YIOTCH BHYT-
JiaKCaIJMOHHhIH reHepaTop H IIMq>pOBOH cqeT-
peHHHe MCTOqHMKH TOKa .D;JIH q>OpMHpOBaHHH
308
rJiaea 5
+5 B
<P\llllbmp
LM331
100 KOM
8
R
Vim
6,19 KOM
1%
7 C1,1rttan
UBx
0,11
1
6 HaKaYKa
IP•]
+5
C
0,01 MK<P
5%
BblXO.Qt-3_ _ _ _ _ _
Bb_lXOJJ,
fttaK
1,89 B
U33
2
4
Rn =
10,0 KOM
47
YcY1neHJ,1e
-
5 K0M
PHc. 5.37. THruPrnaS1 MC npeo6pa30BaTeJIS1 HanpS1JKeHHe/•rncT0Ta (0 B COOTBeTCTByeT qacTOTe IO Kn:-1);
f= (0,478/ RT CT) (Ruf R.) U,x.
TpeyroJibHhIX HMIIYJihCOB, a cxeMhI 8038 H
5.16. Kea.z:i;paTHbie reneparnpLI
2206 ,n;a)Ke HMeIDT Ha6op «Mfil'KHX» KJieMM
.D;JI.sI rrpeo6pa30BaHH.sI C IIOMOIUhlO orpaHH-
BpeM.sr OT BpeMeHH B03HHKaeT IIOTpe6HOCTh
qHTeJI.sI TpeyrOJihHhIX HMIIYJihCOB B rapMO-
B reHepaTopax, KOTOpbie cpopMHPYIDT O.D;HO-
HHqeCKHe KoJie6aHH.sr. JfHor.z:i;a B 11C rYH
BpeMeHHO rrapy O.D;HHaKOBhIX no aMIIJIHTy,z:i;e
HCIIOJih3YfilTC.sI Hey.z:i;o6Hbie 3HaqeHH.sr orrop-
KOJie6aHHH
Horo
coeu1-tymb1x no <fta3e 1-ta 90°. 3Ty rrapy CHrHa-
Harrp.sr)KeHH.sI
yrrpaBJieHH.sI
B
KaqecTBe
(HaIIpHMep,
CHrHaJia
CHHYCOH.D;aJihHOH
cj:>opMbI,
HO
IIOJIO)KHTeJibHhIH
JIOB MO)KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK CHHYCOH-
HCTOqHHK mnaHH.sr) H ycJIO)KHeHHbie CHM-
,z:i;aJibHOe H KOCHHycoH,n;aJihHOe KOJie6aHH.sI,
MeTpHpOBaHHbie cxeMbI .D;JI.sI IIOJiyqeHH.sI CH-
Mb!
HYCOH.D;aJihHOro CHrHaJia. Ilo HaIIIeMy MHe-
K6aOpamyp1-taR napa CHrHaJIOB ( CHrHaJibI «B
)Ke
6y.n;eM rrpH,z:i;ep)KHBaTbC.sI
TepMHHa
HHIO, H,n;eaJihHhiii rYH Bee eme )K,ll;eT cBoeii
KBa.n;paType»). HaH6oJiee Ba)KHbI TaKHe CHr-
pa3pa6oTKH. Ko MHOrHM H3 3THX 11C MoryT
HaJibI B pa,n;HOCB.sI3H (KBa.n;paTypHhie CMeCH-
IIO.D;KJI}OqaTbC.sI BHeIIIHHe KBapueBbie pe30Ha-
TeJIH, cxeMbI cpopMHpOBaHH.sI O.D;HOIIOJIOCHhIX
TOpbI .D;JI.sI IIOBhIIIIeHH.sI HX TOqffOCTH H CTa-
CHrHaJioB). KpoMe Toro, ,z:i;aJihrne 6y,z:i;eT rro-
6HJihHOCTH (3TO Mb! o6cy.n;HM II03)Ke); B Ta-
Ka3aHo, qTo TaKa.sr KBa,z:i;paTypHa.sr rrapa cHr-
KHX CJiyqa.srx KBapueBbIH pe30HaTOp rrpOCTO
HaJioB Bcer.z:i;a Heo6xo,n;HMa ,n;JI.sr cpopMHpOBa-
ycTaHaBJIHBaeTC.sI BMeCTO KOH.D;eHcaTopa. Ha
HH.sI CHrHaJia C JII06oii rrpOH3BOJihHOH cpa30H.
pHc. 5.37 rroKa3aHa cxeMa rYH c ,n;Harra3oHOM
BhIXO.D;HOro
10 Kru,
CHrHaJia
IIOCTpOeHHa.sr
Ha
OT
10 ru
OCHOBe
.D;O
cxeMbI
LM331.
IIepBa.sr MhICJih, KOTOpa.sr cpa3y B03HHKaeT,- 3TO KaK rro.n;aBaTb CHrHaJI CHHYCOH.D;aJibHOH cpopMbI Ha HHTerpaTOp (HJIH .D;Hcj:>cpepeHUHaTop), qTo6hI Ha ero BbIXO,n;e IIO.sIBHJIC.sI
IlpH ofoope HHTerpaJihHhIX cxeM rYH
C.D;BHHYThIH Ha 90° CHrHaJI KOCHHYCOH.D;aJih-
HeJib3.sI He o6paTHTh BHHMaHHe Ha 11C <fta30-
HOH cj:>opMbI. IlpH 3TOM CHrHaJI HMeeT rrpa-
60U aemoMamu'-lecKou noocmpouKu 1.Jacmomb1
BHJihHbIH cpa30BhIH C.D;BHr, HO ero aMIIJIHTy,z:i;a
(<I>Arrq), B cocrnB Kornph1x Bxo.z:i;.srT rYH
HcrropqeHa (rroiiMHTe rroqeMy) . .[(aJiee rrpe.z:i;-
H cpa30BhIH ,z:i;eTeKTop. HarrpHMep, rrorryJI.srp-
JiaraIDTc.sr
Ha KMOII-cxeMa 4046 (Hee 6oJiee 6h1cTpo-
3Toii 3a.z:i;aqH.
.z:i;eiicrnyIDmHii aHaJior 74HC4046). CHcTeMhI
<l>AIJq 6y.z:i;yT paCCMOTpeHbI B pa3.z:i;. 9.27-
Pe3onaTop ua nepeKJI10qaeML1x Kou,n;eucaTOpax. Ha pHc. 5.38 rroKa3aH crroco6 HC-
9.31. B
IIOJih30BaHH.sr 11C cj:>HJihTpa Ha rrepeKJIIDqae-
Ta6JI. 5.4 rrpe,n;CTaBJieHO 6oJihIIIHH-
CTBO H3 HMelOIUHXC.sI cxeM rYH.
HeK0Toph1e
crroco6b1
perneHH.sr
MhIX KOH,n;eHcaTopax MF5 B pe)KHMe caMo-
309
AKTHBHbie cliHJibTpbI u reuepaTO))bl
Ta6Au1,{,a 5.4. rYH
Tim
ll3roToBHTeJib l)
Cepm! 2 >
MaKCHMaJibHaSI
Bb!Xo.Llhl 3)
HanpsiJKeHHe
DHTaHHSI, B
JfaHeHHOCTb
Mri.l
VFC32
IlpHMeqaHHSI
IlpH
1:1aCTOTa,
MHH.
JI
0,5
OK
VFC62C
VFCllOB
BB
BB
JI
JI
1
4
OK
OK
±13
74Sl24
74LS624-9
74LS724
215
LM331
TI
TI
TI
XP
T
T
T
NS
IIK
IIK
IIK
IIK
OK
4,75
4,75
4,75
JI
JI
60
20
16
35
0,1
AD537
566
AD650
AD654
1648
1658
XR2206
AD
SN
AD
AD
MO
MO
XR
JI
JI
JI
JI
3
3
JI
0,1
0,5
200
130
0,5
OK
IIK,T
OK
OK
H
H
IIK,T,CK
XR2207
XR2209
XR2212
XR2213
4024
4046
HC4046
4151
4152
4153A
XR
XR
XR
XR
MO
RC+
RC+
RA
RA
RA
JI
JI
JJ
JI
T
IIK,T
IIK,T
IIK
IIK
IIK
IIK
IIK
OK
OK
OK
8
K
JI
JI
JI
0,5
1
0,3
0,3
25
1
1541
0,1
0,1
0,5
8038
TSC9401
IL
TP
JI
JI
0,1
0,1
IIK,T,CK
OK
10
±8
MaKc.
lOKri:(, %
±18
0,01
±20
±18
0,002
0,005
IIpoMbIIIIJieHHbIH CTaH.L1ap1;
xopornasi JIHHeHHOCTb
IIpeKpacHaSI JIHHeHHOCTb
obICTpo.L1eiicrnyioWHii, npeKpacHaSI JIHHeHHOCTb; BHyTpeHHee U
00
K
1
1
5,25
5,25
5,25
26
40
5
4
4,5
10
±9
4,5
-5,2
-5,2
10
MHHH-DIP
<t>AIIq
.[(erneBblii; xopornasi JIHHeiiHOCTb
O,o7
36
24
±18
36
0,005
0,14)
IIpeKpacHasi JIHHeHHOCTb
.[(erneBbIH
26
2
0,5% HCKaJKeHHH npH CHHyCOH,L\. CHfHaJie (nO,L\CTpaHBaeTCSI)
26
±13
20
15
5,25
15
6
±4
4,5
4,5
4,75
3
3
8
7
±12
22
±4
KMOII <t>Arrq
DbICTPO.LleHCTBy!Oll(HH 4046
18
±18
0,013
0,007
0,002
30
±7,5
0,2
0,01
IlpeKpacHaSI
JIHHeHHOCTb,
JierKOCTb HCilOJib30BaHHSI
Exar 8038 .LIO 1 Mru
U / F, JIHHeiiHhIH, crn6HJihHhrn
1> CM. npHM. K rn6JI. 4.1 2 > CepHH: K-KMOII; 3-3CJI; JI-JIHHeiiHasi; T-TTJI. 3 > BbIXO.Llbl: OK-OTKpbIThlH
KOJIJieKTop; H -HMDYJibChI; IIK - npsiMoyroJibHoe KOJie6aHHe; CK - CHHYCOH.[laJibHOe KOJie6aHHe; T -TpeyroJihHOe.
4 > fipH 250 Kn!.
B036y)K,n;a10rn:eroc51
IIOJIOCOBOro
q>HJihTpa,
HOH CHHYCOH.D;aJihHhlH CHrHaJI H TaKHM o6-
KOTOphIH q>OpMHpyeT rrapy KBa,z:i;paTypHhIX
pa30M rro.z:i;.z:i;ep)KHBaeTc51 reHepau;H51.
cHrHaJioB cHHycoH,n;aJihHoii q>opMhI. HaH6o-
Hoe IIp51MOyroJihHOe
Jiee rrpocToii crroco6 rroH51Th ee pa6oTy- 3TO
qacTOThl ( TaKT) 3a.z:i;aeT u;eHTpaJihHYIO qacTO-
rrpe.n;IIOJIO)KlITh, qTo Ha BhIXO.n;e y)Ke rrpH-
TY
cyTCTByeT CHrHaJI CHHYCOH,n;aJihHOH q>OpMhI;
caMa
.n;aJiee KOMrrapaTop rrpeo6pa3yeT ero B rrp51-
COCTaBHT haKT/100. 3Ta cxeMa rrpHrO,n;Ha .D;JI51
MoyroJihHOe KOJie6aHHe C He60JihllIOH aMII-
pa60Thl B .n;Harra30He qaCTOT OT HeCKOJihKHX
JIHTy,z:i;oii (rra.n;eHHe Harrp51)KeHH51 Ha O.D;HOM
,ll;HO,n;e), KOTopoe CHOBa rro.z:i;aeTC51
Ha BXO.D;
IIOJIOChl
KOJie6aHHe
rrporrycKaHH51,
qacToTa
reHepau;HH
repu; .D;O IIpH6JIH3HTeJihHO
Bxo.z:i;-
TaKTOBOH
CJie,n;oBaTeJihHO,
B
3TOM
cJiyqae
10 Kru; H q>OpMH-
pyeT KBa.n;paTypHyIO rrapy CHHyCOH.n;aJihHhlX
q>HJihTpa. <l>HJihTP o6Jia,z:i;aeT Y3Koii rroJiocoii
CHrHaJIOB C paBHhIMH aMIIJIHTy,n;aMH. CJie-
rrporrycKaHH51 (Q = 10), TaK qrn OH rrpeo6pa3y-
.z:i;yeT OTMeTHTh, qTo 3Ta cxeMa .z:i;aeT «cTy-
eT 3TO rrp51MoyrOJihHOe KOJie6aHHe B BhIXO.D;-
rreHqaTyIO» arrrrpOKCHMau;HIO CHHYCOH.D;aJih-
310
rJiaBa 5
JUUL
BxoA TaKT. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
MF5
KO/le5aHl1)1
>-..,_1--'4__ cos(21rfTaKT
100
t)
.,_----C:::~-------------~
....-- sinf2:n
fTaKT t)
47KOM
\
IOO
+5B
0,1 MK¢
470
1N914
(2)
100
Pnc. 5.38. Kaa.11paTypHhlH reHepaTop
Ha nepeKJIIO'-IaeMblx KOH.lleHCaTopax.
HOH qJOpMhl BhIXO,D;Horo CHI'HaJia BCJie,D;CTBIIe
Toro, 'ITO rrepeKJIIOtJaeMhiii qJHJihTp ,n;aeT
KBaHTOBaHHblH BhIXO,D;HOH CHI'HaJI.
reuepaTOp KoJie6aHHii cnemtaJibHoii cJ>opMLI
( anaJiornBLie TpurouoMeTpll'lecr.:ne cJ>ymmnn).
<l>HpMa Analog Devices H3roToBn.sreT HHTe•
pecHyJO HeJIHHeiiHyJO «qJYffKIUWHaJihHYIO
I1C», KOTOpa.sr rrpeo6pa3yeT BXO,D;HOe Harrp.sr)KeHHe B BhIXO,D;HOH CHI'HaJI, rrporropn:HoHaJihHhIH sin(AUBx), r,n;e K03qJqJHn;HeHT yCHneHH.sr A HMeeT qJHKCHpOBaHHoe 3HatJeHHe,
paBHOe 50° /B. KaK rrpaBHJIO, 3TOT KpHCTaJIJI
(AD639) MO)KeT Ha caMOM ,n;ene BhIIIOJIH.sITh
ropa3,n;o 6onhme qiyHKU:HH. OH Bhipa6aThIBaeT tJeTbipe BhlXO,D;HhIX CHI'HaJia, Ha3bIBaeMble X 1, X 2, Y1 H Y2 , H qiopMHpyeT BhIXOk
Hoii CHI'HaJI, Harrp.sr)KeHHe KOToporo orrpe,n;en.sreTc.sr
cne,n;yJOIUHM
o6pa3oM:
UBhlx =
= sin (X 1 - X 2)/sin (Y1 - Y2). TaKHM o6pa30M, eCJIH HaIIpHMep, ycTaHOBHTh X 1 =
= Y1 = 90 ° (T. e.
1,8 B), Y2 = 0 (3aKopoTKa
Ha «3eMJIJO»), a Bxo,n;Hoe Harrp.sr)KeHHe rro,n;aBaTh Ha BXO,D; X 2, TO Bhipa6aThIBaeTC.sI CHI'HaJI BH,n;a cos (X 2).
+
YnpalKlleHHe 5.10. ,[(oKaJKHTe nocne,11Hee yrnepJK,11eHHe.
Y cxeMhI AD639 HMeeTc.sr TaK)Ke BhIXO.D:
rrpen;H3HOHHoro
orropHoro
Harrp.sr)KeHH.sr
1,8 B, 'ITO cyin:ecTBeHHO o6nertJaeT ee
rrpHMeHeHHe. Cne,n;oBaTeJihHO, ecnH Ha rrapy
MC AD639 rro,n;aTh TpeyroJihHOe Kone6aHHe
C aMIIJIHTY.D:OH 1,8 B, TO MO)KHO IIOJIY'IHTh
rrapy KBa,n;paTypHhIX CHI'HaJIOB CHHYCOH,n;aJihHOH qiopMhl, KaK 3TO IIOKa3aHO Ha
pHc. 5.39. Pa6otJHH ,D;Harra30H tJaCTOT 3Toii
I1C Jie)KHT B rrpe,n;enax OT IIOCTO.sIHHoro TOKa
,D;O IIpH6JIH3HTeJihHO l Mrn:.
+
IlpocMOTpOBaH Ta6mma (noncK 3JieMeHTOB
npn DOMO~H npOCMOTpa). 3TO U:HqipoBa.sr MeTO,D;HKa, KOTOpyJO Bbl IIOJIHOCThlO OCBOHTe
TOJihKO rrocne H3YtJeHH.sr rn. 9. OcHOBHa.sr
H,D;e.sr COCTOHT B TOM, 'IT06hI 3arrporpaMMHpoBaTh n:HqipoByJO rraM.sITh 60.rrhmoro 061,eMa U:HqJpOBhlMH 3HatJeHH.sIMH (BbI6opKaMH)
cHHyca H KOCHHyca, apryMeHThl KOTOphIX
BhI6Hpa10TC.sI tJepe3 paBHOOTCTO.sIIUHe yr.rroBhle rrpoMe)KyTKH (cKa)KeM, tJepe3 1°). Tor,n;a,
6hlcTpo rrocne,n;oBaTeJihHO rrepe6npa.sr a,n;pe-
AKTHBHLie «t>eJILTpLI e reuep&TopLI
+1,ss
A A A
-1,BB
IV~
BxOA - - - - - - - - - - - - TpeyroJlbHKO/leliaHPt51
>---1-4sin(Y 1 - Y2 )
311
~
BblXOA
CIIIHycoHA.
KOJle6aHl151
>
AD639
(2WT.)
sin(X 1 - X 2 1
sin(Y 1 - Y2 )
,.V
,......~ - BblXOA
KOCHHYCOMA,
KO/le6aHM51
Pnc. 5.39. reHepaTOp TplITOHOMeTpH'!eCKHX qiy111mnit
ca 3TOH naMHTH, MO)l(HO nOJI)''IBTh KOJie6ami:e cHHyCOH,n:aJihHOH q:>OpMhI, .ll;JIH 3TOro
C'IBTaHHhie H3 naMHTH no Ka)l(,n:OMY a.n;pecy
IIHq:>pOBhre 3HaqeHHH (T. e . .n;nH nocne.n;oBaTeJihHOCTH yrnOBhIX aprYMeHTOB) no.n;aIOTCH
Ha napy IIHq:>po-aHanoroBhIX npeo6pa3oBaTeneil: (U:AII).
3ToT MeTo.n; HMeeT cne.n;y10I11He He.n;ocTaTKH. KaK H B cnyqae pe3oHaTopa Ha nepeKJIIOqaeMhrx KOH,n:eHCaTopax, BhIXO.ll;HOH CHrHaJI HMeeT CTyrreHqaTyIO qiopMy, nocKOJihKY
OH q:>opMHpyeTCH H3 Ha6opa .ll;HCKpeTHhIX
HanpH)l(eHHH, no O.ll;HOMY Ha co.n:ep)l(HMOe
Ka)l(.ll;OH Hqeil:KH naMHTH. MO)l(HO, KOHeqHo,
.ll;JIH crJia)l(HBaHHH BhIXO.ll;HOro CHrHaJia noCTaBHTh qJHJihTP HH)l(HHX qacTOT, HO, .n:enaH
3TO, HeJih3H nepeKphITh IIIHpOKHH ,n:Hana30H
qacTOT, nOCKOJihKY HY)l(HO BhI6HpaTh TaKOH
q:>HJihTp HH)l(HHX qacTOT, qTo6hr OH nponycKaJI caMO CHHYCOH,n:aJihHOe KOJie6aHHe
H B TO )Ke BpeMH no.n;aBJIHJI 6onee BhICOKYIO
qacTory Bhr6opKH (TaKaH )Ke npo6neMa xapaKTepHa n .n;nH pe3oHaTopa Ha nepeKJIIOqaeMhIX KOH.n;eHcaTopax). B 3TOM cnyqae
noMoraeT COKpamemre yrJIOBOro HHTepBaJia
Me)I(,n:y coce,n:HHMH 3Haqemi:HMH, HO TOr.n;a
COOTBeTCTBeHHO CHH)l(aeTCH MaKCHMaJibHaH
qacToTa Bhrpa6aThrnaeMoro Bhrxo.n;Horo Kone6aHHH. IlpH HCnOJih30BaHHH CTaH.n;apTHhlX
U:AII c BpeMeHeM npeo6pa30BaHHH He 6onee
O.ll;HOH MHI<poceKYff.11:hI, MO)l(HO nonyqHTh CHffYCOH,n:aJihHhie
CHrHaJihI
C qacTOTaMH
BnJIOTh .n:o HeCKOJihKHX .n:ecHTKOB KHJ1orep11,
nonaraH, qTo mar yrnoBoro apryMeHTa cocTaBJIHeT nopH.n;Ka o.n;Horo rpa.n:yca. ,l(nH
caMHX )Ke U:AII xapaKTepHo HaJIH'llie B MOMeHT nepeKJIIOqeHHH 6oJihIIIHX OCTpOKOHeqHhIX· BhI6pocoB HanpH)l(eHHH («KpaTKOBpeMeHHaH HMnynhCHaH noMexa»). 3TH nonHOpa3pH,n:Hhie KpaTKOBpeMeHHbie HMrryJihCHhie noMeXH B03HHKaIOT ,n:a)l(e, eCJIH nepeKJIIOqeHHe npoHCXO.ll;HT Me)l(.n:y CMe)l(HbIMH
(6JIH)l(aHIIIHMH) YPOBHHMH BhIXO,n:Horo HanpH)l(eHHH! B rn. 9 6y.n;yT npe.n;Jio)l(eHhI cnoco6hl perneHHH 3TOH npo6neMhI. Pa3pH.n;HOCTh HMeIOIIIHXCH B pacnopH)l(eHHH U:AII
.n:ocTHraeT 16 (B 3TOM CJIYqae pa3perna10maH
cnoco6HOCTh COCTaBJIHeT e.n;HHHIIY H3 65536
3HaqeHHH).
reuepaTop ua ocuose MeTo.n;a nepeMeHHhIX
COCTOHHHH, Bee npe,n:JIO)l(eHHhie paHee MeT0.11:hl Tpe6yIOT BhIIIOJIHeHHH HeKOTOpOH TH)l(eJIOH pa6oThI. K cqacThIO, coTpy,n:HHKH .n;py)l(ecrneHHOH q:>HpMhl Burr-Brown npoBeJIH
rJiaBa 5
312
CHrHaJia CHHYCOH,n:aJihHOH <popMhl q>OpMHpoBaTh Ha BhIXO,n:e rrapy CHHYCOH,n:aJihHhIX
CHrHaJIOB, HMeIOID;HX pa3JWCmb <pa3 IIpH6JIH3HTeJihHO 90°. B
pa,n:HOTeXHHKe 3TO Ha3hl-
BaeTC.sI «<pa30BhIM» MeTO,[(OM qiopMHpOBaHH.sI
O.[(HOIIOJIOCHOro
CHrHaJia
(6naro,n:ap.sr
Weaver), r.n:e rrpe,n:Ha3HaqeHHhIH .n:n.sr rrepe,n:aqH BXO.[(HOH CHrHaJI COCTOHT H3 CHrHaJIOB
peqeBoro ,n:Harra3oHa.
~HOAHhl~ orpaHM4HTenb
K
npH U0 =~(U"+UAHOAa)
CO)l(aJieHHIO,
3TOT
MeTo,n:
y,n:OBJieTBOpHTeJihHO TOJihKO B
2
PHc. 5.40.
pa6oTaeT
orpaHHqeH-
HOM ,n:HaIIa30He qacTOT H Tpe6yeT TOqHoro
rro,n:6opa HOMHHaJIOB pe3HCTOpOB H KOH.[(eH-
:ny pa6oTy ,n:oMa H BhUIIJIH Ha pbIHOK c MO-
caTOpOB. Eonee rrpHeMJieMhIH crroco6 <pop-
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ro CHI'HaJia ITO OTHOIIIeHHJO K CHI'HaJiy Ha
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5(12/84). Bo BTOpoH cxeMe aMIIJIHTY.11:HhIH
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=
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B KOTopoM LC-KOHTYP, HacTpoeHHhIH Ha
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